ALLEN

® Student Question Bank (KTG & Thermodynamics)

NURTURE COURSE
STUDENT QUESTION BANK
ON
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS

KTG
1. A vessel of volume V0 contains an ideal gas at pressure p0 and temperature T. Gas is continuously
dv
pumped out of this vessel at a constant volume - rate = g keeping the temperature constant. The
dt
pressure of the gas being taken out equals the pressure of the gas as a function of time,
[a] the pressure of the gas as a function of time,
[b] the time taken before half the original gas is pumped out.
2. Figure shows a cylindrical tube of radius 5 cm and length 20 cm. It is closed by a tight-fitting cork.
The friction coefficient between the cork and the tube is 0.20. The tube contains an ideal gas at a
pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 300 K. The tube is slowly heated and it is found that the cork
pops out when the temperature reaches 600 K. Let dN denote the magnitude of the normal contact
force exerted by a small length dl of the cork along the periphery (see the figure). Assuming that the
dN
temperature of the gas is uniform at any instant, calculate .
dl

3. Two glass bulbs of equal volume are connected by a narrow tube and are filled with a gas at 00C at
a pressure of 76 cm of mercury. One of the bulbs is then placed in melting ice and the other is placed
in a water bath maintained at 620C. What is the new value of the pressure inside the bulbs ? The
volume of the connecting tube is negligible.
4. Two identical vessels are connected by a tube with a valve letting the gas passing from one vessel
into the other if the pressure difference Dp ³ 1.10 atm. Initially there was a vacuum in one vessel
while the other contained ideal gas at a temperature t1 = 27°C and pressure p1 = 1.00 atm. Then both
vessels were heated to a temperature t2 = 107°C. Up to what value will the pressure in the first
vessel (which had vacuum initially) increase?
5. A vertical cylinder closed from both ends is equipped with an easily moving piston dividing the
volume into two parts, each containing one mole of air. In equilibrium at T0 = 300 K the volume of
the upper part is h = 4.0 times greater than that of the lower part. At what temperature will the ratio
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of these volumes be equal to h' = 3.0?

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6. A vessel of volume V is evacuated by means of a piston air pump. One piston stroke captures the
volume DV. How many strokes are needed to reduce the pressure in the vessel h times? The process
is assumed to be isothermal, and the gas ideal.
7. A smooth vertical tube having two different sections is open from both ends and equipped with two
pistons of different areas. Each piston slides within a respective tube section. One mole of ideal gas
is enclosed between the pistons tied with a non-stretchable thread. The cross sectional area of the
upper piston is DS = 10 cm2 greater than that of the lower one. The combined mass of the two
pistons is equal to m = 5.0 kg.The outside air pressure is p0 = 1.0 atm. By how many kelvins must
the gas between the pistons be heated to shift the pistons through l = 5.0 cm?

p0

p0

8. Find the minimum attainable pressure of ideal gas in the process T = T0 + aV2, where T0 and a are
positive constants, and V is the volume of one mole of gas. Draw the approximate p vs V plot of this
process.
9. A horizontal cylinder closed from one end is rotated with a constant angular velocity w about a
vertical axis passing through the open end of the cylinder. The outside air pressure is equal to p0, the
temperature to T, and the molar mass of air to M. Find the air pressure as a function of the distance
r from the rotation axis. The molar mass is assumed to be independent of r.
10. A vessel of volume V = 30l is separated into three equal parts by stationary semipermeable thin
membranes as shown in the Figure. The left , middle and right parts are filled with m H2 = 30g of
hydrogen, m O 2 =160g of oxygen, and m N2 = 70g of nitrogen respectively. The left partition lets
through only hydrogen, while the right partition lets through hydrogen and nitrogen. What will be
the pressure in each part of the vessel after the equilibrium has been set in if the vessel is kept at a
constant temperature T = 300K?

