Fingerprint 1

MARIO C. ROSETE, MSC.
ORGANIZER & TRAINER OF NATIONAL FORENSIC TRAINING-WORKSHOP
REVIEW NOTES
IN
CRIMINALISTICS
VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

(DACTYLOSCOPY)

PERSONAL IT IES
&HISTORY
 Emperor Te’in Shi (BC 246-210)
The first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade.
Hua Chi = fingerprint.
Lo = arches and whorls
Ki = Loops.
For the Chinese, loops are look upon as presages of good luck.
 AZTECS – tribe in Mexico that has tradition of printing their palm in mud to be
placed in their tombs.
 David Hepburn (1895)

Publis hed a pape r entitled:
“The papillary ridges on the hands and feet of monkeys and men” whe n he was connected
with the Unive rsity of Edinburgh in Scotland.
 Dr. Nehemiah Gre w (1641-1712)

Publis hed a report on Ridges and Pores before the Royal Society of London in 1684.
Publis hed a thesis entitled:
“Philosophical Transaction”
– Ridges and pores found on epidermal skin.
 Govard Bidloo (1685)

He described the arrange ment of skin ridges, pores on thumbs. His thesis was entitled
“Anatomia Humanis Corporis” (Anatomy of Human Corpse).
 Hintze (1751)
A German who made several writings about Ridge Formations.
 Albinus (1764)
Another German who made study similar with those conducted by Hintze. His study was
on ridge formations and characteristics of pores.
 Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

An Italian professor who studied his observations on skin, pores and ridges in 1856.
The “Grandfather of fingerprints.”
Publis hed a book entitled “De Externo Tactus Organo.”
He gave the terms “loops and spirals”.
He named a skin layer “Malpighian Layer.”
 Dr. J.C.A. Mayer (1788)

A German who authore d a book entitled “Anatomische Kupfertafein Nebst Dazu
Gehorigen.”
Strengthened the “Principle of Individuality”

He said “There are no two fingerprints of different individuals that are exactly the same.”
 Herman Welcker
• He recorded his palm print in 1856.
• He again recorded again his palm print in 1897.
• Then he made observation on the two prints (41 yrs. apart)
He strengthened the “Principle of Permanency”

 Johannes Evangelist Purkinje (1787-1869)

A Czechoslovakian professor of the University of Breslau, Germany, known as the
Father of Dactyloscopy.
Title of thesis:
Commentatio de examine physiologico organi visus et systematis cutanei” (A comme ntary
of the physiological examination of the organs of visions and the cutaneous system).
Publis hed on December 22, 1823.
In this thesis, he named 9 fingerprint patterns and laid down classification rules.
 William James Herschel (1833-1917)

The Chief Administrator - Hoogly District of Bengal, India.
He required the laborers (mostly Indians) to be fingerprinted/palmprinted inorde r to
prevent impersonations.
In 1916, he published his 41-page book entitled “The Origin of Fingerprinting.”
 Dr. Henry Faulds (1843-1930)

A Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hos pital in Tokyo, Japan.
He made series of writings about fingerprints in 1877. One of his articles was “On the skin
furrows of the hand.”
 Alphonse Bertillon (1882)

1. A French Criminologist and Clerk of Prefecture of Police at Paris, France.
2. The Father of Personal Identification.
3. He founded Bertillon System (1879):
a) Anthropometry,
b) Antropoligical Signalme nt,
c) Bertlillonage,
d) Signalement Antropometrique
…Bertillon System
1. Historically, the Bertillon System was questioned due to the famous “West Case”.
2. This is all about two persons - Will West (committed a crime) and William West
(jailed).
3. These identical twins have the same face, height, body built and color of skin that a
mistake of identity was committed using the Bertillon System.
 Francis Galton (1822-1911)
1. A British Anthropologist who was engaged in biological studies with the aid of the
works of William J. Herschel.
2. In 1892, wrote his first book entitled “Fingerprints.”
3. Named groups of patterns: Arches; Whorls & Loops
 Edward Richard Henry (1859-1931)

1. The successor of Sir Herschel and Galton.
2. In 1900 he published his book entitled “Classification and Uses of Fingerprint”.
3. Because of his contributions to police service and his persistence in devising a
workable system of classification, he became the Father of Modern
Fingerprint.
Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque &
Rai Hem Chandra Bose (1897) – helpe rs of ERH

 Dr. Edmond Locard (1912)

