The Art Deco Movement.

Mahad Mohamed Elhadi Imhemed & Nsren Omar Aliwa

213725939 - 223725012

ALTINBAS UNIVERSITY / INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCH524 Modernism in Architecture
Lecturer Prof. Dr. Aykut Karaman
Fall 2022-23

Abstract

This paper explores and investigates concepts of Art Deco as a movement in relation to its
social, political, and overall design approach, in addition to how the movement’s iconic nature
quickly took over the world. Art Deco is an era that emerged in the 1920s, lasting until the
1940s. Characterized by its bold geometric shapes, bright colours, and new materials like
stainless steel and plastic. It was popularized in France and spread to other parts of Europe and
North America, being used in architecture, furniture, fashion design and other forms of design.
This paper will dive deep into how Art Deco was a reaction to the ornate and floral Art Nouveau
style that had been prevalent in the late 19th century. It appeared as a more geometric,
streamlined, and modernist style, drawing inspiration from a variety of sources such as Art
Nouveau (1890s), the Bauhaus movement (1919), the work of the French designer Paul Poiret.
Art Deco grasped its peak in the 1920s and 1930s, but it started to decline in the 1940s, as a
new style, known as the International Style, began to gain popularity. Despite this, many Art
Deco buildings, and other structures such as the Empire State Building in the US (1931), Daily
Express Building in the UK (1939) and others from this period remain standing, and the style
continues to be admired and studied by architects, designers, and art historians.

Keywords: Art Deco movement, modernism, architecture, visual arts

Introduction

Art Deco first emerged in Paris, France during the 1920s, gaining its term from (1925)
“Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes”. The movement began in
the early 1910s, as a reaction to the ornate and floral Art Nouveau style that had been trendy
then. Recognized for its strong lines, geometric shapes, and use of bold materials, creating a
unique and striking style. The movement illustrates muse from the Arts and Crafts era of the late
19th century, Bauhaus, Cubism, Constructivism, and Futurism. The initial phase of Art Deco
emphasized on luxurious and opulent elements, while the later phase focused on the use of
more affordable materials such as plastics. The Arts and Crafts era which rejected the excesses
of Victorian design in favour of simpler, more functional forms, had a profound influence on the
progress of the Art Deco era. In addition, work from French designer Paul Poiret and Dutch
architect Gerrit Rietveld, who both rejected traditional decorative elements in favour of more
geometric forms.

“The Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes” (1925), organized
in Paris, was an important event in promoting and solidifying the influence of the Art Deco
movement. The gallery included lots of designs from various countries and attracted more than
16 million guests. It pronounced the peak of the first stage of Art Deco and aimed to reinforce
the dominance of French taste and luxury goods. This exhibition helped establish Paris as a
centre of fashion and style. After being introduced in France, Art Deco quickly gained popularity
worldwide, drawing inspiration from various sources and influencing a wide range of specialties,
such as image based and ornate arts as well as trend, architecture, film, and graphics. Disdain
its widespread popularity during the time surrounding the World Wars, it was not legitimately
accepted as an era until 60s. Art Deco reflected the newfound cheerfulness surrounding World
War I and the “Great Depression”. While it took muse from other art eras, Art Deco was unique
in its look towards the future and its remembrance of modernity. According to the book "Art
Deco" by Patricia Bayer, while Art Nouveau focused on organic, flowing forms, Art Deco
embraced a more geometric, angular style (Bayer, 2002). This was partly influenced by the
growing fascination with the machine age and the rise of modern technology, which was seen
as a symbol of progress and efficiency.

