| Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.

FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

TOPIC THREE: STATISTICS

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 70 III 3

Statistics is the study of the collection,

analysis, interpretation, presentation and
organization of data.
Statistics helps to present information using
picture or illustration.
METHODS USED TO PRESENT DATA
 Pictograms
 Bar graphs
 Line graphs
 Pie chart
 Histogram
 Frequency distribution table
 Frequency polygon
 Cumulative frequency curve (O give)
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Frequency means the number of times
something happens.
Frequencies usually denoted by (f).
A frequency distribution table is the table
that is to record statistical data in group way.
For large number of data these tallies are
grouped in groups of 5. But very rare these
tallies are shown in frequency distribution
table though they are very helpful in getting
collect frequency.
TERMS USED IN FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
Class intervals (Class limits) This is the
intervals that’s show the starting and ending
values of the data in the given interval.
Clas interval has two parts lower class
interval and upper class interval.
Class boundaries (Real limits) This the
intervals that show show the exactly limits of
the data.
It is divided into two parts
Lower real limit (Lower class boundary) is the
number obtained by subtracting 0.5 from a
lower class limit.

A frequency distribution table is prepared Upper real limit (Upper class boundary) is the
using tallying method. number obtained by adding 0.5 to the upper
class limit
Example

Below are the scores obtained by 13 students
in a certain mathematics test 50, 70, 40, 60,
70, 70, 50, 50, 50, 50, 60, 60, 50. Prepare the
frequency distribution table for the above
data.
Solution
Class size is the value obtained by the
difference between the upper real limit and
the lower real limit.
Class mark (x) this can be defined as the
average between upper class limit and lower
class limit.

The score may be arranged in ascending or upper limit +lower limit

descending order. Class mark (x) =
2
Scores Tall Frequency
Example: If the class limit is given as
40 I 1
X 1 −X 2
50 IIII I 6
Then class mark for this interval is given by;
60 III 3

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 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

X 1+ X 2
X=
2

Example

class
interva class frequenc
l mark y
95-99 97 3
90-94 92 7
85-89 87 9
80-84 82 13
75-79 77 20
70-74 72 23 Use the following distribution table below to
draw a histogram
65-69 67 17
60-64 62 8
Frequenc
age
y S
GRAPHS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS olution 13 1
14 4
1. HISTOGRAMS 15 2
16 2
Histograms of frequency distribution are 17 1
rectangular figures plotted with class marks
against frequency.

The width of the histogram equal to the class

size.

Example:

Draw a histogram of 100 mathematics

examination scores in the table below

class class
frequency
interval mark
95-99 97 3
90-94 92 7
85-89 87 9
80-84 82 13
75-79 77 20
70-74 72 23
65-69 67 17
60-64 62 8

2. FREQUENCY POLYGON

2
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

Is the line graph of class frequency plotted Cumulative frequency is the sum of all the
against class marks. frequency less than or equal to a given mark
or class interval
Steps; To calculate the cumulative frequency start
with the smaller upper real limit
1. Add one interval below the lowest interval
and one above the highest interval and assign Add the frequency of the smallest interval to
them as zero frequency. the next interval downwards or up wards
depending on whether the data is arranged in
2. Plot a point and join them by straight lines descending or ascending order
Note: The last entry in the cumulative
Example frequency is always equal to the total number
of observations
1. Draw a frequency polygon from the
Plot cumulative frequency against upper real
following data.
limit.
Join adjacent points by a free hand
c- frequenc Example
interval c-mark y Platform in each square metre of a lawn were
100- counted and recorded as follows. Draw an
104 102 0 orgive for the platform.
95-99 97 3 c.
90-94 92 7 no.of plat forms f Frequency
85-89 87 9
0 10 10
80-84 82 13
1 8 18
75-79 77 20
2 7 25
70-74 72 23
65-69 67 17 3 5 30
60-64 62 8 4 4 34
55-59 57 0 5 5 37
Solution N = 37

3.

3. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE

(ORGIVE)

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 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

EXERCISE 3.1 4. In a certain examination the result were as

1. The ages of the 22 players in a football follows;
match were recorded in the following 3 student got marks between 0and 10
17 18 15 16 16 16 18 15 18 15 15 18 18 15 5 students got marks between 10 and 15
16 17 15 16 17 15 15 16 15 18 15 6 students got marks between 20 and 40
Express the data in a frequency table. 4 students got marks between 30 and 40
2. The examination marks of 45 students are, 2 students got marks between 40 and 50
65 58 71 62 64 35 72 32 64 46 59 82 73 76 Construct a histogram.
64 63 75 71 61 36 64 80 61 64 76 64 60 68 5. final score of history examination were
48 35 92 73 46 24 35 43 30 50 70 40 46 64 recorded as shown in table below
24 28 score frequency c- mark
a) Make a frequency distribution using 50-54 1 52
class interval 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 55-57 2 57
b) Draw cumulative frequency curve 60-64 11 62
65-69 10 67
3. Two plot A and B were treated with
70-74 13 72
different families. The frequency number
75-79 12 77
of potatoes on samples of 100 plants on
80-84 21 82
each plot are shown below
85-89 6 87
no.of
90-94 9 92
potatoe
95-99 4 97
s 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38
plot A 1 26 28 27 5 8 3 2
a) What is the size of class intervals?
plot B 17 28 30 14 3 6 2 0
b) Draw a histogram to represent the scores.

Draw a histogram for plot B.

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 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:

After collecting the data, organizing it and

illustrating it by means of diagrams, there is a =
need to calculate certain statistical measures
to describe the data more precisely. There are
various types of measures of central tendency. = 29.57
The arithmetic mean (or simply the mean), When the data is given with frequency or in
the median, and the mode. Once the grouped data;
measures of central tendency are found, it is
easier to compare two or more sets of data.

= or
MEAN "X"
f= frequency
Is obtained by adding up all the data values
then divide by the number of characters.
∑= summation
I.e.
MEAN OF THE GROUPED DATA

1. The table below shows a distribution of 100

students find the mean mark.

C- C-mark Frequency
fx
interval [x] [f]

91-95 93 0 0

86-90 88 1 88
i.e. =mean 81-85 83 6 498

x 1+ x2 + x 3 + x 4 … … .Sum of observations 76-80 78 10 780

71-75 73 15 1095
N =number of observation
66-70 68 34 2312

Example 61-65 63 22 1386

56-60 58 10 580
1. Find mean score from the following scores
of biology test 10, 25, 45, 15,63 42,7 51-55 53 2 106

N=100 ∑fx=6845

5
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

N= total frequency

Mean = From the above example use the data to find

the mean by assumed mean method. Take the
assumed mean as 58.

The mean is 68.45

2. In a class of 30 girls the mean mass Class Class

was 50kg calculate the total mass of the interval mark[x] F D=x-A fd
class.
91-95 93 0 35 0

86-90 88 1 30 30
Solution
81-85 83 6 25 150

76-80 78 10 20 200
=50
71-75 73 15 15 225
N =30
66-70 68 34 10 340

61-65 63 22 5 110

56-60 58 10 0 0
=
51-55 53 2 -5 -10

= Total 100 1045

A=58
30 x 50 = x 30

∑fx = 1500kg x= A+
∑ fd
N
MEAN BY ASSUMED MEAN METHOD

x= A+
∑ fd
= 58 +
N

Where,
= 68.45
A = assumed mean

D = difference between the class marks and

the assumed mean d= x-A 3. The mass of students were recorded as
shown below in the following figure.
F= frequency Calculate mean mass.

6
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

The mean mass is 66.44.

Exercise 3.2

1. Show the distribution of the children’s

age in a month. Calculate the mean age
in months using assumed mean that is
the formula;

x= A+
∑ fd
N

Class
Solution mark frequency

Class 41-46 3
mark[x] f fx
35-40 4
61 10 610
29-34 9
64 20 1280
23-28 12
67 30 2010
17-22 18
70 15 1050
11-16 28
73 5 365
5-10 26
Total 80 5315

2. From the data above Calculate the

mean age in months using the formula
for mean calculation.
3. A survey was of 200 children under 10
years to see how many visits they made
= to the clinic during the courses of the
year. The results were recorded as
shown in the table below.
=

= 66.4365

= 66.44

7
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

Number
frequency
of visits
MEDIAN
5 16
Median is a point that divides the data into
6 33
two parts such that equal numbers of the data
1 47 fall above and below that point.