The Father of Poroscopy. He gave the terms Loops and Spirals who
examined pores in detail.
 Sgt. David R. Ashbaugh (1993)

1,611 = on s maller finge rs
2,658 = on the larger fingers
 Robert D. Oslen Sr. (1978)

Papillary skin contains an ave rage of
2,700 = Pores per Square Inch.
Institute of Applied Science (June 16, 1916)

One of the pioneer schools in USA that offers Dactyloscopy. Located in Illinois.
Fingerprint and Identification Magazine (1919)

Is a monthly published magazine in United States that is devoted exclusively for finge rprint
science that started in 1919.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERPRINT IN THE

PHILIPPINES
• The use of fingerprints in the Philippines started in the year 1900 by the Ame ricans.
• Garry Jones – an American who became the first instructor of fingerprints in the
Philippines in 1900.
• Generoso Reyes - first Filipino finge rprint technician e mployed by the PC, now
PNP.
• Isabela Bernales - first Filipina Fingerprint Technician.
Republic Act No. 409

Created the Criminal Records and Identification Division (CRID) under the MPD (now
WPD) in 1900.
Commonwealth Act No. 181

Created the D.I. that authorized the use of the Fingerprint Identification System on Nov.
13, 1936.
Lt. Asa N. Darby

The OIC of the Fingerprint Section of D.I. during the pre -occupation of the Americans in
the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 157

– abolished the D.I. on June 19, 1947
– created B.I.
Executive Order No. 94

– renamed B.I. to NBI on Oct. 4, 1947.
Evolution of NBI:
1. Division of Investigation
2. Bureau of Investigation
3. National Bureau of Investigation

Capt. Thomas Dugan (of NYPD)

Flaviano C. Guererro (Filipino me mbe r of FBI)
They have helped the NBI establish their fingerprint files, conducted trainings among NBI
personnel and assisted in its first operations.
Reorganization Act No. 1407

Created the Bureau of Prisons (now BuCor) on Nov. 1, 1905. At that time, the Bertillon
System of identification was in use.
1910 – the Bureau of Prisons started the use of the Finge rprint System.
Lt. George M. Wolfe

First Director, Bureau of Prisons (1909-1910).
He taught fingerprints to Generoso La Torre.
Generoso La Torre
The first Chief of the Identification Section (CIS) of the Bureau of Prisons from 1905 to
1920.
He started the use of fingerprint system.
In 1915, he went to I.A.S. for schooling on fingerprinting, there he met T. Dickerson Cooke.
T. Dickerson Cooke – a fingerprint expert who founde d the IAS 1916, a correspondence
school that specialized in the study of fingerprints.
Plaridel Educational Institution (now known as Philippine College of

Criminology (PCCr)
The first criminology school owned by Bautista Family to offe r BSCrim and teach
fingerprint in the Philippines in 1954.
Other schools that opened B.S.Crim. in 1960s:

1. University of Baguio (1967)
2. University of Mindanao
3. University of Cebu
4. Abad Santos College
B A S I C S OF F I N G E R P R I N T
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. FINGERPRINT - an impression, designed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of
the fingers and thumb on any smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any
reagents capable of producing visibility.
2. DACTYLOSCOPY – the science that deals with the study of fingerprints as a means of
personal identification that involves manual comparison of finge rprints.
3. DACTYLOGRAPHY – the scientific study and analysis of fingerprints as a means of

identification.
4. DACTYLOMANCY –the study of fingerprints for the purpose of interpreting one’s

personality.
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “DACTYLOSCOPY”

Derived from two Greek words:
• Dactyl- means finge r Skopein - means to study or to examine.

RELATED SCIENCES WITH FINGERPRINT

1. Chiroscopy – science of palm print identification.
Derived from Greek words:
Cheir - means “a hand” and Skopein - means “to examine.”
2. Podoscopy – footprints and footwear identification.

Greek words:
Podo - means “the foot” Skopein - means “to examine.”
3. Poroscopy – study of the pore structure for the purpose of identification.