KT0018
11. A parallel beam of nitrogen molecules moving with velocity v = 400 m/s impinges on a wall at an
angle q = 30° to its normal. The concentration of molecules in the beam n = 0.9 × 1019 cm–3. Find the
pressure exerted by the beam on the wall assuming the molecules to scatter in accordance with the
perfectly elastic collision law.
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12. A same amount of same gas of temperature T is enclosed in a three identical vessels A, B & C. The
temperature of wall of three container is TA, TB & TC. (TA > TB > TC) respectively. The pressure on
wall of vessel
(A) PA > PB > PC (B) PA < PB < PC
(C) PA = PB = PC (D) Data’s are insufficient to decide
13. What is fraction of molecule below an altitude h in atmosphere? Assume uniform gravitational
field, isothermal conditions, mass of a molecule m, Boltzman constant k, temperature T.

(A) f = e(mgh / kT ) (B) f = e –( mgh / kT) (C) f = 1 – e –( mgh / kT) (D) f = 1 – e(mgh / kT )
First law of thermodynamics
14. A piston can freely move inside a horizontal cylinder closed from both ends. Initially, the piston
separates the inside space of the cylinder into two equal parts each of volume V0, in which an, ideal
gas is contained under the same pressure p0 and at the same temperature. What work has to be
performed in order to increase isothermally the volume of one part of gas h times compared to that
of the other by slowly moving the piston?
15. A heat-conducting piston can freely move inside a closed thermally insulated cylinder with an ideal
gas. In equilibrium the piston divides the cylinder into two equal parts, the gas temperature being
equal to T0. The piston is slowly displaced. Find the gas temperature as a function of the ratio h of
the volumes of the greater and smaller sections. The adiabatic exponent of the gas is equal to g.
16. An ideal gas has an adiabatic exponent g. In some process its molar heat capacity varies as C = a/T,
where a is a constant. Find:
(a) the work performed by one mole of the gas during its heating from the temperature T0 to the
temperature h times higher;
(b) the equation of the process in the variables p, V.
17. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals g is expanded according to the law p = aV, where a
is a constant. The initial volume of the gas is equal to V0. As a result of expansion the volume
increases h times. Find:
(a) the increment of the internal energy of the gas;
(b) the work performed by the gas;
(c) the molar heat capacity of the gas in the process.
18. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals g is expanded so that the amount of heat transferred
to the gas is equal to the decrease of its internal energy. Find:
(a) the molar heat capacity of the gas in this process;
(b) the equation of the process in the variables T, V;
(c) the work performed by one mole of the gas when its volume increases h times if the initial
temperature of the gas is T0.
19. An ideal gas has a molar heat capacity CV at constant volume. Find the molar heat capacity of this
gas as a function of its volume V, if the gas undergoes the following process:
(a) T = T0eaV ; (b) p = p0eaV,
where T0, p0, and a are constants.
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20. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at constant pressure CP undergoes the process T = T0 +
aV, where T0 and a are constants. Find:
(a) heat capacity of the gas as a function of its volume;
(b) the amount of heat, transferred to the gas, if its volume increased from V1 to V2
21. For the case of an ideal gas find the equation of the process (in the variables T, V) in which the
molar heat capacity varies as:
(a) C = CV + aT; (b) C = CV + bV; (c) C = CV + ap, where a, b, and a are constants.
22. A gas consisting of rigid diatomic molecules was expanded in a polytropic process so that the rate
of collisions of the molecules against the vessel's wall did not change. Find the molar heat capacity
of the gas in this process.
23. How will the rate of collisions of rigid diatomic moleculesi against the vessel's wall change, if the
gas is expanded adiabatically h times?
24. An ideal gas at NTP is enclosed in a adiabatic vertical cylinder having area of cross section A =
27cm2, between two light movable pistons as shown in the figure. Spring with force constant k =
3700 N/m is in a relaxed state initially. Now the lower piston is moved upwards a height h/2, h
being the initial length of gas column. It is observed that the upper piston moves up by a distance
h/16. Find h taking g for the gas to be 1.5. Also find the final temperature of the gas.

KT0019
25. Two adiabatic processes involving an ideal gas are plotted on a P-V diagram. A and B are two
points on these curves as shown in the diagram. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

P B

A
V

(A) Heat is given to system in the process AB.