A Global Decorative Style

Art Deco is sometimes referred to as "Cubism Tamed," in reference to its incorporation of

elements from the Cubist movement. It is primarily characterized by its interest in geometry,
abstract forms, and disintegrated shapes. Yet, this is not the single artistic era that influenced
Art Deco. The designers of this movement were also influenced by striking cultural parts, which
they incorporated into their representations. Art Deco uses some global characteristics in its
design, drawing inspiration from various cultural and historical sources. Some of the most
notable global influences on Art Deco include:

1. Ancient Egypt: the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 was momentous in the
emergence of the Art Deco style. The artifacts and treasures found in the tomb sparked
a renewed interest in ancient Egyptian art and architecture, which would be reflected in
the Art Deco style, with the use of motifs such as sunbursts, hieroglyphics, and the
sphinx.
2. Aztec and Mayan Art: with the use of motifs such as pyramids, step-pyramids, and
geometric patterns.
3. Asian Art: Art Deco also drew inspiration from Asian art, such as the use of Chinese and
Japanese motifs, such as dragons, koi fish, and cherry blossoms.
4. African Art: such as masks and tribal patterns.

Art Deco was also heavily influenced by a range of other art movements, including Art
Nouveau, the Arts and Crafts movement, Bauhaus, Futurism, Cubism and Constructivism.
These movements, each with their specific characteristics, contributed to the development of
the Art Deco era, which was categorised by its daring symmetrical shapes, vivid colours as well
as use of new materials such as stainless steel, aluminium, and plastic.

The movement emerged as a reaction to the ornate and floral Art Nouveau and drew
inspiration from the Arts and Crafts movement which sought for simplicity and functionality.
Bauhaus with its focus on a new aesthetic that contrasted with the machine-made forms that
were becoming more prevalent in society, had a profound impact on the development of Art
Deco. Additionally, Futurism, Cubism, and Constructivism are also essential in shaping Art
Deco style by emphasizing on the use of symmetrical shapes, abstract shapes, and machine-
like forms. A key attribute of Art Deco was the use of bold, contrasting colours. Bright, primary
colours were often used to create striking visual effects, and geometric shapes were often used
to create a sense of movement and dynamism. This was also reflected in the use of bold,
geometric patterns and ornamentation, which were often inspired by ancient Egyptian and
Aztec motifs. According to the article "Art Deco: The Golden Age of Graphic Design" by Steven
Heller, this ornamental style was also known as "Zigzag Moderne" (Heller, 2011).

However, some people argue that the most similar and contrasting movements to Art Deco
were Bauhaus and Art Nouveau. The use of symmetrical shapes, in addition to the blend of fine
arts and crafts, was what linked Art Deco to Bauhaus style. However, Art Deco emphasized
luxury items and elaborate ornamentation, while Bauhaus stressed simple symmetrical shapes
and a focus on the functionality and productivity of modernity.

Art Deco is also associated to Art Nouveau, despite the movements drawing inspiration from
the fine art ritual and featuring elaborate ornamentation, there are countless modifications
between these two eras. The most notable difference is the behaviour of forms and lines. Art
Deco, an era stimulated by industrial development and mechanical advancement, united daring
geometric forms in symmetrical provisions, vivacious opposing colours, and retained an
assortment of modern resources such as aluminium, stainless glass and steel, and plastic. In
contrast, Art Nouveau principally fixated on the native background and aimed to blend modern
matters with organic shapes.

(Left); Art Deco chair design (Right); Bauhaus School chair design
 (Left); Art Deco painting (Right); Art Nouveau painting

Art Deco in the Arts

Art Deco influenced all branches of virtuosities in the 1920s and 1930s. The era influenced
painting, graphic design, fashion, and textile among other arts. Art deco produced arts that has
a style related to the development of the industrial movement that was still fascinating in that
period. This style has set it apart from older art forms. In addition, the use of contemporary
materials, like plastics and chrome, has contributed to making Art Deco a unique and
fascinating style at that time. Even though there was no section dedicated for paintings in the
1925 Paris Exposition, Art deco paintings were present in some murals and paintings, and from
there it developed parallel to its counterpart in architecture and interior design. Art Deco was a
popular style in the visual and decorative arts, specifically in painting, around the 20s and 30s.
The era was characterized by its use of geometric shapes, bold colours, and strong lines.
Artists working in the Art Deco style often incorporated motifs from ancient cultures, such as
Egypt and Mesopotamia, as well as elements from Asian and African art. These motifs were
often used in a stylized and abstracted manner and were combined with other Art Deco
elements to create a unique and striking visual effect. In painting, the Art Deco style was often
used to create dynamic and eye-catching compositions that celebrated the modern world and
its technological advancements. Artists working in this style often used a limited palette of
bright, contrasting colours and employed a variety of techniques to create a sense of movement
and energy in their paintings.

