CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]

SECTION 1: PURE MATHEMATICS 1 2.4 Finding Inverse

 Make 𝑥 the subject of formula
1. QUADRATICS
2.5 Relationship of Function & its Inverse
1.1 Completing the square  The graph of the inverse of a function is the
𝑛 2 𝑛 2 reflection of a graph of the function in 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 ⟺ (𝑥 + ) − ( )
2 2 {W12-P11} Question 10:
𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑛)2 + 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 11, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Where the vertex is (−𝑛, 𝑘) 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 11, for 𝑥 ≤ 1
i. Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑐,
1.2 Sketching the Graph hence state coordinates of the vertex of the
 𝑦-intercept graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑥-intercept ii. State the range of 𝑔
 Vertex (turning point) iii. Find an expression for 𝑔−1 (𝑥) and state its
domain
1.3 Discriminant Solution:
Part (i)
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 First pull out constant, 4, from 𝑥 related terms:
2
If 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, real and equal roots 4(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) + 11
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, no real roots Use following formula to simplify the bracket only:
If 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, real and distinct roots 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
(𝑥 − ) − ( )
2 2
1.4 Quadratic Inequalities 4[(𝑥 − 3)2 − 32 ] + 11
4(𝑥 − 3)2 − 25
(𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 − 𝛽) < 0 ⟹ 𝑑 < 𝑥 < 𝛽
Part (ii)
(𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 − 𝛽) > 0 ⟹ 𝑥 < 𝑑 or 𝑥 > 𝛽 Observe given domain, 𝑥 ≤ 1.
Substitute highest value of 𝑥
1.5 Solving Equations in Quadratic Form 𝑔(𝑥) = 4(1 − 3)2 − 25 = −9
 To solve an equation in some form of quadratic Substitute next 3 whole numbers in domain:
 Substitute 𝑦 𝑥 = 0, −1, −2 𝑔(𝑥) = 11, 23, 75
 E.g. 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 7, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , ∴ 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 7 Thus they are increasing
∴ 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ −9
Part (iii)
2. FUNCTIONS Let 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), make 𝑥 the subject
Domain = 𝑥 values & Range = 𝑦 values 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 3)2 − 25
 One-one functions: one 𝑥-value gives one 𝑦-value 𝑦 + 25
= (𝑥 − 3)2
4
2.1 Find Range 𝑦 + 25
 Complete the square or differentiate 𝑥 =3+√
4
 Find min/max point
Can be simplified more
 If min then, 𝑦 ≥ min 𝑦 1
 If max then, 𝑦 ≤ max 𝑦 𝑥 = 3 ± √𝑦 + 25
2
Positive variant is not possible because 𝑥 ≤ 1 and
2.2 Composition of 2 Functions using positive variant would give values above 3
 E.g. 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) 1
∴ 𝑥 = 3 − √𝑦 + 25
2
2.3 Prove One-One Functions 1
∴ 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 3 − √𝑥 + 25
 One 𝑥 value substitutes to give one 𝑦 value 2
Domain of 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = Range of 𝑔(𝑥) ∴ 𝑥 ≥ −9
 No indices
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 CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
3. COORDINATE GEOMETRY Vector change from (−1,3) to (3,9) is the vector
change from (3,9) to 𝑅
3.1 Length of a Line Segment Finding the vector change:
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 3 − −1 = 4
Length = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 9 − 3 = 6
Thus 𝑅
3.2 Gradient of a Line Segment 𝑅 ′ 𝑠 𝑥 = 3 + 4 = 7 and 𝑅 ′ 𝑠 𝑦 = 9 + 6 = 15
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑅 = (7,15)
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

3.3 Midpoint of a Line Segment

4. CIRCULAR MEASURE
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , ) 4.1 Radians
2 2
𝜋 = 180° and 2𝜋 = 360°
𝜋
3.4 Equation of a Straight Line Degrees to radians: × 180
 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Radians to degrees: ×
180

 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝜋

3.5 Special Gradients 4.2 Arc length

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
 Parallel lines: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
 Perpendicular lines: 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 4.3 Area of a Sector
 The gradient at any point on a curve is the 1
gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point 𝐴 = 𝑟2𝜃
2
 The gradient of a the tangent at the vertex of a
curve is equal to zero – stationary point {S11-P11} Question 9:

{Wxx-Pxx} Question 10:

Point 𝑅 is a reflection of point (−1,3) in the line
3𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 33.
Find by calculation the coordinates of 𝑅
Solution: Triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is isosceles, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 and 𝐴𝑆𝐵 is a
Find equation of line perpendicular to 3𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 33 tangent to 𝑃𝑆𝑇
intersecting point (−1,3) i. Find the total area of shaded region in terms
2
3𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 33 ⇔ 𝑦 = 11 − 3 𝑥 of 𝑟 and 𝜃
2 ii.
1
When 𝜃 = 3 and 𝑟 = 6, find total perimeter of
𝑚=−
3
𝑚. 𝑚1 = −1 and so 𝑚1 = 2
3 shaded region in terms of √3 and 𝜋
Solution:
Perpendicular general equation: Part (i)
3 Use trigonometric ratios to form the following:
𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐
2 𝐴𝑆 = 𝑟 tan 𝜃
Substitute known values
3 9 Find the area of triangle 𝑂𝐴𝑆:
3 = 2 (−1) + 𝑐 and so 𝑐 = 2
𝑟 tan 𝜃 × 𝑟 1 2
Final perpendicular equation: 𝑂𝐴𝑆 = = 𝑟 tan 𝜃
2 2
2𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 9 Use formula of sector to find area of 𝑂𝑃𝑆:
Find point of intersection by equating two equations 1
2 3𝑥 + 9 𝑂𝑃𝑆 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
11 − 𝑥 = 2
3 2 Area of 𝐴𝑆𝑃 is 𝑂𝐴𝑆 − 𝑂𝑃𝑆:
13
13 = 𝑥 1 1 1
3 ∴ 𝐴𝑆𝑃 = 𝑟 2 tan 𝜃 − 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 (tan 𝜃 − 𝜃)
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦=9 2 2 2
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 CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
Multiply final by 2 because 𝐵𝑆𝑇 is the same and 5.3 Tangent Curve
shaded is 𝐴𝑆𝑃 and 𝐵𝑆𝑇
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 × 𝑟 2 (tan 𝜃 − 𝜃) = 𝑟 2 (tan 𝜃 − 𝜃)
2
Part (ii)
Use trigonometric ratios to get the following:
𝜋 6
cos ( ) =
3 𝐴𝑂
∴ 𝐴𝑂 = 12
Finding 𝐴𝑃:
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝑂 − 𝑟 = 12 − 6 = 6
Finding 𝐴𝑆:
𝜋
𝐴𝑆 = 6 tan ( ) = 6√3
3 5.4 When sin, cos and tan are positive
Finding arc 𝑃𝑆:
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃
𝜋
𝑃𝑆 = 6 × = 2𝜋
3
Perimeter of 1 side of the shaded region:
𝑃𝑒1 = 6 + 6√3 + 2𝜋
Perimeter of entire shaded region is just double:
2 × 𝑃𝑒1 = 12 + 12√3 + 4𝜋

5. TRIGONOMETRY
5.5 Identities
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 ≡ cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 ≡ 1
5.1 Sine Curve
6. VECTORS
 Forms of vectors
𝑥
(𝑦 ) 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐢 + 𝑧𝐤 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝒂
𝑧

 Position vector: position relative to origin ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃
 Magnitude = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
5.2 Cosine Curve  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1 = |𝐴𝐵| 𝐴𝐵
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 Dot product: (𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣). (𝑐𝐢 + 𝑑𝐣) = (𝑎𝑐𝐢 + 𝑏𝑑𝐣)
𝑎.𝑏
 cos 𝐴 = |𝑎||𝑏|