Derived from the Greek words:
Poros - means “a pore” and Skopein - means “to examine.”
5. Edgeoscopy
Edges and shapes of the ridges.
This includes the study of:
1. endings,
2. puckering,
3. bifurcations
5. Ridgeology – combination of:
• Poroscopy
• Edgeoscopy
• Ridge characteristics.
Introduced by Sgt. David R. Ashbaugh (1946-present).
Title of Book “Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis: An Introduction to Basic
and Advanced Ridgeology.”
6. Dermatoglyphics –study of the lines, tracings, ridges of the skin of fingers, palms and
hands.
Derived from the words:
1. “derma” - means “skin” and
2. “glyphein” - means “to study”
ON SKIN STRUCTURE
• Friction, Epidermal or Papillary skin
1. It is an epidermal hairless skin on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and
feet.
2. The strips of skin on the inside of the end joints of our fingers and thumbs by
which fingerprints are made.
• Friction Ridges are found on every Friction skin/epidermal skin/papillary skin.
• Minutiae are friction ridges which are considerably minute in sizes such as delta, core,
dot, short ridge, bifurcation, recurving ridges, etc.
COMPONENTS OF THE FRICTION SKIN

1. Ridges – are hill like, elevated, appear as black lines with tiny white dots called pores in
an inked impression.
2. Furrows – canal- like, depressed portions found between the ridges which appear white
lines.
3. Pores (sometimes called islands) – are small opening found on skin and appear white on
plain impression.
4. Sweat Duct – is a long-host like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat.
5. Sweat Glands – produces sweat/perspiration.

DEVELOPMENT OF RIDGES
• 3rd - 4th month – ridges start to develop

• About 6 months - ridges are fully developed
• Fingerprints remain constant until during the decomposition stage of the skin of the
corpse.
• Fingerprint size – may Change
• Ridge characteristics and pattern – Does not change
PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE

1. Principle of Pe rmanency (Constancy/Persistency)
States that fingerprints are unchanging or constant from birth until the decomposition of the
body of the person.
2. Principle of Individuality
• There are no two fingerprints that are exactly alike,”
• Except if two fingerprints were taken from the same finger and the same person.
• Two fingerprints maybe alike in its pattern or design but considering its minute
characteristics, they differ.
• Fingerprints of two persons can be similar but NOT Identical.
3. Principle of Infallibility
• Fingerprinting is one of the most reliable means of personal identification.
• Fingerprints cannot be forged.
• DNA Finge rprinting is only applied to high profile and celebrated cases. It is also
applied when fingerprinting is not applicable (ex: when corpse is burned).
PHALANGES OF FINGERS
1. Terminal phalange/phalanx
– the end joint / tip of finge rs.
2. Middle phalange/phalanx
– the middle portion of fingers.
3. Proximal Phalange/phalanx
– The base portion of fingers.
LAYERS OF SKIN
What is the innermost layer a human skin?

A. Subcutaneous layer
B. Dermis
C. Epidermis
D. None of the foregoing
1. Epidermal laye r (Epidermis) – the outer layer.

Sub-laye rs:
a) Stratum Corneum – also known as corneus layer.
b) Stratum Mucosum – also known as transparent layer.
c) Stratum lucidum – also known as granucar layer.
d) Stratum granulosum – consists of 3-4 layers.
e) Stratum spinos um – also called Malpighian layer.
f) Stratum Basale – also called Generating Laye r.
2. Dermal Papillae (Dermis) – the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, arrector pili
muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae are found.

3. Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) – the innermost layer of skin that also contains blood
vessels, connective tissue, nerves and fat lobules (a rounded division or projection of an organ or
part in the body, especially in the lungs, brain, or liver).
LAYERS OF SKIN - SUMMARY
Outer Epidermal Epidermis

Inner Dermal Papillae Dermis
Innermost Subcutaneous Hypodermis
REASONS OF DESTRUCTION OF RIDGES

1. Manual works
2. Skin diseases (Warts )
3. Burns
4. Scars
Remembe r: If Dermis and/or Hypode rmis is damaged, ridges maybe destroyed or
deforme d.
PERSONS WHO ATTEMPTED TO ERASE FINGERPRINTS

1. John Herbert Dillinger (1902-1934) – an American “public enemy numbe r one” criminal
who attempted to erase his fingerprints with the use of ACID, committed crimes over a period of
13 months in 1933 and 1934.
• While in prison, Dillinger formed a gang, which included “Baby Face” Nelson
and “Pretty Boy” Floyd, both of whom were later killed.
2. Roberts James Pitts - gained the fame as the “man without fingerprints” after knowing
from an inmate of a possible destruction of fingerprints.
• He is known by name Roscoe Pitts.
CLASSES OF LATENT PRINTS