In painting, Art Deco artists often employed a limited colour palette, often featuring bold,
contrasting hues. They also used geometrical shapes and symmetrical arrangements in their
compositions. The influence of Cubism could be seen in the fragmentation of forms, while the
influence of the Far East, particularly China and Japan, could be seen in the use of asymmetry
and the depiction of nature in a stylized way. In addition to painting, Art Deco also had an
impression on the world of graphic design, particularly in the use of bold typography and the
integration of text and image. The encouragement of Art Deco can also be realised in the world
of illustration, particularly in the use of stylized human figures and the depiction of fashion and
glamour. Overall, the art deco movement in art and design was characterized by its emphasis
on luxury, glamour, and progress, and its incorporation of elements from various cultures and
art movements.

Art Deco was a popular art movement in the 1920s and 1930s, and it had a significant
impact on the arts, including painting, sculpture, and printmaking. Some notable examples of
Art Deco painting include works by Tamara de Lempicka, a Polish Art Deco painter known for
her portraits of women in geometric shapes and bold, contrasting colours. Another example is
the work of American artist Charles Dana Gibson, who created illustrations and paintings in the
Art Deco style, often featuring glamorous women in elegant poses.

Art deco painting was bold and utilizes bright colours and geometric shapes. Painters that
are thoroughly allied with Art Deco, were Jean Dupas whom painted Art Deco murals for the
“Bordeaux Pavilion” at the (1925) Decorative Arts Exposition in France as well as painted the
image associated with the fireplace in the “Maison du Collectionneur exhibit at the 1925
Exposition”. The murals were likewise protruding in the ornamentations of the French ocean
liner SS Normandie. His compositions were mainly ornamentation based. (Louis René Vian,
1992). Tamara de Lempicka relocated to France after the Russian Revolution. She was
Maurice Denis and André Lhote’s student and scrounged lots of inspiration from their works.
She also represented portraits in a genuine, vibrant, and lively fshion that mirriored that of Art
Deco.

A Pair of Wall Panels Jean Dupas 1935. wikiart.org Young Lady with Gloves by Tamara de Lempicka, 1930. Courtesy of Kooness

Sculpture was an imperative element of the Art Deco style. In sculpture, some examples
include designs from the French sculptor, painter and decorator, Joseph Csaky, who was one of
the first sculptors to apply the principles of cubism to the plastic medium of sculpture, and the
works of the American sculptor, Gaston Lachaise, who created works in bronze and marble,
often featuring elongated and sensual figures. Art Deco sculptures are known for their sleek,
geometric forms and use of contemporary materials like chrome, stainless steel, as well as
Bakelite. These sculptures often featured abstract or stylized representations of people and
animals, as well as geometric shapes and patterns. Some notable Art Deco sculptors include
Demétre Chiparus, who was known for his bronze figures of dancers and acrobats, and Joseph
Csaky, who was known for his abstract sculptures in bronze and other materials.

Art Deco sculptures were often displayed in public spaces such as building lobbies, parks,
and plazas, as well as in private homes. They were also used to adorn the interiors and
exteriors of buildings, such as the iconic sculpture of Atlas at the entrance of the Rockefeller
Centre in New York City. In addition to traditional sculpture materials such as bronze and
marble, Art Deco sculptures also incorporated new materials such as plastic, which was used to
create lightweight and colourful sculptures. Some of the highly recognizable models of Art Deco
sculptures include such that of iconic chrome-plated figures on the hood of the 1930s Bugatti
automobile. Art Deco sculptures were also heavily influenced by ancient cultures, particularly
Egyptian and Aztec, which inspired the use of stylized hieroglyphs and motifs in many
sculptures of this period.