8 54 Computation of the median depends on

whether the data is ODD or EVEN or there is
9 31
duplication of data [i.e. data with frequency]
10 10
STEPS TO FOLLOW TO ESTIMATE EDIAN FOR
11 4 UNGROUPED DATA
12 2
STEP 1: Arrange the numbers in
13 0 ascending/descending order

14 2 1, 1, 2, 2, 5, 5
15 1
STEP 2: Pick the number which is between
those numbers. If it is even find the average of
4. Given below A histogram for 100 the two middle numbers
mathematics scores use the histogram e.g:-
to find the mean score 4
2+2= =2
2
Example
Median of numbers 2,3,9,11, 2, 2,2, 2, 3, 9, 11

STEP 1: Arrange the numbers in ascending

order
2,2,2,2,2,3,3,9,9,11,11

STEP 2: Pick the number which is between

those numbers.

Median =3

Example

1. Find the median of the following

observations 1, 7, 4, 3, 8

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 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

Solution 1, 3, 5, 6, 8

1, 3, 4, 7, 8 Median is 5

Median =4

2. 1, 2, 5, 3. Find the median of the given

data
solution

Arrange the data in ascending order MEDIAN FOR GROUPED DATA

1, 2, 3, 5 For grouped data the median of the data is

given by using the following formula.
1, 2, 3, 5

Median=L+
( N
2
−nb ) i

nw
=
Where by ;

L isthe lower class boundary of the median

=
class .
Median is 2.5
N isthe total number of frequency
3. 1, 1, 3, 2, find the median given even
numbers of data nb is the ∑ of frequency below median class
Arrange the data in ascending order
nw is frequency within themedian class
1, 1, 2, 3
NOTE:
1, 1, 2, 3
Median class is the class interval in which the
medium frequency is obtained.

Example

1. The following table shows the distribution

Median is 1.5
of nails in [mm]. Calculate the median
4. 5, 3, 1, 6, 8 find the median given odd length.
number of data
Length Cumulative
Arrange the data in ascending order [mm] f frequency

88-96 3 3
1, 3, 5, 6, 8,
97-105 5 8

9
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

2. The following is the distribution of

marks obtained in a test given to 40
106-114 9 17 candidates
115-123 12 29
Mark frequenc Cumulative
124-132 5 34 s y frequency

133-141 4 38 11-20 1 1

142-150 2 40 21-30 3 4

Total 40 169 31-40 10 14

41-50 20 34

51-60 6 40
L=?

Median class=115-123

Find the median mark?

Median position= = =
=20.5 Solution

L= lower limit - 0.5 L=?

From 115-123 Median class= ?

L=114.5 N +1
Median position=
2
N = 40
40+ 1
Median position=
nb=17 2

nw =12 Median position=20.5

i= 9 Median class=41−50

L=40.5

Median=L+
N
2 (
−nb i ) nb=14
nw
nw=20
( 20−17 ) 9
Median=114.5+
12
i=10
Median=116.75

10
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

From
Median=L+
N
2 (
−nb i ) 119 15 33
nw
128 13 46
Then
137 7 53
( 20−14 ) 10 Tot
Median=40.5+ 53
20 al

Median=43.5

3. The following figures represents the graph

of Histogram and frequency polygon of a L =?
certain data . To find the median
distribution

M.p = = =27

L =114.5

N= 53

nb=18

nw=15

i= 9

=114.5+ ( )x 9

Solution Median = 114.5+[8.5/15]9

a) Median = 114.5+5.1

Median = 119.6
Solution

Cla b)
ss frequen Cumulative
ma cy frequency
rk

92 3 3

101 5 8

110 10 18

11
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

nb= 20

nw=12

i =5

Exercise

1. The height in centimeters of 100 people

was recorded as shown below.