(B) Heat is rejected by system in the process AB
(C) Whether heat is rejected or absorbed by the system during the process AB depends on the
magnitude of the slope of line AB
(D) Whether heat is rejected or absorbed by the system during the process AB depends on the
position of the points A and B on the P-V diagram.
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26. A thermally insulated vessel is divided into two equal parts by a heat-insulating piston which can move
in the vessel without the friction. The left part of the vessel contains one mole of an ideal monatomic gas,
& the right part is empty. The piston is connected to the right wall of the vessel through a spring whose
length in free state is equal to the length of the vessel as shown in the figure. Determine the heat capacity
C of the system, neglecting the heat capacities of the vessel, piston and spring.

KT0022
27. When the pressure is changed from p1 = 1.01 × 10 Pa to p2 = 1.165 × 10 a then the volume changes
5 5

by 10%. The bulk modulus is [JEE 2005 (Scr)]

(A) 1.55 × 10 Pa 5
(B) 0.0015 × 10 Pa5

(C) 0.015 ×10 Pa 5

(D) none of these
28. A container with rigid walls is covered with perfectly insulating material. The container is divided
into two parts by a partition. One part contains a gas while the other is fully evacuated (vacuum).
The partition is suddenly removed. The gas rushes to fill the entire volume and comes to equilibrium
after a little time. If the gas is not ideal.
(A) the initial internal energy of the gas equals its final internal energy
(B) the initial temperature of the gas equals its final temperature.
(C) the initial pressure of the gas equals its final pressure
(D) the initial entropy of the gas equals its final entropy
29. Gaseous helium filled in a horizontal fixed cylindrical vessels is separated from its surroundings by a
piston of finite mass, which can move without friction. Inner surface of the vessel as well as of the piston
are coated with a perfectly heat insulating material. The external pressure is increased rapidly to triple of
its initial value without changing the ambient temperature. How many times of its initial value will the
volume of helium become, when the piston finally stops?

3/ 5 5/7
1 3 æ1ö æ1ö
(A) (B) (C) ç ÷ (D) ç ÷
3 5 è3ø è3ø
30. An ideal gas has molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp = 5R/2. The gas is kept in a cylindrical
vessel fitted with a piston which is free to move. Mass of the frictionless piston is 9 kg. Initial
volume of the gas is 0.0027 m3 and cross-section area of the piston is 0.09 m2. The initial temperature
of the gas is 300 K. Atmospheric pressure P0 = 1.05 × 105 N/m2. An amount of 2.5 × 104 J of heat
energy is supplied to the gas, then
(A) Initial pressure of the gas is 1.06 × 105 N/m2
(B) Final temperature of the gas is 1000 K
(C) Final pressure of the gas is 1.06 × 105 N/m2
(D) Work done by gas is 9.94 × 103 J
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31. Column I contains a list of processes involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column II.
describing the thermodynamic change during this process. Indicate your answer by darkening the
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. [JEE 2008]
Column I Column II
(A) An insulated container has two chambers (P) The temperature of the gas decreases
separated by a valve. Chamber I contains an
ideal gas and the chamber II has vacuum.
The valve is opened..

I II

ideal gas vacuum

(B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (Q) The temperature of the gas
original volume such that pressure increases or remains constant
1
Pµ , where V is the volume of the gas.
V2
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (R) The gas loses heat
1
original volume such that its pressure P µ ,
V4/ 3
where V is its volume.
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its (S) The gas gains heat
pressure P and volume V follows the behaviour
shown in the graph.