This was also reflected in the architecture, like the Empire State Building, that could have
Egyptian motifs on it. Art Deco landmarks were decorated with sculptures such as the
Magnificent Art Deco eagle statue located at the entry of the First Merit Tower in Ohio. Stand-
alone sculptures were also created in Art Deco style all around the world. Another great
sculpture is that of Christ the Redeemer by sculptor Paul Landowski, positioned at a mountain
top dominating Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Image Source veniceclayartists.com Christ the Redeemer, Rio De Janeiro (1931)

In graphic design, Art Deco style is characterized by its geometric shapes, bold lines, and
strong use of colour. The style often incorporates patterns and motifs inspired by nature and
other cultures, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mayan pyramids. Designers often used
typography that was clean, elegant, and easy to read. One example of this is the iconic Futura
font, which was created by Paul Renner in 1927. Art Deco graphic design can be seen in a wide
range of mediums, including posters, magazines, advertisements, and packaging. Some iconic
models of Art Deco graphic design include posters and advertising campaigns created for the
(1933) World's Fair in Chicago as well as the (1939) New York World's Fair. These
advertisements were often brightly coloured and featured bold, stylized illustrations that were
meant to evoke a sense of excitement and optimism.

In addition, Art Deco style was characterized using bold geometric shapes, symmetrical
arrangements, and vibrant contrasting colours. The typefaces used in Art Deco graphics were
often geometric, with clean lines and sans-serif font styles. The use of new materials, such as
aluminium and stainless steel, inspired the use of metallic inks and other shiny materials in print
designs. The movement also had a significant impact on advertising, with Art Deco posters and
typography being used to promote luxury goods and new technologies. The work of graphic
designers such as A.M Cassandre, Paul Rand, and Joseph Binder are some of the most iconic
examples of graphic design.

Graphic design was one of the initial zones where the Art Deco movement influenced the
world. In French costume designs as well as posters as, French viewers firstly contemplated on
Art Deco-motivated graphic design. Well-known Art Deco poster designers such as Charles
Gesmar, designer of Air France graphic art, and Cassandre, who created the illustrious poster
for the ocean liner “SS Normandie” (1935).

Art Deco furniture is characterized by its geometric shapes, bold lines, and use of
contemporary materials like chrome, stainless steel, as well as Bakelite. Furniture designers of
the Art Deco era sought to create pieces that were both functional and visually striking.
Common design elements included curved shapes, zigzag patterns, and sunburst motifs. Many
pieces were designed to be versatile and could be used in a variety of settings, such as tables
that could be used as desks or vanities. Some of the most iconic Art Deco furniture designers
include Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, Eileen Gray, and Jean-Michel Frank. Examples of Art Deco
furniture include Ruhlmann's sleek, minimalist sideboards and Gray's adjustable "Transat" deck
chair. Art Deco furniture is characterized by its geometric shapes and clean lines, often
featuring smooth surfaces, symmetrical designs, and contrasting materials such as wood,
metal, and glass.

The use of exotic materials such as ebony, lacquer, and shagreen (sharkskin) was also
common. Furniture designers of the Art Deco period also incorporated motifs and designs from
various cultures, such as Egyptian and Mayan, into their pieces. Some of the most iconic Art
Deco furniture designs include the work of French designers such as Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann,
Paul Follot, and Jean Dunand. Ruhlmann, for example, is known for his use of luxurious
materials and elegant, refined forms, while Dunand's work often featured geometric patterns
and the use of metal inlay. Some iconic examples of Art Deco furniture include the "Barbican"
armchair by Eileen Gray, the "LC" collection by Le Corbusier, and the "Tubular Steel" collection
by Marcel Breuer. Another famous piece is the "Wassily" armchair by Marcel Breuer, which was
designed in 1925 and is one of the first examples of tubular steel furniture. Other examples of
Art Deco furniture include the "Barcelona" chair by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, as well as
"Savoy" vase by René Lalique. These furniture designs are known for their sleek, modern
aesthetic and emphasis on functionality, which was a key principle of the Art Deco movement.