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 CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
{S03-P01} Question 8: 7. SERIES
Points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 have position vectors 3𝒊 + 2𝒌, 2𝒊 −
2𝒋 + 5𝒌, 2𝒋 + 7𝒌, −2𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 7𝒌 respectively 7.1 Binomial Theorem
i. Use a scalar product to show that 𝐵𝐴 and (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 + ⋯
𝐵𝐶 are perpendicular
+ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
ii. Show that 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷 are parallel and find
the ratio of length of 𝐵𝐶 to length of 𝐴𝐷 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … (𝑛 − (𝑟 − 1))
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟!
Solution:
Part (i)
7.2 Arithmetic Progression
First find the vectors representing 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶:
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 𝑢𝑘 = 𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑
𝐵𝐴 = 3𝒊 + 2𝒌 − (2𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 5𝒌) 1
−1 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝐵𝐴 = −1𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 3𝒌 = (−2) 2
3
𝐶𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐶 7.3 Geometric Progression
𝐶𝐵 = 2𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 5𝒌 − (2𝒋 + 7𝒌) 𝑢𝑘 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑘−1
2
𝐶𝐵 = 2𝒊 − 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 = (−4) 𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎
𝑆𝑛 = (1−𝑟)
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−2
Now use the dot product rule:
𝐵𝐴. 𝐶𝐵 = 0 {W05-P01} Question 6:
A small trading company made a profit of $250 000 in
−1 2
(−2) . (−4) the year 2000. The company considered two different
3 −2 plans, plan 𝐴 and plan 𝐵, for increasing its profits.
= (−1 × 2) + (−2 × −4) + (3 × −2) = 0 Under plan 𝐴, the annual profit would increase each
Thus proving they are perpendicular since cos 90 = 0 year by 5% of its value in the preceding year. Under
Part (ii) plan 𝐵, the annual profit would increase each year by
Find the vectors representing 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷: a constant amount $𝐷
𝐵𝐶 = −𝐶𝐵 i. Find for plan 𝐴, the profit for the year 2008
2 ii. Find for plan 𝐴, the total profit for the 10
𝐵𝐶 = − (−4)
years 2000 to 2009 inclusive
−2 iii. Find for plan 𝐵 the value of 𝐷 for which the
−2 −1 total profit for the 10 years 2000 to 2009
𝐵𝐶 = ( 4 ) = 2 ( 2 )
2 1 inclusive would be the same for plan 𝐴
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐴 Solution:
𝐴𝐷 = −2𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 7𝒌 − (3𝒊 + 2𝒌) Part (i)
Increases is exponential ∴ it is a geometric sequence:
−5 −1
𝐴𝐷 = −5𝒊 + 10𝒋 + 5𝒌 = ( 10 ) = 5 ( 2 ) 2008 is the 9th term:
5 1 ∴ 𝑢9 = 250000 × 1.059−1 = 369000 (3s.f.)
Direction vector shows that they are parallel Part (ii)
Calculate lengths of each: Use sum of geometric sequence formula:
|𝐵𝐶| = 2 (√(−1)2 + 22 + 12 ) = 2√6 250000(1 − 1.0510 )
𝑆10 = = 3140000
1 − 1.05
|𝐴𝐷| = 5 (√(−1)2 + 22 + 12 ) = 5√6 Part (iii)
∴ |𝐴𝐷|: |𝐵𝐶| = 5: 2 Plan B arithmetic; equate 3140000 with sum formula
1
3140000 = (10)(2(250000) + (10 − 1)𝐷)
2
𝐷 = 14300

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 CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
8. DIFFERENTIATION Part (ii)
𝑑𝑦 Rate of increase in time can be written as:
When 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 1st Derivative = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
We know the following:
𝑑2 𝑦
 2nd Derivative = 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.02

𝑑𝑦
Increasing function: 𝑑𝑥 > 0 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑡
Thus we can formulate an equation:
𝑑𝑦
 Decreasing function: 𝑑𝑥 < 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ÷
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Stationary point: 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Rearranging the formula we get:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8.1 Chain Rule = ÷
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 Substitute values into the formula
= × 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02 ÷
𝑑𝑡 3
8.2 Nature of Stationary Point 𝑑𝑥 3
= 0.02 × = 0.015
 Find second derivative 𝑑𝑡 4
 Substitute 𝑥-value of stationary point
9. INTEGRATION
 If value +ve → min. point
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
 If value –ve → max. point ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
8.3 Connected Rates of Change
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = +𝑐
= × 𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Definite integrals: substitute coordinates and find ‘c’
{W05-P01} Question 6:
The equation of a curve is given by the formula:
6 9.1 To Find Area
𝑦=  Integrate curve
5 − 2𝑥
i. Calculate the gradient of the curve at the  Substitute boundaries of 𝑥
point where 𝑥 = 1  Subtract one from another (ignore c)
ii. A point with coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) moves along a
𝑑
curve in such a way that the rate of increase of
𝑦 has a constant value of 0.02 units per ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
second. Find the rate of increase of 𝑥 when
𝑥=1 9.2 To Find Volume
Solution:
Part (i)
 Square the function
Differentiate given equation  Integrate and substitute
6(5 − 2𝑥)−1  Multiply by 𝜋
𝑑𝑦
= 6(5 − 2𝑥)−2 × −2 × −1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
= 12(5 − 2𝑥)−2 𝑐
Now we substitute the given 𝑥 value:
𝑑𝑦 −2
= 12(5 − 2(1))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
=
𝑑𝑥 3
4
Thus the gradient is equal to at this point
3

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