V
V1 2V1

32. A certain amount of air at 300 K is trapped in a glass tube between its closed end and
a 19 cm long mercury column as shown in figure.
(a) What will be the length of air column if the tube is inverted isothermally?
(b) To what temperature should the air column be heated so that it regains its original volume?
(c) How much heat needs to be supplied to the air column for this purpose? Area of
cross-section of the tube = 1 cm2, gair = 7/5. Atmospheric pressure = 76cm of Hg @ 105 Pa.
Neglect surface tension.
33. 0.12 mole of a monoatomic ideal gas at pressure P0 = 35 Nm–2 and volume V0 = 8 m3 is brought to
pressure P1 = 10 Nm–2 and volume V1 = 48 m3 by a process following the equation P = aV + b;
where a = – 0.625 Nm–5 and b = 40 Nm–2. Find :
(i) the maximum temperature during the process.
(ii) the heat transferred Q from the volume V0 to any other volume V along the line.
(iii) the value of V at which Q is maximum.
(iv) the heat transferred along the line from V0 to V (Q = Qmax)
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(v) the heat transferred along the line from V (Q = Qmax) to V1.
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34. Three moles of a diatomic ideal gas is enclosed in an adiabatic vertical cylinder
fitted with a smooth, light adiabatic piston. The piston is connected to massless
spring as shown having spring constants k1 = 300 N/m and k2 = 200 N/m. Area of
cross-section of the cylinder is 20 cm2. Initially both the springs were at their
natural length and the temperature of the gas is 300 k. Atmospheric pressure
100 kPa. The gas is heated slowly using a heating coil as shown so as to move the
piston by 20 cm. Find the
(a) work done by the gas
(b) final temperature of the gas
(c) heat supplied by the heater.
35. An ideal gas undergoes two processes A and B. One of these is isothermal and the other is adiabatic.
Column-I Column-II

(A) (P) Heat supplied during curve A is positive

(B) (Q) Work done by gas in both processes positive

(C) (R) Internal energy increases in adiabatic process

(D) (S) Temperature of gas in process B is constant

36. For an ideal gas a process PV diagram is a circle. An adiabatic from A passes P
through C. An isotherm from A passes through B. We take a part of the A
circular cyclic process. Comment on the sign of the quantity of column-I.
Column-I Column-II B
(A) Heat given to the gas in going from (P) Positive C
A to C along circle D
(B) Heat given to the gas in going from (Q) Negative V
B to C along circle
(C) Heat given to the gas in going from (R) Zero
C to D along circle (S) can’t be said
37. Consider a cubical vessel of edge a having a small hole in one of its walls. The total thermal resistance
of the walls is r. At time t = 0, it contains air at atmospheric pressure pa and temperature T0. The
temperature of the surrounding air is Ta(> T0). Find the amount of the gas (in moles) in the vessel at
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time t. Take Cv of air to be 5R/2.

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38. An ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of alternate isothermal and adiabatic curves (Fig. 2.2).
The isothermal processes proceed at the temperatures T1, T2 and T3. Find the efficiency of such a
cycle, if in each isothermal expansion the gas volume increases int he same proportion.

39. An ideal gas goes through cycle consisting of

(a) isochoric, adiabatic, and isothermal lines ;
(b) isobaric, adiabatic, and isothermal lines, with the isothermal process proceeding at the minimum
temperature of the whole cycle. Find the efficiency of each cycle if the absorlute temperature
varies n-fold within the cycle.
40. The conditions are the same as in the foregoing problem with the exception that the isothermal
process proceeds at the maximum temperature of the whole cycle.
41. An ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of isothermal, polytropic, and adiabatic lines, with the
isothermal process proceeding at the maximum temperature of the whole cycle. Find the efficiency
of such a cycle if the absolute temperature varies n-fold within the cycle.
42. An ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent g goes through a direct (clockwise) cycle consisting of
adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric lines. Find the efficiency of the cycle if in the adiabatic process
the volume of the ideal gas
(a) increases n-fold ; (b) decreases n-fold.
43. Calculate the efficiency of a cycle consisting of isothermal isobaric, and isochoric lines, if in the
isothermal process the volume of the ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent g
(a) increases n-fold ; (b) decreases n-fold.
44. Find the efficiency of a cycle consisting of two isobaric and two isothermal lines if the pressure
varies n-fold and the absolute temperature t-fold within the cycle. The working substance is an
ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent g.
45. An ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent g goes through a cycle (figure) within which the absolute
temperature varies t-fold. Find the efficiency of this cycle.
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Second law of thermodynamics
46. A heat engine with 30% efficiency drives a refrigerator of COP 5. Whal would be the net heat input
to the engine for each MW of heat removed in the refrigerator ?
(A) 66.67 kJ/sec (B) 600 kJ/sec (C) 666.67 kJ/sec (D) 6600 kJ/sec
47. In the below figure, E is a heat engine with efficiency of 0.4 and R is a refrigerator. Given that
Q2 + Q4 = 3Q1 the COP of the refrigerator is :

