Republic of the Philippines

Cebu Technological University – Main Campus

M.J. Cuenco Avenue Corner R. Palma Str., Cebu City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Name: M.E Laboratory 1

Course/Yr. & Sec.: BSME 4-A Engr. Aivan Adams V.
Saberon

Group 2
Experiment Plate No. 1
THERMAL SCIENCE 1
INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL SCIENCE

DESCRIPTION:
Thermal system is one in which energy is stored and
transferred as thermal energy commonly called heat, the thermal
systems include heating and cooling systems in buildings and
mixing processes where heat must be added or removed to maintain
an optimal reaction temperature.

A thermal system is a sophisticated and purposeful assembly

of components and materials engineered to manipulate thermal
energy, or heat, to meet specific objectives. It serves as a
crucial link in various technological domain where heat is
generated, transferred, or utilized. in line with this we student
is going to conduct an experiment of different materials such as
thermometer, water, hotplate, heat resistance glove and etc., in
this experiment we will determine what are the temperature of it.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Students will understand the fundamental concepts of
thermal expansion and how various materials behave when
cooled or heated.
2. Students will be able to demonstrate thermal expansion of
materials including the proper use of equipment in a test
or experiment.
3. Students will develop the skills in calculating and
measuring the change in length due to temperature in a
material.
4. Students will be able to identify and apply thermal
expansion concepts in a real-world setting.
 Plate No. 01.A
ACTIVITY 1
DEMONSTRATION OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

OBJECTIVES:
1. To familiarize the concepts of thermal expansion through
actual experiment.
2. To demonstrate linear thermal expansion concepts of solid
materials using T7081 Thermal Sciences trainer and its
equipment.
3. To measure and calculate the effects of temperature on the
sample material.

THEORY/HYPOTHESIS:
Thermal expansion is a phenomenon in which a material
undergoes dimensional changes in response to changes in
temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles gain
energy and move more vigorously, causing the substance to expand.
Conversely, when the substance is cooled, its particles lose
energy and move less vigorously, resulting in contraction or a
decrease in volume.
Linear expansion: When discussing thermal expansion, the
most common aspect considered is linear expansion, which involves
changes in length. The linear expansion of a material can be
quantified using the coefficient of linear expansion (α), which
describes how much the length of a material changes per unit
change in temperature. Assuming negligible effect of pressure, we
may write:

where L is a particular length measurement and is the rate

of change of that linear dimension per unit change in
temperature.
The change in the linear dimension can be estimated to be:

Where:
- ΔL is the change in length
- α is the coefficient of linear expansion
- L0 is the original length of the material
- ΔT is the change in temperature expansion

Thermal expansion is a crucial consideration in various

engineering and construction applications, as it can lead to
structural stress and material fatigue if not properly accounted
for. Engineers and architects take thermal expansion into account
when designing structures, bridges, pipelines, and other systems
to ensure they can withstand temperature fluctuations without
issues.

LIST OF APPARATUS:
1. T7081 Thermal Sciences trainer
2. Hotplate
3. Bimetallic strip with handle
4. Ice (school supplied)

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]
PROCEDURES:
1. Locate the T7081 Thermal Sciences trainer and make sure it
is plugged into a standard wall outlet.

2. Locate the following items for this activity:

• Hotplate
• Bimetallic strip with handle
• Ice (school supplied)

3. Locate the bimetallic strip as shown in figure 1-2. Examine

the strip and notice that two different metals, brass and
steel, are bonded together. Brass has a higher coefficient
of linear thermal expansion than does steel. This means that
brass will grow or shrink more than steel for the same
change in temperature.

4. Locate some ice (ice cubes are best) from your school
supply.

5. Begin cooling the strip by rubbing ice along its length.

Carefully observe the results. As the strip cools, notice
how the strip curves toward the brass side as shown in
figure 1- 3. When the brass is cooled, it shrinks more than
the steel and therefore “pulls” the strip into a curve.

6. Dispose of the ice and wipe off the strip with a paper
towel.

7. Plug the hotplate into the standard power outlet located on

the trainer.

8. Set the temperature setting 3/4 between Off and High.

9. Begin gliding the bimetallic strip over the heating element

and observe the results. Keep the strip moving over the
coils and flip over if necessary. Notice how the strip is
now sharply curved away from the brass side. Now that the
strip is heated, the brass grows more than the steel. The
strip is “pushed” into an opposite curve because the two
metals are bonded.