Art deco furniture pieces were first exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1925. They were
made by the first Art Deco interior designers who added unique features to the designs of the
19th century. Like other art works, Art deco furniture pieces made use of geometric shapes and
luxurious detailing and finishing. Prominent designers in the 1920s and 1930s include Jacques
Emile Ruhlmann, Paul Follot and the Sue et Mare partnership.

Manik Bagh, invented by Jacques-Émile Ruhlmann, 1932

In terms of fashion and textiles, Art Deco influences can be seen in the use of geometric
patterns, bold colours, and luxurious materials. The sleek, angular lines of the Art Deco
aesthetic lent itself well to the clean, modern lines of fashion during the 1920s and 1930s.
Designer Paul Poiret was one of the first to incorporate Art Deco elements into his fashions,
using geometric patterns and bold, bright colours in his clothing and textiles. French designer
Madeleine Vionnet was also known for her use of geometric patterns and clean lines in her
fashions. Art Deco motifs and patterns were also used in textiles such as wall coverings,
upholstery, and rugs. The style was often used in high-end fashion and home decor, as a
symbol of luxury and refinement. The fashion and textile industry followed on the movement of
art deco and witnessed a dramatic change from the classical style. Art Deco was characterized
by symmetry, linear and very angular designs, and geometric shapes. Also, influenced by
Egyptian and Aztec motifs. The change during the Art Deco period was led by designers such
as Paul Poiret and followed by Coco Chanel.

Art Deco was a popular style in film and movies during the 1920s and 1930s. The sleek,
geometric lines and bold, vibrant colours of Art Deco were often used in film set design,
costumes, and film title sequences. The iconic "Metropolis" (1927) directed by Fritz Lang is a
good model of Art Deco art in film. The film's futuristic setting and use of advanced technology
was reflected in the Art Deco-inspired set design and costumes. Similarly, the 1930s film "King
Kong" (1933) featured Art Deco design in its depiction of the skyscraper where the giant gorilla
was captured. Art Deco was also used in many Hollywood films of the time, like "Gone with the
Wind" (1939) and "The Wizard of Oz" (1939), where design elements were used in the set
design, costumes, and even in the title sequences. Art Deco inspired many movies and
animations, maybe the most known of them is “Batman, the animated series” where art deco is
used to design everything from buildings to characters. In cinema, art deco was featured in
many movies. “The Great Gatsby” staring Leonardo de Caprio was an important showcase for
art deco. Everything in the movie was a reference to the 1920s lifestyle and way of design.
Maybe this movie was a reason for reviving the interest in art deco in fashion shows and
furniture after 2013.

Batman, The animated series .A poster for the movie The Great Gatsby

Art Deco in Architecture

 Art Deco architecture was characterized by its sleek, geometric shapes, often with curved
elements that contrasted with the straight lines. Buildings designed in the Art Deco style often
featured ornate facades, with motifs such as sunburst patterns, zigzag lines, and stylized forms
of nature, such as leaves and flowers. The use of contemporary resources, like as chrome,
stainless steel, and plate glass, as well as the application of new building techniques, such as
the use of reinforced concrete and steel-frame construction, allowed architects to create
structures of greater height and complexity. The Empire State Building, for example, is a truly
iconic model of Art Deco architecture. Other examples include Daily Express Building in
Manchester, the Chapman Building in Los Angeles, and the Edificio Kavanagh in Buenos Aires.