Height 16 16 17 17 18 18
[cm] 0 5 0 5 0 5
Solution
frequen
cy 2 12 32 24 21 8

Find the median height?

2. From the given figures below find the

Class Cumulative median value of each.
mark frequency frequency

15 0 0

20 5 5

25 15 20

30 12 32

35 10 42

40 0 42

L =?

M.P =N+1 = 42+1= 21.5

2 2

N=42

12
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

13
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

MODE Mode is 1 and 2

Mode is the value of data which occurs most MODE FOR GROUPED DATA
frequently [data with the highest frequency]. Mode for grouped data is given by the
following formula;
Data may have only one mode, more than one
mode or no mode at all.

Data with two modes are said to be

Mode=L+
( )
t1
t 1+t 2
i

bi – modal.
Where by ;
Why mode? The mode is often important to
know. For example:
L isthe lower class boundary of the modal class
a. If you ran a shoe shop you would want
to know the most popular size.
b. If you ran a restaurant you would t 1Is the difference between modal class
want to know what type of food is frequency and frequency before modal class.
ordered most.
t 2 Is the difference between the modal class
Examples
State the mode for the following sets of frequency and the frequency after the modal
numbers: class.

1. 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5 i Is the class size.

2. 58, 57, 60, 59, 50, 56, 62

NOTE:
3. 5, 10, 10, 10, 15, 15, 20, 20, 20, 25
Modal class is the class with the highest
Solution frequency.

1. 1 occurs most (3 times): The mode is 1 Examples

2. All the numbers appear once: There is no 1. The examination results (rounded to the
mode. nearest whole number %) are given for a
3. There are three 10s and three 20s: group of students.
Modes are 10 and 20. Marks (%) Frequency
30 -39 5
Example 40 – 49 3
50 – 59 20
Find the mode from the following data 60 – 69 2
70 - 79 10
i. 3, 5, 7, 3, 2, 10, 8, 2, 7, 2
Estimate the mode score.
Mode is 2
Solution
ii. 2, 1, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1, 4, 2, 7.
From

14
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

( )
t1 Modal class = 41 – 50
Mode=L+ i
t 1+t 2
L = 40.5

t1 = 10
Modal class = 50 – 59
t2 = 14
L = 49.5
i = 10
t1 = 17

t2 = 18
Mode=40.5+ ( 10+14
10
) 10
i = 10 Mode = 44.7

Mode=49.5+ ( 17+18
17
)10 ESTIMATION OF MODE FROM
HISTOGRAM.
To estimate mode from the histogram you
Mode = 54.4 have to consider the following steps.

2. The following is the distribution of marks  Step 1: Draw a straight line from the
obtained in a test given to 40 candidates top left hand corner of the rectangle
of the modal class, to the top left
hand corner of the rectangle of the
Mark frequenc Cumulative
class to the right of the modal class.
s y frequency  Step 2: Draw a line from the top
11-20 1 1 right hand corner of the rectangle of
the modal class, to the top right of
21-30 3 4 the modal class to the left of the
modal class.
31-40 10 14  Step 3: Find where these two lines
intersect. This gives the mode as 54
41-50 20 34 on the horizontal axis.
51-60 6 40
Examples.

3. The examination results (rounded to the

nearest whole number %) are given for a
group of students.
Find the mode mark?
Marks (%) Frequency
30 -39 5
Solution
40 – 49 3
50 – 59 20
From 60 – 69 2
70 - 79 10
Mode=L+
( )
t1
t 1+t 2
i
Draw the frequency Histogram and
use it to estimate mode mark.

15
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

Solution

Marks Class -
Frequency
(%) mark
30 -39 34.5 5
40 – 49 44.5 3
50 – 59 54.5 20
60 – 69 64.5 2
70 - 79 74.5 10

From the histogram above the mode

mark was 55.

