- revision doc -..

Topic 1: the particulate nature of matter

Topic 2: experimental techniques

Topic 3: atoms, elements and compounds

Topic 4: Stoichiometry

Topic 8: Acids and bases

Definitions:
- Acid: a substance that ionises in water to form H+ ions / proton donator
- Alkali/base: a substance that dissociates in water to release OH- ions /
proton acceptor

Reactions:
- Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
- Reaction w/ metal: acid + metal → metal salt + hydrogen
- Reaction w/ ammonium compound:
base + ammonium compound → ammonia + water + metal salt
- Reaction w/ carbonate: carbonate + acid → carbon dioxide + metal salt +
water

Preparation of salts:

Topic 9: the periodic table

Topic 10: metals

Reactions of metals:
- Reaction w/ water: metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen
- Reaction w/ steam: metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
- Reaction w/ oxygen: metal + oxygen → metal oxide
- Reaction w/ acid (copper+): metal + acid → metal salt + hydrogen

Reactivity series:
Potassium (K) - sodium (Na) - calcium (Ca) - magnesium (Mg) - aluminium (Al) -
carbon (C) - zinc (Zn) - iron (Fe) - tin (Sn) - lead (Pb) - hydrogen (H) - copper
(Cu) - mercury (Hg) - silver (Ag) - gold (Au) - platinum (Pt)
Displacement reactions:
Solid displacement - when a solid metal of higher reactivity displaces a less
reactive metal from its solid compound
E.g.: thermite reaction - aluminium displaces iron(III) from its oxide.
Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) → 2Fe (s) + Al2O3 (s)
- source of molten iron for train tracks
- (heat from reaction melts iron into liquid form)
- Observations: heat, bright liquid
Solution displacement - when a solid, more reactive metal displaces a less
reactive aqueous metal from its salt solution
E.g.: silver tree experiment - copper displaces silver from AgNO3
Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
- Observations: solution turns blue, warmth, copper dissolves, silver
coating on the copper strip

Thermal decomposition:
- AB → A + B
- Breaking down of compounds by heating
- More reactive metals → less easy to be decomposed

1. OH-:
- Metal hydroxide → metal oxide + water
- Only for group II or above + lithium

2. NO3-:
- Path 1 (very unreactive metals): metal nitrate → metal + NO2 + O2
- Path 2 (unreactive): metal nitrate → metal oxide + NO2 + O2
- Path 3 (reactive): metal nitrate → metal nitrite + O2

3. CO32-:
- Metal carbonate → metal oxide + carbon dioxide
- Only for group II or above

Extraction processes:
1. Mechanical separation
- E.g. panning gold

2. Heating metal ore alone (thermal decomposition)

- E.g. silver/mercury
2Ag2O (s) → 4Ag (s) + O2 (g)
 3. Heating metal ore w/ carbon (carbon reduction)
- E.g. zinc/iron
- Zinc blende (ZnS) first roasted in air
2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2ZnO (s) + 2SO2 (g)
- Blast furnace:
- Coke added to hematite - exothermic reaction to keep furnace warm
C (s) + O2 → CO2 (g)
CO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2CO (g)
- Hematite reacts w/ CO or C (carbon reduction)
2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C (s) → 4Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)
- Calcium oxide reacts w/ acidic oxides to form slag
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
2CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) → CaSiO3
- Purifying process:
1. By oxidation
2. By adding calcium oxide
3. Adding additives - mild steel (99.7% iron, 0.3% carbon) / stainless
steel (70% iron, 20% chromium, 10% nickel)

4. Electrolysis
- E.g. aluminium (+metals more reactive)
- Positive electrode - oxygen is produced
2O2- → O2 (g) + 2e-
- Negative electrode - aluminium is produced
- Bauxite dissolved in Cryolite
- Electrodes = graphite

Recycling metals:
Advantages:
- Need less energy to recycle than to extract
- Less pollution (fewer mines/quarries)
- Save money + supply of raw materials
Disadvantages:
- Sorting process
- Amount of energy saved varies
- Requires energy to transport metals to recycling centre