• 1. Visible prints - are impressions made by fingers smeared with colored substance, such
as blood, ink, grease, dirt or paint.
• 2. Semi-visible prints - are molded or plastic impressions. They are prints made in
plastic materials such as soap, melted candles, wax, tar, pitch, paraffin, putty, the
adhesive gun on envelopes and postage stamps, and the like.
• 3. Invisible prints (TRUE LATENT PRINTS) - are the most common type of chance
impressions.
NO. OF RIDGE DETAILS FOR A FINGERPRINT TO BE ACCEPTED AS EVIDENCE
There are no international rules or laws setting the required no. of similarities of latent and
suspect’s fingerprint.
Other countries set points of similarities:
a) England = 16 similarities
b) United States = 12 similarites
c) European Countries = 15 similarities

What about in the Philippines?
1. Educational background,
2. Training, and
3. Experience of the fingerprint examiner are more important than the number of ridge
details.
• Opinion - means, the result of the critical study and comparison by a fingerprint
examiner.
• Only the Judge – is authorized to declare whether a person is expert witness or an
ordinary witness.
People vs. Jennings

• The first authoritative case involving fingerprint as evidence in US which was
decided by the Illinois Court in 1911.
• Happened in Illinois, USA
• Complete name of accused is Thomas Jennings
People of the Philippines vs. Medina
• Is the counterpart of the Jennings’ case in USA. This is the first leading jud icial decision
in the Philippine jurisprudence in the science of fingerprinting.
Summary of the Case:
• On February 12, 1932, at night, Mariano Medina breaks into and enters through the
window of the house of James C. Rockwell. Medina took several personal properties of
Rockwell. One of the properties taken by Medina is a box, which was discovered in the
vicinity of the scene of the crime.
A Constabulary Officer named Agripine Ruiz, discovered a fingerprint in the surface of

the box which was compared to the fingerprints of the accused-Medina. It was found out
that the Right Middle Finger of Medina matched with the latent print lifted from the
silver box in 10 points. A case was filed against the defendant and was later on
convicted.
The Law of Multiplicity of Evidence
States that the greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities the greater the probability for
the conclusion to be correct.
The more similarities of ridges between the suspect’s print and latent print, establishes a
POSITIVE result.
METHODS OF DETECTING PRINTS
1. Dusting Method (Brush-on/Powde r Method)
This is done with the use of fingerprint brush and powder by applying amount of powder that is
lightly swept on the suspected area to little by little revea l the print caused by the powder.
2. The Rolling Method (Rocking Method)
The powder is put on the suspected surface of a material/object. Then in slanting position, the
material/object is rolled slightly to attach powder in the fingerprint.
3. The Spray Method -

The powder is put into an empty container specially designed for spraying.
Suspected areas where fingerprints are suspected to be present are sprayed to let latent print
appear.
4. The Trans plant Method
The latent print is powdered and lifted ready to be pasted to a paper with opposite color from that
of the color of powder used.
The principle of contrast shall always be applied.
CHEMICAL METHODS OF DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS
1. Ninhydrin solution (destroys writings)
This is used to detect latent prints on absorbent mate rials, white wood, blood stained
fingerprint, pape r wrapping of cigarette stick, etc.
2. Ninhydrin Petroleum Benzine Solution
This is applied on printed materials. The advantage of this method is the non-destruction of
written letters made by “ballpen” and other ink.
3. Victoria Pure Blue Method
This is used to detect latent prints on leaves, scotch tape, and masking tape.
• Preparation: 1 gram of Victoria pure blue mix with 1 liter of ordinary water to make
0.1% of Victoria pure blue solution.
• Procedure: Dip or soak the suspected object in a tray containing the solution for 30
seconds to one minute and observe how the prints appears, then wash it with water.
Photograph the developed print. The developed print can remain for several months and
years depending on its preservation.
4. Emulgen Black.
• Used to develop latent prints on Glass, plastics, tin cans, metals, smooth surfaces of cars,
door knobs, etc.
• Can be used on wet surfaces.
GAS METHOD
Super Glue or Cyanoacrelate
The cyano bond’s brand name in the Philippines is mighty bond.
This is applicable to metals, plastic/synthetic, painted wood or metal, leather products, adhesive
tape (adherence surface side, not the sticky side), glossy – paper.
STEPS IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION
Introduced by Sgt. Asbaugh
Code: ACE-V
1. Analysis – general patterns and name of Specific patterns are identified.
2. Comparison – ridge details of the fingerprints are being compared.