10. Remove the bimetallic strip from the hotplate.

11. Set the bimetallic strip aside to let it cool. Observe how
the curve will slowly return to its original position.

12. Turn off and unplug the hotplate and allow it to completely
cool.
13. After all equipment has cooled, return to storage area on
trainer panel.

DATA & RESULT/S:

Table 1: Change in temperature and length
Initial Final Initial Final Change
Material Temperature Temperature Length Length in
(Ti) (Tf) (Li) (Lf) Length(Δ)
Bimetallic 33.8°C
strip
Coefficient of thermal expansion, α
Brass = 19 x 10-6 m/m °C

Computations:
DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

CONCLUSION:
RECOMMENDATION:
SKILL SETS
SKILL SET 1: CONVERT BETWEEN FAHRENHEIT AND CELSIUS TEMPERATURE
SCALES.
1. You are working in a research laboratory with a friend when
he starts feeling flushed and weak. You decide to take his
temperature with a lab thermometer that reads in Celsius.
You record his body to be 39.7 °C. Convert this temperature
to Fahrenheit and decide if he should concern (normal body
temperature is about 98.6 °F).
39.7 °C = ________________(°F)

2. A certain process requires a product to be heated to 185 °F.

What is the equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius?
185 °F = ________________(°C)
SKILL SET 2: CONVERT BETWEEN FAHRENHEIT AND RANKINE TEMPERATURE
SCALES.
1. A very scientific meteorologist forecasts that today’s
weather will be sunny with a high temperature of 547.67 °R.
Convert this temperature to degrees Fahrenheit and decide if
it is good day for shorts.
547.67 °R = ________________ (°F)

2. 2. Water freezes at 32 °F. What is this temperature in

degrees Rankine?
32 °F = ________________ (°R)

SKILL SET 3: CONVERT BETWEEN CELSIUS AND KELVIN TEMPERATURE

SCALES.

1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. What is this

temperature in kelvins?
100 °C = ________________ (K)

2. A human’s normal body temperature is around 310.15

kelvins. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius?
310.15 K = ________________ (°C)

REFERENCE/S:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion#:~:text=Thermal
%20expansion%20is%20the%20tendency,usually%20not%20including
%20phase%20transitions.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/thermal-expansion-equation-
examples.html?
fbclid=IwAR1EokjcxQfKEBijdLdXlMpLpscOtyoj6EvETaf6M2MlldEyEGmOOrPB
ggw
Thermal Science 1 – Introduction to Thermal Science by Amatrol

Plate No. 01.B

ACTIVITY 2
DEMONSTRATION OF VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION
OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the change of length and volume of a material with a given change of
temperature.
2. To explain the concept of volume thermal expansion.

THEORY/HYPOTHESIS:
When a solid object with a complex internal structure, such
as a composite material composed of multiple layers with
different thermal properties, is subjected to heating and cooling
cycles, it will exhibit volumetric thermal expansion behavior.
This behavior will be characterized by non-uniform expansion and
contraction patterns in the material, which can lead to unwanted
structural changes and stress distribution of the material due to
the interaction of the systems. Thermal expansion varies within
the layers.
Volume Thermal Expansion Formula:

ΔV = V₀ * β * ΔT
Where:
ΔV represents the change in volume of the material.

V₀ is the initial volume of the material. β (beta) is the

coefficient of volume thermal expansion for the material, which
is specific to each substance and typically varies with
temperature.
ΔT is the change in temperature the material experiences.
This formula accurately describes the concept of volume
thermal expansion, where materials either expand or contract in
response to changes in temperature.
LIST OF APPARATUS:
1. Gloves
2. Ball and ring set
3. Striker
4. Propane Torch

SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during

experimentation]
PROCEDURES:
1. Locate the T7081 Thermal Sciences trainer.
2. Locate the following items for this activity:
Ball and ring set with handles
Heat resistant gloves
Propane torch
Striker
3. While holding the handles, try to pass the ball through the
ring set. Notice that the ball passes freely through the ring
when the they are both at room temperature.
4. Locate the propane torch and have your instructor light it
using the striker. The flame length should be set between 1-
1/2 and 2 inches.
5. Locate the heat resistant gloves and put them on.
WARNING
The propane torch produces intense heat when lighted. Use extreme
caution when working around the torch.
Always have the flame pointed away from your body. The nozzle
will remain very hot after the torch is extinguished.
Allow time to cool before storing away.
DATA & RESULT/S:
Table 1: Compute the change in length of a material.
Type of Original Initial Final Change in
Material Length Temperature Temperature Length
(Lo) (Ti) (Tf)

