FUNCTIONS

AND THEIR
GRAPHS:
Graphs and Properties of
Logarithmic Functions
Prepared by:
MARILYN O. ABAS
General Mathematics Teacher
 Solution:
Step 1: Construct a table of values of
Representing the ordered pairs for the given
logarithmic function function.
through its equation,
table of values and
graph

Example 1: Sketch the 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2𝑦 = 𝑥

2
graph of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥. 𝑦
2 =
1
16
1
2𝑦 =
(Base greater than 1) 24
2𝑦 = 2 −4

𝑦 = −4
 Step 2: Plot the points found in the
table and connect them
Example 1: using a smooth curve.

Sketch the graph of

𝑦 = log 2 𝑥.

(Base greater than 1)

It can be observed that the function is defined only for

𝑥 > 0. The function is strictly increasing and attains all
real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right, the
function decreases without bound, that is, the line 𝑥 =
0 is a vertical asymptote.
 Solution:
Step 1: Construct a table of values of
Example 2: ordered pairs for the given
function.
Sketch the graph of

𝑦 = log 1 𝑥 .
2
1 𝑦
𝑦 = log 1 𝑥 =𝑥
(base between 0 and 1) 2 2
1 𝑦 1
=8 −𝑦 = −3
2
1 𝑦 1
= 3 𝑦=3
2 2
2−1 𝑦 = 2−3
Step 2: Plot the points found in the
table and connect them using
a smooth curve.

It can be observed that the function is defined only for

𝑥 > 0. The function is strictly decreasing and attains all
real values. As 𝑥 approaches 0 from the right, the
function increases without bound, i.e., the line 𝑥 = 0 is a
vertical asymptote.
 Solution:
Sketch the graph of the
Example 3:
basic function y = log 3 𝑥.
Note that the base 3 > 1.
Sketch the graph
The “-1” means vertical
of
shift downwards by 1 unit.
𝑦 = log 3 𝑥 − 1 .
Some points on the graph

Determine the of y = log 3 𝑥 are (1, 0), (3, 1),

domain, range, and (9, 2). Shift these points
vertical 1 unit down to obtain (1, -1),
asymptote, (3, 0), and (9, 1). Plot these
𝑥 −intercept, and points. The graph is shown
zero. at the right.
 Analysis:
(a) Domain: 𝑥 𝑥𝜖ℝ, 𝑥 > 0
Example 3: (b) Range: 𝑦 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
(c) Vertical Asymptote: 𝑥 = 0
Sketch the graph (d) x −intercept: 3
of The x −intercept can be
𝑦 = log 3 𝑥 − 1 . obtained graphically.
Likewise, we can solve for
Determine the the x −intercept
domain, range,
algebraically by setting 𝑦 = 0.
vertical
0 = log 3 𝑥 − 1
asymptote,
log 3 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 −intercept, and
𝑥 = 31 = 3
zero.
(e) Zero: 3
 Using the graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 (𝑏 > 1 or 0 <
𝑏 < 1), the following properties may be
elicited:
i. The domain is the set of all positive
numbers, or 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 > 0 .
ii. The range is the set of all real numbers.
iii. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies
Properties of the Horizontal Line Test.
Logarithmic iv. The 𝑥 −intercept is 1. There is no
Functions 𝑦 −intercept.
v. The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 0
(or the 𝑦 −axis). There is no horizontal
asymptote.