3. Evaluation – The making of a conclusion whether the latent print and fingerprint of
suspect are the same.
4. Verification – The opinion of an examiner should be verified by 1-2 examiner/s.
R ID GE CHARA CTER IST ICS

Type lines
1. The two outermost ridges which tend to surround the pattern area.
2. The basic boundaries of most fingerprint patterns.
3. The skeleton of each pattern.
Patte rn Area
1. The area surrounded by the typelines.
2. The area of a loop or whorl which contains the ridge details.
3. It is the area inside the type lines and the only part of a fingerprint which is of
importance in regard to interpretation and classification.
Delta (also known as outer terminus and tri-radius)
• Found at, in front an/or near the point of divergence.
• The word delta is an old Greek word, and is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet.
Point of Divergence (also known as Area of Divergence)
The area where delta can be found inside the two diverging ridges.
Diverging Ridges
Are two ridges running side by side and suddenly separating, one ridge going one way and the
other ridge going another way.
Core (also known as inner terminus)
1. The heart of the pattern.
2. The approximate center of the pattern
Rod/ Bar
A single ending ridge located inside the innermost sufficient recurve in a loop pattern.
Recurving Ridges (also known as looping ridges)

The ridges that curve back from which it started in the horizontal baseline.
Shoulders of a Loop
The two points where the looping ridge start and ends its curve.
Sufficient Recurve
Located at the top or closed end of a recurving ridge between the two shoulders.

Furrows
 The depression or canals between the ridges which maybe compared with the low area.
 Furrows are part of the skin surface that is not inked during recording of fingerprints.
Bifurcating Ridge
• A single ridge which splits into two ridges, forming a Y shape structure. It is referred to
as a fork.
Trifurcating ridges
• Is a friction ridge that divides into three friction ridges.
Opposed bifurcation
• Are two bifurcations located at both ends of a single ridge.
Series of Bifurcations
Appear in tandem or group.
Spur or hook ridge
• A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
Conve rging ridge
• A ridge formation whose closed end is angular and serves as a point of convergence,
usually pointed and abrupt.
Puckering Ridge
• A kind of ridge that appears curly, irregular in appearance and growth ceases at several
ends.
Appendage or Abutme nt
• A short ridge that spoils the sufficiency of a recurve located at the top or summit of a
recurve usually at right angle.
Staple
• a single recurving ridge on the center of the pattern area. It can be located along the
looping ridges.
Crossover or Bridge ridge
• A ridge that connects atleast two ridges. It must have crossed and connected two ridges.
Spike
• is also known as rod or bar that appears inside the innermost sufficient recurve
(Fingerprint Training Manual).
Fragment
• a ridge of extremely short in length not more than 3 millimeters.
Short ridge
• a ridge that is insufficient or limited in length other than the fragment.

Series of Short Ridges
• A group of short ridges found inside a pattern area. These ridges could appear also as
broken short ridges between well- formed ridges.
Upthrust
 the ending of a ridge that rose sufficiently from the horizontal baseline.
Dot Ridge
• Any dot or point that can be observed inside a fingerprint pattern.
Series of dot ridges or Row of dots
• The group of dots as printed inside a pattern area.
Ridge Ending
• an abrupt end of any ridge formation.
Island, Lake, Eyelet
• Refers to a formation of ridge that forms a lake- like smaller in size than the enclosure.
Enclosure
• A bifurcation which does not remain open but in the legs of the bifurcation, after running
alongside for a short distance, come together to form a single ridge once more.
Envelop
• A single recurving ridge enclosing one or more bars, short or dot ridge.
Incipient Ridges ( or Nascent ridges)
• NOT counted because they are only the result of dirts, dirty fingerprint paraphernalia and
other factors, found between two well formed ridges.
Dissociated Ridges
• NOT counted. Appears like patches and has no no well defined pattern.
Creases
• They are caused mainly by minor surface damage, work and tear or advanced of age.
DELTA & CORE; RIDGE COUNTING &

TRACING
DELTA (outer terminus/ tri-radius)
The point on the first ridge formation found at or directly in front of the divergence of the type
lines.
• The word delta is an old Greek word, and is the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet.
• Originally refers to a “deposit of earth at the mouth of a river”.
• Delta is also known as outer terminus and tri-radius.