Q1 Q3
W
E R

Q2 Q4

(A) 2.5 (B) 3.0 (C) 6.0 (D) 5.0

48. An electric freezer is turned on inside a tent for a long time. It is 0 C outside the tent, +1 oC inside the
o

tent, and –13 oC inside the freezer. What would be the equilibrium temperature inside the tent if
another identical freezer is turned on inside the tent? The outside temperature remains the same. The
freezers are identical and follow the Carnot cycle. The temperature inside freezer remains the same.
49. A carnot engine, having an efficiency of h = 1/10 as heat engine, is used as a refrigetator. If the
work done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower
temperature is- [AIEEE-2007]
(A) 99 J (B) 90 J (C) 1 J (D) 100 J
50. An engine runs between a reservoir at temperature 200 K and a hot body which is initially at
temperature of 600 K. If the hod body cools down to a temperature of 400 K in the process, then the
maximum amount of work that the engine can do (while working in a cycle) is (the heat capacity of
the hot body is 1 J/K)
(A) 200 (1–ln2)J (B) 200 (1 – ln3/2)J
(C) 200 (1 + ln3/2)J (D) 200 J
51. An ideal gas is taken reversibly around the cycle a-b-c-d-a as shown in T (temperature)-S (entropy)
diagram.
T b c

a d
S
The most appropriate representation of above cycle on a U (internal energy) - V (volume) diagram is:
U U U c U c
b c b c b b

(A) (B) (C) d (D) d

a d a d a a
V V V V
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52. A container is divided into two compartments by a removable partition as shown below :

n1,V1 n2,V2
T,P T,P
He Ne

removable partition

In the first compartment, n1 moles of ideal gas He is present in a volume V1. In the second
compartment, n2 moles of ideal gas Ne is present in a volume V2. The temperature and pressure in
both the compartments are T and P, respectively. Assuming R is the gas constant, the total change
in entropy upon removing the partition when the gases mix irreversibly is :
v v v1 + v2 v + v2
(A) n1Rln v + v + n 2 Rln v + v (B) n1Rln + n 2 Rln 1
1 2

1 2 1 2 v1 v2

nv nv
(C) ( n1 + n 2 ) Rln n v (D) ( n1 + n 2 ) Rln n v
1 1 2 2

2 2 1 1

53. Two containers C1 and C2 of volumes V and 4V respectively hold the same ideal gas and are
connected by a thin horizontal tube of negligible volume with a valve which is initially closed. The
initial temperature and pressure of the gas in C1 are 300 K and P, respectively and those in C2 are
400 K and 5 P, respectively. Heaters are employed to maintain the temperatures in both the containers
at their initial values even after the valve is opened. Then,
(A) the gas will flow from one container of the other but the entropy of the system remains constant.
(B) the gas will flow from the hot container to the cold one and the process is irreversible.
(C) there will be an increase in pressure of the cold container and decrease of the hot one.
(D) at equilibrium the number of moles of gas in the hot container will be thrice that of the cold one.
54. A 3.0 m long metal pipe, closed at the top end, is held vertically above a large water tank. It is then
very slowly pushed vertically down into the water and held there such that the top end of the pipe is
at level with the water surface. Take the density of water to be 1000 kgm–3. Then
(A) the length of the trapped air column is 2.41 m.
(B) the pressure of the trapped air is 1.24 times the atmospheric pressure.
(C) the entropy of the air in the pipe decreases in this process.
(D) executes simple harmonic oscillation when the top end of the pipe is released.
55. A piece of hot copper at 100°C is plunged into a pond at 30°C. The copper cools down to 30°C,
while the pond, being huge, stays at its initial temperature. Then :
(A) copper loses some entropy, the pond stays at the same entropy.
(B) copper loses some entropy, and the pond gains exactly the same amount of entropy
(C) copper loses entropy, and the pond gains more than this amount of entropy
(D) both copper and the pond gain in entropy
V2
56. Vessels 1 and 2 contain v = 1.2 moles of gaseus helium. The ratio of the vessels volumes
V1 = a =