Brass 24mm 32.5 330°C 25mm

Table 2. Thermal Expansion Coefficients (for Fahrenheit only)

Material Thermal Expansion
Coefficient
Iron and Steel 0.00000667
Stainless Steel 0.00000876
Aluminum 0.00001285
Copper 0.00000960
Brass 0.00000970

Computations:
DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

CONCLUSION:
RECOMMENDATION:
SKILL SETS

SKILL SET 5: (CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN LENGTH OF MATERIAL GIVEN A

CHANGE IN TEMPARATURE)
1. Calculate the change in length in a piece of material given
the following scenario.
Scenario: A 12 ft piece of pipe is heated from a room
temperature of 60 °F to a final temperature of 360 °F.
The pipe
material is steel with a coefficient of thermal
expansion of 0.00000876. Determine the change in length
of this pipe.
A. Substitute the values you determined into the
thermal expansion formula:
Formula:
ΔL = (α) (L0) (ΔT)
Your formula should appear as shown:
Formula:
ΔL = (0.00000876) (12 feet) (300 °F)
B. Compute the value of the formula and fill in the
amount of thermal expansion in the space provided:
ΔL=___________________________ (ft)
You should have determined that the amount of thermal
expansion will be 0.0315 ft (which is about 3/8 in).
2. Given the following scenario, determine the change in the
length of bridge due to thermal expansion.
Scenario: An iron railroad bridge has a span of 150 ft
and is fixed at one end. The bridge is designed to
operate
 between the temperature extremes of 20 °F and 110 °F.
Determine the total change in length that can be
expected
through this temperature range.
Thermal Expansion=___________________________ (ft)
You should have determined the expected thermal
expansion to be about 0.09 ft (which is a little over 1
inch).

3. Given the following scenario, determine the change in length

of a piece of copper.
Scenario: A 10 ft length of copper tubing is heated
from 0 °F to 1000 °F. Calculate the change in length of
this material.
ThermalExpansion=___________________________ (ft)
You should have determined the thermal expansion to be
about 0.096 ft (which is about 1-1/8 inches).
SKILL SET 6: (CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN VOLUME OF MATERIAL GIVEN A
CHANGE IN TEMPARATURE)

1. Read the following scenario and perform the necessary

calculations to calculate the change in volume in a piece of
material.
Scenario: A cubic foot of steel is heated from a room
temperature of 60 °F to a final temperature of 360 °F.
The
coefficient of volume thermal expansion for steel is
0.0000200. Determine the change in volume.
A. Substitute the values you determined into the
thermal expansion formula:
ΔV = ___________________________
Your formula should appear as shown:
ΔV = (0.0000200) (1 ft3) (300 °F).
B. Compute the value of the formula and fill in the
amount of thermal expansion:
___________________________
ThermalExpansion___________________________
 You should have determined that the amount of volume
thermal expansion will be 0.006 ft.3 (which is about
10.4in.3).
2. Read the following scenario and perform the necessary
calculations to calculate the change in volume of a liquid.
Scenario: A 5 ft3 storage tank is full of water. The
water is heated from a room temperature of 60 °F to a
final
temperature of 180 °F. Determine the change in volume
of this water.

A. From the list in figure 6-1, select the appropriate

coefficient of volume thermal expansion and fill it in
the space
provided:
β=___________________________
You should have determined that the proper coefficient
is 0.00010000.
B. Compute the value of the formula and fill in the
amount of thermal expansion:
Thermal Expansion: ____________________________
You should have determined that the amount of volume
thermal expansion will be 0.06 ft3(which is about 0.448
gallons).
3. Given the following scenario, determine the change in the
volume of water in a swimming pool due to volume thermal
expansion.
Scenario: A typical swimming pool contains about 20,000
gallons (2,673.6 ft3) of water. The pool is initially
filled to the very top with water at 55 °F. The water
is then heated by the sun to a temperature of 80 °F.
Determine the amount of water that will spill over the
edge due to volume thermal expansion.
Volume Thermal Expansion=_______________________ (ft3)
You should have determined the volume thermal expansion
to be about 6.684 ft3(about 50 gallons). Since the pool
was filled up to the top, this is the amount of water
that will spill over the edge.
4. Given the following scenario, determine the change in the
volume
of copper sphere.
 Scenario: A copper sphere has a volume of 1.5 ft3. The
sphere initially at a temperature of 1000 °F and is
allowed to
cool to a room temperature of 70 °F. Determine how much
the sphere will “shrink” due to volume thermal
expansion.
Volume Thermal Expansion=_______________________ (ft3)
You should have determined that the sphere will shrink
by about 0.041 ft3