SIX DELTA FORMATIONS:

1. Bifurcation
2. Dot
3. Meeting of two ridges
4. Looping ridge (where no other choice of delta)
5. Ending ridge
6. Starting ridge
CORE (inner te rminus)

Located at the approximate center or heart of the pattern.
Explanation: When the core is referred as the center of heart of a pattern, it does not mean that it
is the exact central point of the fingerprint impression because there are numerous ridge details
outside of the type lines which are not considered in pattern interpretation.
GENERAL RULES
• DELTA = Look for the nearest delta towards the core.
• CORE = Look for the farthest/further core from the DELTA.
RULES IN LOCATING DELTA

• RULE 1 – The bifurcation that is open towards the core is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 2. If the bifurcation does not open towards the core, the ending point of the
bifurcation nearest to the core is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 3 – When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, the
bifurcation is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 4 – When there is a choice between two or more possible deltas (except
bifurcation), the delta nearest to the core is chosen.
• RULE 5 – When there is a series of bifurcations that open towards the core at the point
of divergence, the bifurcation nearest to the core is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 6 – If a ridge enters the pattern area, where no other choice of delta, the starting
point of the ridge is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 7. If a ridge enters the pattern area from outside, and no other choice of delta, the
ending point of the ridge is chosen as the delta.
• RULE 8. If there is no visible ridge that may be chosen as delta, the looping ridge or
whorl ridge infront of the area of divergence maybe chosen as the delta.
RULES IN LOCATING CORE
• RULE 1 – If the innermost sufficient recurve does not contain any rod or bar, the core
is placed on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta.
• RULE 2 – If the innermost sufficient recurve contains odd numbe r of rods/bars rising
as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the summit of the center rod , whether it
touches the looping ridges or not.
• RULE 3 – If the innermost sufficient recurve contains even numbe r of rods/bars rising
as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the summit of the farther one of the
two cente r rods.
• RULE 4 – If the pattern is a whorl, it is a possibility that there could be two or more
deltas. Most whorls, houses the core/s in its center.
RIDGE COUNTING
• Ridge Counting – is the process of counting the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary
line drawn between the core and the delta of a loop pattern.

• Rules
• In a loop fingerprint pattern, locate the delta and core.

• Draw an imaginary line between the core and delta.
• Count all ridges which touch or cross the imaginary line drawn between the core and
delta.
• Incipient ridges, puckering, dissociated and creases are NOT counted.
• Fragments and dot ridges are counted as ridges only if they appear as thick as the
surrounding ridges.
• DO NOT include in your counting the delta and core.
RIDGES SUBJECT TO RIDGE COUNTING
(Depending on the travel of imaginary line)
3 RIDGE COUNT
1. Envelop
2. trifurcation
2 RIDGE COUNT
1. An island/lake/eye, and enclosure.
2. Criss-crossing of ridges
3. Bifurcation
4. Converging ridge
1 RIDGE COUNT
1. A short ridge, long ridge, dot ridge,
2. An abrupt ending of ridges is given one ridge count.
3. Ridge that bifurcates
RIDGE TRACING
Ridge Tracing
The process of tracing the ridges intervening between the tracing ridge (flows from the left delta
to the right delta) and the right delta.
Rules
1. In a whorl pattern, look for the left delta and trace towards the front of the right delta.
2. When the ridge being traced abruptly ends, drop to the next ridge just below the original
tracing ridge and continue the tracing until it reaches the point nearest to the right delta.
3. When the left delta is a dot, the same procedure in No. 1 shall be followed.
4. When the ridge that is being traced is a bifurcation, always follow the lower branch until
tracing is completed.
5. Determine whether the tracing ridge flows inside (above) or outside (below) the right
delta.
6. Draw and imaginary line between the tracing ridge (refers to the left delta that was
moved towards the right delta) and the right delta and count the intervening ridge that
touch or cross it.
7. Exclude the tracing ridge and deltas when counting the intervening ridges.
TYPES OF WHORL TRACING

1. Inner whorl (I) – result is 3 or more ridge count above or inside the right delta.
2. Outer Whorl (O) - result is 3 or more ridge count below or outside the right delta.
3. Meeting whorl (M) – the ridge count is 0, 1, 2 either below or above the right delta.