T1
2.0, and the ratio of the absolute temperatures of helium in them
T2 = b = 1.5.Assuming the gas to
be ideal, find the difference of gas entropies in these vessels, S2 – S1.
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57. One mole of an ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent y ges thrugh a polytropic process as a result of
which the absolute temperature of the gas increases t-fold. The polytropic constant equals n. Find
the entropy increment of the gas in this process.
58. An ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent y goes through a process p = p0 – aV, where p0 and a are positive
constants, and V is the volume. At what volume will the gas entropy have the maximum value ?
59. One mole of an ideal gas goes through a process in which the entropy of the gas changes with temperature
T as S = aT + CV ln T, where a is a positive constant, Cv is the mlar heat capacity of this gas at constant
volume. Find the volume dependence of the gas temperature in this process if T = T 0 at V = V0.
60. Find the temperature T as a function of the entropy S of a substance fr a polytropic proocess in
which the heat capacity of the substance equals C. The entropy of the substance is known to be
equal to S0 at the temperature T0. Draw the approximate plots T(S) for C > 0 and C < 0.
61. A weightless piston divides a thermally insulated cylinder into two equal parts. One part contains
one mole of an ideal gas with adiabatic exponent v, the other is eavacuated. The initial gas temperature
is T0. The piston is released and the gas fills the whole volume of the cylinder. Then the piston is
slowly displaced back to the initial position. Find the increment of the internal energy and the
entropy of the gas resulting from these two processes.
62. A working substance goes through a cycle within which the absolute temperature varies n-fold, and
the shape of the cycle is shwn in (a) figure-(a), (b) figure-(b), where T is the absolute temperature,
and S the entropy. Find the efficiency of each cycle.

63. The figure shown below corresponds to a reversible heat engine cycle on a T-S chart. The efficiency
of the heat engine is

3T1

2T1

T1
S
S1 S2

3 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2 4
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64. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity CV goes through a process in which its entropy S
depends on T as S = a/T, where a is a constant. The gas temperature varies from T1 to T2. Find : (a)
the molar heat capacity of the gas as a function of its temperature: (b) the amount of heat transferred
to the gas ; (c) the work perfromed by the gas.
65. A self-contained machine only inputs two equal steady streams of hot and cold water at temperatures
T1 and T2. Its only output is a single high-speed jet of water. The heat capacity per unit mass of
water, C, may be assumed to be independent of temperature. The machine is in a steady state and
the kinetic energy in the incoming streams is negligible.
(a) What is the speed of the jet in terms of T1, T2 and T, where T is the temperature of water in the jet?
(b) What is the maximum possible speed of the jet?

T1
T
T2

66. A Thin piece of thermal conductor of constant thermal conductivity insulated on the lateral sides
connected two reservoirs which are maintained at temperatures T1 and T2 as shown. Assuming that
the system is in steady state, which of the following plots best represents the dependence of the rate
of change of entropy on the ratio of temperatures T1/T2.
conductor

T1 T1

dS/dt dS/dt

0 0
1 T1/T2 1 T1/T2
(A) (B)

dS/dt dS/dt

0 0
1 T1/T2 1 T1/T2
(C) (D)
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ANSWER KEY
V0 ln 2
1. (a) p = p 0 e - gt / V0 ; (b) g
2. 1.25 × 104 N/m 3. 84 cm of mercury

1 ln h
4. p = 1/2 (p1T2/T1 – Dp) = atm 5. T = T0h' (h2 – 1)/h (h'2 – 1) = 0.42 kK 6. n = ln (1 + DV / V)
12
2 2
7. DT = (mg + p0 DS) l/R = 0.9 K 8. pmin = 2R aT0 9. p = p0 eMw r / 2RT
,

