REVIEWER

Projectile motion is a special case of two-dimensional motion with 𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔.

Thus, projectile motion is considered to be the superposition of two motions:

1. constant-velocity motion in the horizontal direction, and

2. free-fall motion in the vertical direction.

Any object that is moving through the air affected only by gravity is called a projectile.
The path a projectile follows is called its trajectory.
The trajectory follows a special type of arch-shaped curve called a parabola.

COMPONENTS OF PROJECTILE MOTION

HORIZONTAL
1. we will neglect the effect of air resistance on the body
2. the velocity is always constant throughout the range (vx)
3. the horizontal acceleration ax is 0
VERTICAL
1. the y component behaves as freefall, and is affected by gravity only
2. acceleration due to gravity is -9.8 m/s2

When we drop a ball from a height we know that its speed increases as it falls. The increase in speed is
due to the acceleration gravity, g = -9.8 m/sec2.

The distance a projectile travels horizontally is called its range/dx.

Time of flight- entire duration while the projectile is in its trajectory

Range- maximum horizontal distance traveled by projectile
Maximum height – maximum vertical displacement traveled by projectile
The angle of release affects the range and height of a projectile. The higher the angle of release the
higher the maximum height of the projectile

The maximum range is achieved if projectile is fired at an angle of 45º with respect to the horizontal
component.

An object launched at an angle of 30 degrees will have a range with the object released in 60 degrees.
Angles 60 and 30 degrees are complementary angles because they add up to 90 degrees.

Momentum is a quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
Mass in motion
p=mv
Where :
p is the momentum in kilogram • meter per second (kg • m/s)
m is the mass of the moving object in kilogram (kg)
v is the velocity of the moving object in meter per second (m/s)

For stationary objects where velocity is zero, the momentum is also zero.

When the object slows down or moves faster, the velocity also decreases or increases. The change in the
velocity and mass of an object changes its momentum. Changing in momentum is called impulse.
 To change the momentum of an object a force is needed.
 The force (F) is multiplied by the time of contact (t).

Impulse = Change in momentum

I =m Δ v I =Ft
 To direction of impulse can increase or decrease the momentum of an object.
 Increase –same direction with initial velocity
 Decrease – opposite to the direction of momentum.
 Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Ft =mv
Where:
F =Force in N
t = time of contact in s
m= mass in kg
v= velocity in m/s

The force of impact is directly proportional to the momentum of the body and inversely proportional
to the time of impact.
The impact of force could be decreased by extending the time contact.

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND K.E

The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the
nature of the forces between the objects.

p initial = p final
( m1 v 1 +m2 v 2 )=( m1 v 1 +m2 v 2 )

m1 v 1 i+ m2 v 2 i=¿ ¿

Collisions
Collision is an encounter between two bodies resulting in exchange of impulse and momentum.

Elastic Collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not change and colliding
objects bounce off after collision.

Inelastic collision- one in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes (converted to some other
form of energy). Objects that stick together after collision is said to be perfectly inelastic.
Elastic Collision- K.E is conserved
Inelastic Collision- K.E is not conserved
K.E= ½ mv2
Unit= Joules/ J
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

Mechanical Energy-is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work. In
other words, it is energy in an object due to its motion or position, or both.

The energy acquired by objects upon which work is done is known as mechanical energy.

Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.

Kinetic energy increases as an object moves faster.
Kinetic energy increases as the mass of an object increases.

Potential Energy is stored energy.

Potential Energy is greater if the position of an object is higher.
Potential energy increases as the mass of an object increases.

Gravitational Potential energy-is the energy possessed by an object because of its location or position
Elastic Potential Energy-is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic material such as spring.

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed , it is simply transformed from one form to another. It flows
from a source (serving input system) into an output system during transfer/transformations.

The decrease in kinetic energy equals the increase in potential energy. The total amount of mechanical
energy remains constant.

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

1
𝑃𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 =
2
KE= m v
2

𝑚𝑔ℎ
Note: ergs = The erg is a unit of energy equal to 10−7 joules. It originated in the Centimetre–gram–second
system of units (CGS).

 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

- “The total Mechanical Energy of an isolated system remains the same.”

 For any mechanical process that occurs inside in an isolated system and involves only
conservative forces, the total mechanical energy is conserve. This means that the total
mechanical energy remains constant in time.