REVISION EXERCISE
1. The heights in centimetres of 100 students of a certain school were recorded as follows:

Height in centimetre 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190
Frequency 4 9 12 16 25 20 8 4 2
From the above information answer the following questions:
(a) Draw the frequency polygon, histogram and Cumulative frequency curve
(b) Determine the mean, median and mode.
(c) A student is chosen at random from this school. What is the probability than his
height is greater than 160 cm?

2. The table below shows the mass of 100 students of the nearest kilogram.

Mass (kg) 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74

Frequency 5 18 42 27 8
(a) Determine the mean of the mass
(b) Find the mode
(c) Draw a cumulative frequency curve and use it to determine the median of the
mass.

3. The table below show the distribution of 100 shops and their profit per shop
recorded in a certain month.
Profit per shop in thousands of 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59
Shs.
Number of shops 12 18 C C-7 C-10 6

16
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

(a) Find the value of C

(b) Construct the frequency distribution and use it to determine the modal class
(c) Draw a histogram and frequency polygon on the same diagram.

4. The score of physics test taken by 60 students were recorded as follow:

30 36 21 49 34 58 22 38 27 31 41 53 25 34
48 33 58 20 24 30 50 26 32 63 25 50 36 29
54 21 61 33 51 20 30 57 26 28 45 36 59 26
60 42 21 63 36 54 43 24 30 27 26 56 35 32

(a) Arrange these score into grouped frequency distribution table starting with the
Classes 20-24, 25-29, 30-34.
(b) Calculate the mean score
(c) Draw the histogram and use it to estimate the mode
(d) Draw the ogive use it to estimate the median
5. The following scores were awarded to 24 students in mathematics Examinations
50 46 40 39 43 60 94 97 96 63 63 20
59 63 55 45 62 92 71 86 12 73 88 47
(a) Group the score in intervals with close marks 25, 35, 45, … and prepare the
frequency distribution for the given data
(b) Using the frequency distribution, find the modal class, the median class and the
mean of the distribution.
(c) Draw the cumulative frequency curve (ogive) and use it to estimate the median.

6. The following table shows the grade points by 50 students in Mathematics test.

Grade points 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 1 12 14 15 7 1

a) Represent this information by a frequency polygon

b) Find the mean, median and mode
c) Find the probability that, if a student is chosen at random, then her grade point
score will be greater than or equal to 3.
7. Use the following frequency distribution table to answer (a) to (e) below:

Marks 1-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99

17
 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

Frequency 1 2 5 11 21 20 17 10 6 4 2 1
a) Draw the histogram and frequency polygon
b) Find the modal class and median class
c) Calculate the mode
d) Calculate the median
e) Calculate the mean

8. The daily wages of one hundred men are distributed as shown below
Wages in Tsh. x 3.0-3.4 3.5-3.9 4.0-4.4 4.5-4.9 5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0-6.4 6.5-6.9
1000
Number of Men 4 6 10 14 x 20 14 6
(a) Find x
(b) Calculate the daily mean wage of the 100 men
(c) Draw a histogram to represent this data

9. The following were scores of 35 students in one of the past CSF Basic Mathematics Paper.
53 54 80 36 19 55 41 48 31 33 78
12 33 50 16 20 37 32 70 8 19 67
22 58 33 34 27 4 28 61 7 43 27
25 65
a) Group score in class interval 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 etc and construct the frequency
distribution table.
b) Draw a histogram to represent the grouped data.
c) Draw a cumulative frequency curve (OGIVE) and use it to estimate the median.

10. The following table shows the marks obtained by 30 students in Mathematics test
34 40 30 43 33 41 24 25 23 30 33 15
34 23 24 27 47 20 33 23 39 24 36 21
23 43 42 33 16 23
(a) Make a frequency distribution table by grouping the marks with class marks
interval 17, 22, 27…
(b) Using the grouped data in 5(a)) above find
(i) the mean mark of 30 students
(ii) the modal class and mode
(c) Draw the frequency polygon for the grouped data
(d) Draw the cumulative frequency curve (an ogive) for grouped data and indicate
the
median mark.

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 | Mr. ABUSHIRI H. R.
FORM THREE STUDYING NOTES

19