Analysis of stress, strain diagram of
various materials
Prof. Pramod Kale,02. Saleh Almugahaz, 10. Srinivas Saraf, 17. Atharva
Shingade, 19. Shubham Sindkhede, 25. Tarush Shrivastava, 26. Sudit Bhutada
Introduction:
Parts or components in the real world have to
withstand external forces during their lifetime.
Product designed consider these external
forces with a factor of safety during product
design. Therefore, new parts are designed into
way that they can withstand these external
forces. Stress-Strain Curve represents the
behavior of a material whee an external force
is applied to it.Product design engineers and
FEA engineers use stress-strain diagrams for
manual calculation and simulation studies to
understand a material behavior during actual
working conditions. This article covers
"Engineering and True Stress- Strain-curve"
for ductile and brittle materials.
To understand the Stress-Strain graph, let's
first understand what Stress and Strain are in
mechanical engineering;Mechanical stress
measures internal resistance exhibited by a
body or material due to an external force.
Mathematically, mechanical stress is equal to
the internal resisting force acting on a body per
unit area.
the basic stress formula is “σ = F/A”
σ= Stress A=Unit Area F=Force
Strain is the deformation of a material from
stress. It is simply a ratio of the change in
length to the original length. Deformations that
are applied perpendicular to the cross section
are normal strains, while deformations applied
parallel to the cross section are shear strains.
Fig.1
S t r a i n (ε ) = x L. Where, change in
dimension is x, The original dimension is L
Literature Review:
A numerical approach to the complete stress-
strain curve of concrete-This paper presents
the experimental justification for the
estimation of the complete stress-strain
diagram of concrete.
Equation for the Stress-Strain Curve of
Concrete-A simple equation is proposed for
the stress-strain curve of concrete in
compression. The equation is found to
represent it well not only up to the maximum
stress but also beyond, and may conveniently
be adopted in the computa-tion of ultimate
resisting moment of reinforced concrete
sections.
Stress-strain curves-Stress-strain curves are
an extremely important graphical measure of
a material’s mechanical properties, and all
students of Mechanics of Materials will
encounter them often. However, they are not
without some subtlety, especially in the case
of ductile materials that can undergo
substantial geometrical change during testing.
This module will provide an introductory Fig.2
discussion of several points needed to
interpret these curves, and in doing so will A stress–strain (SS) curve is generally
also provide a preliminary overview of measured by tensile testing or compression
several aspects of a material’s mechanical testing.
properties A tensile tester, also known as a pull tester or
As strain is increased, many materials univeral testing machine (UTM), is an
eventually deviate from this linear electromechanical test system that applies a
proportionality, the point of departure being tensile (pull) force to a material to determine
termed the proportional limit. This the tensile strength and deformation behavior
nonlinearity is usually associated with stress- until break.
induced “plastic” flow in the specimen. Here
the material is undergoing a rearrangement of
its internal molecular or microscopic
structure, in which atoms are being moved to
new equilibrium positions.
High speed tensile test of steel sheets for the
stress-strain curve at the intermediate strain
rate-This paper presents stress-strain curves of
steel sheets for an auto-body obtained at
intermediate strain rates with a servo-
hydraulic type high speed tensile testing
machine.

Methodology:
Stress Strain Diagram Plotting:

A stress-strain curve is a graphical way to Fig.3

show the reaction of a material when a load is
applied. It shows a comparison between stress
and strain.
stress-strain curve is a graphical way to show
the reaction of a material when a load is
applied. It shows a comparison between stress
and strain. Stress is the ratio of the load or
force to the cross-sectional area of the
material to which the load is applied.
It is used to find out how strong a material is
and also how much it can be stretched before it
breaks. This test method is used to determine
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength,
ductility, strain hardening characteristics,
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.