REFERENCE/S:
https://byjus.com/thermal-expansion-formula/
Thermal Science 1 – Introduction to Thermal Science by Amatrol
 Plate No. 01.C
ACTIVITY 3
DEMONSTRATION OF HEAT CAPACITY

OBJECTIVES:
1. This activity will demonstrate the heat capacities of
different materials.
2. Thus, to calculate and determine the heat capacities of
different materials.

THEORY/HYPOTHESIS:
• Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of
matter by one degree Celsius.

 Heat capacity for a given matter depends on its size or

quantity and hence it is an extensive property. The unit of
heat capacity is joule per Kelvin or joule per degree
Celsius.
Heat capacity is an intensive property as it is independent of
the quantity or size of the matter. Specific heat capacity for
any substance or matter can be defined as the amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of
that substance by one degree Celsius. Mathematically it is
given as:

Q= m C ΔT - eq. 1

Here, Q is the amount of heat energy required to change the

temperature of m (kg) of a substance by ΔT, C is the specific
heat capacity of the system.
 In our set-up, we have 5 beakers with water at room
temperature, 1 big beaker with water for boiling.

The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature

of water is just equal to the amount of heat energy required
to change the temperature of material, such that, boiling
water is in thermal equilibrium of the material at constant
atmospheric pressure.

Qw =Q material – eq. 2

Where;

Qw = Heat energy required to change the temperature of water

Qmaterial = Amount of heat energy req. to change the temperature
of sample material.

Hence, (by inserting eq.1 to eq.2)

mw Cw Δ T w =mm C m Δ T m

Where;

subscript m for the material and subscript w is for water

C w= specific heat of water, in J/g.C (4.184 J/g.C)

By manipulating the equation to isolate C m, thus,

4.184 mw Δ T w
C m=
mm C m

Were,

Mass, is in mm & ΔT in C

LIST OF APPARATUS:
1. Hotplate
2. 1000 mL beaker
3. (5) 250 mL beakers
4. (5) specific heat specimens
5. (5) thermometers
6. Wire tongs
7. Heat resistant gloves
SET-UP OF APPARATUS: [actual set-up of apparatus during
experimentation]
PROCEDURES:
1. Examine the specific heat samples. Each of the samples has
the name of the metal stamped on the top. There are samples
of aluminum, lead, copper, zinc, and brass. These samples
are all the same diameter but are cut to different lengths
so that they all weigh the same. From this we can conclude
that the smallest sample, lead, must have the highest
density. The other samples should then decrease in density
with increasing length. Specific heat capacity, however, is
not determined by density alone. You and your lab partners
may want to venture a guess as to which sample you think
will possess the highest specific heat capacity.
2. Fill each beaker exactly to the 200mL mark with cold water.
It is important that the water temperature in the beakers be
as close to each other as possible. You may need to allow
the water supply to run for short time.
3. Insert each of the five thermometers into one of the 250 mL
beakers.
4. Fill the 1000 mL beaker to the 900 mL mark with water. Place
the beaker on the hotplate.
5. Gently lower the specimens into the 1000 mL beaker using the
wire tongs.
6. Plug in and turn on the hotplate and allow the water to come
to a boil. Since water boils at only one temperature given a
constant atmospheric pressure, the samples will be at the
same temperature.
7. While the water is heating up, measure the temperatures in
the five 250 mL beakers. Record the results.

Beaker #1 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)

Beaker #2 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #3 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #4 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
 Beaker #5 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)

The temperatures may not exactly match one another. This is

acceptable since you will be measuring the change in
water temperature.
8. As the water begins to boil, use the wire tongs to remove
one sample by its hook from the boiling water and then
quickly put it into a 250 mL beaker. While holding the
beaker in your hand, swish the water around so that there is
even heating. After about thirty seconds, record the new
temperature.

Beaker #1 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)

9. Repeat the procedure used in step 10 for the other four

samples. The aluminum sample will not be totally submerged
in the water but the majority of its heat will still go into
the water. Record the temperatures for all five beakers.