10. p1= p H2 ~ 1.25 × 106 Pa ; p2= p H 2 + p O2 + p N2 ~ 2.8125 × 106 Pa ; p3= p H 2 + p N2 ~ 1.5625 × 106 Pa

11. p = 2nmv2 cos2q = 1.0 atm, where m is the mass of a nitrogen molecule.
12. (A) 13. (C) 14. A' = p0V0 ln [(h + 1)2/4h] 15. T = T0 [(h + 1)2/4h](g–1)/2
16. (a) A = a ln h – RT0 (h – 1)/(g –1) ; pVg ea(g–1)/pV = const.
17. (a) DU = aV02(h2 – 1)/(g – 1) ; (b) A = 1/2aV02 (h2 – 1) ; (c) C = 1/2R (g + 1)/(g – 1)
18. (a) C = –R/(g – 1) ; (b) TV(g–1)/2 = const ; (c) A = 2RT0 (1 – h(1 –g)/2)/(g – 1)
19. (a) C = CV + R/aV ; (b) C = CV + R/(1 + aV).
20. (a) C = CP + RT0/aV ; (b) Q = aCP (V2 – V1) + RT0 ln (V2/V1)
21. (a) Ve–aT/R = const ; (b) TeR/bV = const ; (c) V – anT = const.
22. C = 1/2R (i + 1) = 3R 23. Decreases h(i+1)/i times, where i = 5. 24. 1.6 m, 364 K
25. (A) 26. C = 2R 27. (A) 28. (A) 29. (B)

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30. (A,C) 31. (A) Q; (B) P, R; (C) P,S; (D) Q, S 32. (a) 18 cm, (b) 500 K, (c)
4
33. (i) 642 K, (ii) 100 (V – 8) – 1.25 (V2 – 82), (iii) V= 40 m3, (iv) 1280 J, (v) – 80 J
34. (a) 50 J, (b) 452.4 k, (c) 9575 J 35. (A) P, Q; (B) R, S; (C) P, Q; (D) R, S

é -
2Ta t ù
paa3 æ T ö
ê1 + a - 1 e 7rpaa3 ú
36. (A) P; (B) Q; (C) Q 37. n = ê çT ÷ ú
RTa ë è 0 ø û

ln n n -1
38. h = 1 – 2T3/(T1 + T2) 39. In both cases h = 1 - 40. In both cases h = 1 -
n -1 n ln n

n -1 n -1 ng -1
41. h = 1 - 42. (a) h = 1 - g ; (b) h = 1 -
n ln n ng - 1 g ( n - 1) n g-1

g ( n - 1) n - 1 + ( g - 1) lnn
43. (a) h = 1 - n - 1 + g - 1 n ln n (b) h = 1 -
( ) g ( n - 1)
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( t - 1) ln n g+ t
44. h = 45. h = 1 - 2 46. (C)
t ln n + ( t - 1 ) g / ( g - 1) (1 + g ) (1 + t)

47. (C) 48. 2.43°C 49. (B) 50. (B) 51. (A)
52. (B) 53. (B,C,D) 54. (A,B,C) 55. (C)

æ ln b ö (n - g ) R
56. S2 – S1 = vR ç ln a - = 0.85 J/K. 57. DS = ( ln t .
è g - 1 ÷ø n - 1) ( g - 1)

gp0 æRö æ V ö
58. Vm = T = T0 + ç ÷ ln ç 60. T = T0 e( S-S0 )/C
a (1 + g ) 59. è a ø è V0 ÷ø

( 2g-1 - 1 ) RT0 ( n - 1) ( n - 1)
DU = 62. (a) h = (b) h = (
61.
( g - 1 ) , DS = R ln 2 2n n + 1)
63. (A)

a æ T1 ö æ T1 ö
64. (a) C = – ; (b) Q = a ln ç T ÷ ; (c) A = a ln ç T ÷ + CV(T1 – T2).
T è 2ø è 2ø

65. (a) v = c ( T1 + T2 - 2T ) (b) vmax = c ( T1 - T2 ) 66. (B)

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