Art Deco architecture is portrayed by its bold symmetrical shapes, symmetrical design, as
well as the use of contemporary materials such as steel, concrete, and glass. Buildings in the
Art Deco style often feature smooth, streamlined facades with curved corners and zigzag
patterns. These buildings often have a vertical emphasis, with tall, slender towers and spires.
The use of modern materials and technology is also evident in the use of stainless steel,
aluminium, and glass in the design of the building. Other common features of Art Deco
architecture include the use of colourful mosaics and terra-cotta tiles, as well as the
incorporation of nautical and aerodynamic motifs. Models of Art Deco inspired architecture
imprinted in lots of key cities around the globe, like New York, Miami, as well as Paris. Some
notable examples include the Empire State Building and the Daily Express Building in
Manchester, England.

Architecture in the art deco era is known for many characteristics such as:

1. Contemporary and conventional building materials: Art Deco buildings applied materials
like stucco, decorative glass, terracotta, chrome, steel, as well as aluminium.
2. Decorative, symmetrical details: Some common Art Deco motifs promote use of
chevrons, artificial sunbursts, pyramids, zigzags.
3. Daring use of opposing colours: Buildings included strong colours like black and white or
gold as well as silver to promote dissimilarity.
4. Decorative, geometric windows.
5. Parapets and spires: many times, ornamented in a way that makes a simple boring
building appear extra luxurious as seen in the. crown of the Chrysler Building.

The Chrysler Building, New York, 1930

The Chrysler Building is a prime model of Art Deco architecture and is considered one of the
most iconic buildings of the Art Deco style. Created by the architect William Van Alen for Walter
P. Chrysler, is characterized by its ornate glass crown and showroom windows that are tripled in
height. The design of the building is categorised by its sleek, modern lines, geometric shapes,
and use of contemporary materials such as stainless steel and chrome. The building's most
distinctive feature is its ornate, stainless-steel spire, which gives the building its iconic
appearance. The spire is adorned with eagle gargoyles, and around the period of its finishing, it
was known as the tallest structure to exist. The building's façade is also adorned with intricate
geometric patterns, which are typical of the Art Deco style. The building's lobby is also an
impressive example of Art Deco design, with its marble walls and floors, chrome fixtures, and
intricate plasterwork. The base of the skyscraper is topped by 12 stories with glass-wrapped
corners, promoting the idea that the tower is floating. The building's original height was 246
metres but was later increased to 282 metres. It has 3,862 windows on the facade as well as
four blocks of eight elevators invented by Otis Elevator Corporation. The structure was
acknowledged as a “National Historic Landmark” in 1976, and it remains an iconic example of
Art Deco architecture.

Empire State Building, New York, 1931

The Empire State Building, a towering skyscraper located in the heart of Midtown Manhattan,
created by William F. Lamb and his architectural office Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon. The
structure’s plans were created in a remarkably short time frame of only two weeks. The
structure boasts 102 floors, making it one of the tallest buildings in New York City. The
structure’s design features a sleek, geometric form with a stepped pyramid top and a spire. The
exterior is clad in limestone and granite, and the building's entrance is adorned with Art Deco
details such as stainless steel, aluminium, and black glass. One of the most recognizable
features of the building is the series of setbacks that occur as the building rises. These setbacks
were included in the design to comply with New York City's 1916 zoning laws, which stipulated
that tall buildings must have their bulk reduced as they rise to permit more daylight to get to the
surrounding boulevards. The structure’s Art Deco style is also reflected in the ornamentation of
the lobby, which features aluminium, stainless steel, and black glass details as well as a ceiling
mural by artist Ezra Winter. Previously known as the world's tallest building for 40 years and its
forename was stemmed from New York's designate, Empire State city. The structure includes
an art deco style archetypal of “pre-World War II” architecture. Entrances on 33rd and 34th
Streets have avant-garde stainless-steel canopies that take you to the two-story-high hallways
surrounding the heart of the elevator, which are intersected with stainless steel and glass-
enclosed links at the 2nd The elevator core has 67 elevators in total.