Beaker #2 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)

Beaker #3 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #4 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #5 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
10. Turn off and unplug the hotplate after all of the samples
have been removed.
11. Calculate the temperature change for each of the five
beakers by subtracting the final temperature from the
initial temperature.
Beaker #1 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #2 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #3 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #4 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)
Beaker #5 initial temperature: _________________ (°F)

After calculating temperature change, examine the results.

If the experiment was done carefully, aluminum should be
seen to have the highest temperature change, lead the least,
and the other three to be somewhere in between. This shows
that, per pound, aluminum by far has the greatest heat
capacity of the other samples. Conversely, lead has the
poorest heat capacity. This result may seem surprising
because we would tend to think that lead has the highest
heat capacity because it is such a dense metal.
12. Put on the heat resistant gloves and carefully empty the
1000 mL beaker down a suitable drain.
 13. Use the tongs to remove the specific heat samples. Dry them
and replace them on the T7081 panel.
14. Empty the beakers down a suitable drain and store all
components.

DATA & RESULT/S:

Table 1: Change in Temperature
MATERIAL INITIAL FINAL MASS
TEMPERATURE, °c TEMPERATURE, °c
1.Aluminum

2.Copper

3.Lead

4.Brass

5.Zinc

Computations:
DISCUSSION: {from obtained results}

CONCLUSION:
RECOMMENDATION:
SKILL SETS
SKILL SET 7: CONVERT BETWEEN BTU AND JOULE ENERGY UNITS
1. To heat up a 10 oz. cup of water from room temperature to the
boiling point, you must add about 92.3 Btu of heat. How many
kJ
is this equivalent to?
92.3 Btu = ________________(KJ)
2. A typical in-ground pool contains about 20,000 gallons of
water.
To heat this water from 60 °F to 80 °F, you must add
3,331,540 Btu of heat. What is the equivalent energy in kW?
3,331,540 Btu = ________________(KJ)
3. A typical classroom contains about 170 m3 (6000 ft3) of air.
To
warm this air from 13 °C to 23 °C, 2,086 kJ of heat must be
added. How many Btu’s of heat is this equivalent to?
2,086 kJ = ________________(Btu)
You should have calculated 1978 Btu.
4. A typical jogger generates about 1,600 kJ of heat in an hour.
How many Btu’s of heat is this equal to?
1,600 kJ = ________________(Btu)

SKILL SET 8: CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY OF A

SUBSTANCE GIVEN ITS TEMPERATURE CHANGE
1. Perform the following sub steps to calculate the change in
 specific internal energy, Du.
A. Read the following scenario:
Scenario: Before sunrise, a brick wall is at an initial
temperature of 24 °F. By midday, the sun has warmed the
bricks to a final temperature of 35 °F. If the specific heat
capacity for the bricks is 0.835 kJ/kg-K, what is the change
in internal energy of the bricks per kilogram?
B. Insert the known information into the formula for change
in
specific internal energy for incompressible substances.
Your formula should appear as follows:

C. Calculate the change in specific internal energy.

Change in specific internal energy.
∆ u = ______________ (KJ/kg)
You should have calculated 9.185 kJ/kg.

2. Calculate the change in internal energy, Δu, given the

following
scenario:
Scenario: A beaker full of boiling water is removed from a
hotplate. The beaker is allowed to cool from its initial
temperature of 212 °F to a final room temperature of 73 °F.
The specific heat capacity of water is 0.998 Btu/lb- °R.
Calculate the loss of internal energy of the water per pound.
∆ u = ______________ (Btu/lb)
You should have calculated -138.722 Btu/lb.
3. Calculate Du given the following scenario:
Scenario: The refrigerant used in the T7082 Trainer is called
R-134a. In the gas state, it has the specific heat capacity:
Cv = 0.178 Btu/lb- °R. Calculate the increase in specific
internal energy if we heat a sample of this gas from 70 °F to
 100 °F.
∆ u = ______________ (Btu/lb)
You should have calculated 5.34 Btu/lb.

REFERENCE/S:
https://byjus.com/chemistry/heat-capacity-and-specific-heat-
capacity/?fbclid=IwAR0styi3qCs4IlTne6P-
vnd9CxeeXtBc2prdwv5xWu6DyxaQQ8iIbKO12Js#:~:text=Heat%20capacity
%20is%20defined%20as,or%20joule%20per%20degree%20Celsius
Thermal Science 1 – Introduction to Thermal Science by Amatrol