Fig.4
Stress strain curve for ductile material:
Ductile materials undergo a large amount of
deformation before failing. The following figure
shows the stress-strain curve for a ductile
specimen:
Fig. 5
Proportional Limit: This limit is represented
by point A on the graph. Up to this limit, the
stress and the strain induced in the specimen
are directly proportional to each other, i.e. the
specimen obeys Hooke’s law. Beyond this
point, the stress is not proportional to the
strain.
Elastic Limit: This limit is represented by
point B on the graph. Upto this limit, the
material is said to be elastic. This implies that
the specimen regains its original shape and
dimensions after the removal of the external
load. There are no residual deformations seen
in the specimen, on removal of the load. After
this point, the material is said to become
plastic.
Yield Point: Contrary to what the name
suggests, this is a region rather than a point. It
is limited by the upper yield point ‘C’ and the
lower yield point ‘D’. The stress – strain curve
in this part of the graph is almost horizontal,
which implies that there is an appreciable
increase in strain for a negligible increase in
stress. Yielding starts at ‘C’ and ends at ‘D’.
After the point ‘D’, the material, due to strain
hardening again starts taking load and the
curve rises, as seen in the figure. The material
now is said to be plastic and the deformation is
of nearly permanent nature.
Ultimate Stress: This is shown by the point
‘E’ on the graph. It represents the maximum
stress that a material can take before it fails.
The specimen however does not fail at this
point. After this point, the curve starts
dropping.
Breaking Point: This is the point at which the
specimen fails. After the ultimate stress point,
necking of the specimen takes place, which
causes a loss in the load carrying capacity of
the specimen and ultimately causes it to fail.
This point is represented on the curve, by point
‘F’.
Stress strain curve for mild steel:
 Fig.7
When a ductile material like mild steel is
subjected to tensile force, it undergoes
different stages before failure. Stress strain
curve is the graphical representation of this
stages. Different material may have different
curve. Usually ductile materials follow similar
pattern., so is for brittle materials. Here is the
explanation of stress strain curve for mild
steel which is ductile material.
Based on detailed explanation of stress strain
curve for mild steel, we are able to identify
different characteristic of mild steel under
varying stress condition. Stress strain curve
help up to identify two most important things.
maximum stress a material can bear, stress at
which material will fail. This help us to design
machine cormorants for various application.
Stress strain curve for brittle material:
Fig. 8
Brittle material is a material that undergoes
very less deformation during its failure. In the
world of designing structures or equipment,
materials and resources are the main basic
needs to complete the design.
Stress strain curve for concrete:
Stress strain curve of concrete is a graphical
representation of concrete behavior under load.
It is produced by plotting concrete compress
strain at various interval of concrete
compressive loading (stress). Concrete is
mostly used in compression that is why its
compressive stress strain curve is of major
interest
 Brittle material failure occurs when stress
value exceeds elastic limit stress without
attaining sufficient deformation
Ductile material shows significant deformation
after its elastic limit, and brittle material shows
insignificant deformation after its elastic limit
Stress-strain curves for ductile material have
more plastic regions, but there is no or very
small plastic region for brittle material.

Fig.9
Initially, all stress strain curves are fairly
straight; stress and strain are proportional.
With this stage, the material should be able to
retain its original shape if the load is removed.

The elastic range is exceeded and

concrete begin to show plastic behavior
(Nonlinear), when a load is further increased.
After elastic range, the curve starts to Fig.10
horizontal; reaching maximum compress
stress Stress Strain curve for plastic materials:
After reaching maximum stress, all the curves
show descending trend. The characteristics of
the stress strain curve in descending part is
based on the method of testing. Long stable
descending part is achieved if special testing
procedure is employed to guarantee a constant
strain rate while cylinder resistance is
decreasing. However, if special testing
procedure is not followed, then unloading after
peak point would be quick and the descending
portion of the curve would not be the same.
Material can be classified into Ductile and
Brittle materials based on their property.
 Fig.11

Stress Strain curve for Polymers:

As well as having significant time dependence,

polymer behaviour is also temperature
dependent. For example, the plot below shows
schematically different types of polymer
stress-strain behaviour, which occur for
different types of polymers and at different
relative temperatures. The blue curve is for a
glassy or semi-crystalline polymer below its
glass transition temperature, the red curve is
for a semi-crystalline polymer above its glass
transition temperature and the green curve is
for a rubber.
Fig.13
Necking occurs when an instability in the
material causes its cross-section to decrease by
a greater proportion than the strain hardens
when undergoing tensile deformation.
Engineering stress to true stress:
Engineering stress: It is the stress obtained by
dividing the load applied to the original cross-
section area. True stress: It is the stress
obtained by dividing load applied to
instantaneous cross-section area. Engineering
strain: It is the ratio of change in dimension to
the original dimension.

Fig.12

The exact form of the stress-strain curve

depends on the polymer under investigation.
Indeed, not all polymers exhibit necking and
cold drawing. Polycarbonate is an example of
a brittle polymer.

Necking in stress strain curve:

Necking is the range on the stress-strain graph

from the ultimate stress point to the point of
fracture of the material. Necking takes place
after a material passes through the elastic,
yielding, and strain hardening region of a
material test.
Fig.14
True stress = (engineering stress) * exp(true
strain) = (engineering stress) * (1 +
engineering strain) where exp(true strain) is
2.71 raised to the power of (true strain).

Conclusion:

So far we have studied varying trends of graph

plottings for different kind of material’s may it
be ductile;mild steel, brittle; concrete,
plastic,polymers, and Necking effect as well.
Engineering stress is always less than the
corresponding true stress when Tensile force is
applied because we consider the initial test
specimen cross-section in engineering stress.
This initial cross-section area is always more
than the actual cross-section area. When a
tensile force is applied, the engineering strain
is always more than the corresponding true
strain. Only after the necking, a considerable
change in the cross-section area of the test
specimen occurs. Therefore variation between
engineering and true'stresses becomes more
prominent after necking.