Empire State Building, New York City, by Shreve, Lamb & The American Radiator Building, New York City, N.Y., by
Harmon (1931) Raymond Hood (1924)
Art Deco in Turkey

Art Deco first emerged in Turkey during the 1920s, following the formation of the Republic of
Turkey in 1923. According to the article "Art Deco in Turkey: A Lost Heritage" by Fatih Kılıç, the
new government sought to modernize the country and create a new national identity, and Art
Deco was seen as a symbol of this modernization (Kılıç, 2019). The style quickly became
popular among architects, designers, and artists, who saw it to create a new, modern aesthetic
that reflected the country's new identity. One of the most imperative fields in which Art Deco
was used in Turkey was architecture. According to the article "Art Deco in Turkey: A Lost
Heritage", many of the most iconic Art Deco buildings were constructed during the 1920s and
1930s, and they often featured sleek, streamlined facades, with geometric shapes and bold,
contrasting colours. Some of the most famous examples include the Ankara Central Train
Station, the Eskişehir Train Station, and the Istanbul Post Office.

Old Ankara Train Station built in 1937. Source: alamy.com

Despite its popularity, the influence of Art Deco in Turkey was short-lived. According to the
article "Art Deco in Turkey: A Lost Heritage" by Fatih Kılıç, the style fell out of favour in the
1940s, as the government shifted its focus to other styles of architecture and design. As a
result, many of the country's Art Deco buildings and structures were neglected or demolished,
and today, only a small number of examples remain. A famous example of art deco is the old
Ankara train station, built in 1937 by Turkish architect Şekip Akalın. Another important example
is the new Taksim Mosque built in 2021. It was designed by Master Architect Şefik Birkiye and
Dr. Architect Selim Dalaman, the two architects said that while preparing the mosque project,
they aimed to transport the indications of the before the forthcoming, motivated by the 'Art Deco'
architectural era of the early 20th century.

Taksim Mosque 2021

In conclusion, Art Deco was a popular design movement in Turkey that emerged in the
1920s, characterized by its geometric shapes, bold colours, and ornamentation. It was seen as
a symbol of modernization and new national identity, and it had a major influence on fields such
as architecture, interior design, fashion, and graphic design. However, despite its popularity, the
influence of Art Deco in Turkey was short-lived, and today only a small number of examples
remain.

Conclusion

Art Deco has had a lasting influence on design and architecture because of its combination
of traditional craft motifs with modern materials and techniques. Its sleek lines and geometric
shapes, as well as its use of new materials like stainless steel, glass, and aluminium, helped to
define the aesthetics of the modern age. Additionally, its popularity during a time of great social
and cultural change in the early 20th century made it a symbol of progress and luxury. The style
was also used in a variety of mediums, such as architecture, furniture, fashion, and graphic
design, which helped to further disseminate its aesthetic principles. Furthermore, many Art Deco
buildings have become iconic landmarks that continue to be celebrated and admired today.

Art Deco is a highly influential style that continues to shape design and architecture today.
One of the main reasons for its lasting impact is its emphasis on geometry, symmetry, and clean
lines. These elements give Art Deco designs a sense of modernity and sophistication that has
been embraced by many designers and architects in the century since it was first popularized.
Additionally, Art Deco's use of bold colours and striking patterns adds a sense of glamour and
luxury to its designs.

However, Art Deco also has its drawbacks. One of the main criticisms of the style is that it
can be overly ornamental and busy. Some argue that the abundance of decorative elements in
Art Deco designs can detract from their overall aesthetic and make them appear cluttered.
Additionally, the style's association with the excesses of the 1920s and 1930s has led some to
view it as outdated or even nostalgic. Despite this, Art Deco continues to be a popular and
enduring style that continues to inspire new generations of designers and architects.

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