FIN GE RP R INT PAT ERNS

CATEGORIES /FAMILIES/ GENERAL PATTERN TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS:
1. Family of loop – 65% frequency.
2. Family of whorl - 30% frequency.
3. Family of arch - 5% frequency.
LOOP PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Radial Loop – 6%.
2. Ulnar Loop – 94%.
ARCH PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Plain Arch – 60%.
2. Tented Arch – 40%.
WHORL PATTERNS FREQUENCY:
1. Plain Whorl - 71%.
2. Central Pocket Loop Whorl - 13%.
3. Double Loop Whorl - 13%.
4. Accidental Whorl - 3%.
The 8 Fingerprint Patterns
• Plain arch (A)

A pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of the pattern then flow toward the other side,
with a rise at the center.
The simplest of all pattens.
• Tented arch (T)

A fingerprint pattern where majority of the ridges form an arch and one or more ridges at the
center shape a tent in outline giving an angle of 90 degrees or less or one with an upward thrust
having an angle of 45 degrees or more, or a pattern similar to a loop but lacking one or two of its
essential elements.
• Considered “Transitional Pattern.”
• Radial Loop (R)

A fingerprint pattern that has a downward slope or slanting of the ridges towards the direction of
the thumb either to the right or left hand.
• Ulnar Loop (U)

A fingerprint pattern where the direction of the ridges flows towards the little finger side of
either right or left hand. The term Ulnar came from the Greek term “Ulna” which means little
finger bone.
REQUISITES OF A LOOP:
1. It must have a delta;
2. It must have a core;
3. It must have a recurving ridge that passes between the core and delta; and
4. It must have ridge count of atleast one.

Plain Whorl (W)
A fingerprint pattern consisting of two deltas and in which at least one ridge makes a turn
through one complete circuit of 360 degrees.
Two Types:
1. Elongated or Oval whorl
2. Spiral or Circular whorl
REQUISITES OF PLAIN WHORL:

1. It must have a complete circuit;
2. It must have atleast two deltas; and
3. Atleast one circuiting ridge is touched or crossed by an imaginary line traversing the two
deltas.
• Central Pocket Loop Whorl (C)

A fingerprint pattern which possesses two deltas, with one or more ridges forming a complete
circuit which may be oval, spiral, circular, or any variant of a circle.
• Sometimes called a composite pattern.
• Means, there are two patterns in one, a whorl inside loop.
• Double Loop Whorl (D)

A fingerprint pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations with two sets of
shoulders, and two deltas.
Also called Composite Pattern.
TYPES OF DOUBLE LOOP WHORL:

1. “S” type pattern – a double loop formation where ridges form two loops forms letter
“S”
2. Inte rlocking type pattern – a double loop pattern that are formed opposite from each
other with interlocking ridges.
3. Twinned loop type pattern – a double loop pattern that possesses two well defined
loops where ridges embraced each other.
REQUISITES OF DOUBLE LOOP WHORL:

1. There must be two separate loop formations
2. There must be two separate and distinct sets of shoulders
3. There must be two or more cores and deltas.
• Accidental Whorl (X)

A fingerprint pattern consisting of a combination of two different patterns such as:
a. A combination of a loop and any whorl
b. But it cannot be the combination of an arch with any other pattern.
Related Terms
1. Questionable Pattern – refers to fingerprint patterns that don’t coincide with the
description of the 8 standard patterns.
2. Charre d Pattern – is the pattern that is smudged and not clear.
SUMMARY OF TOPICS
1. Categories of fingerprints are: Loops; Whorls; Arches
2. Ulnar loop- towards the little finger side.
3. Radial Loop – towards the thumb side.
4. Plain arch – most simple of all patterns

5. Tented arch – transitional pattern

6. Composite patte rns are: double loop whorl; central pocket loop whorl and accidental
whorl.
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION
DIFFERENT FINGERPRINT SYSTEMS:
 There are more than 50 Classification Systems in the World.
1. Gasti System of Italy,
2. Pateer System of Holland
3. Vuccetich System of Argentina, and some other systems used by other countries.
4. Henry System, NBI and FBI System with Modification and Extension is used by the
Philippines.
STEPS IN CLASSIFYING FINGERPRINTS:

1. Filling Out and Recording
2. Inte rpretation of the Patterns – determining the name of patte rn.
3. Blocking out – putting/writing the name of patte rn on the space provided in the
ten print card.
4. Classification Prope r
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS IN BLOCKS:
1. Plain Arch = A
2. Tented Arch = T
3. Radial Loop (Right Hand) = / (for loops in the index)
4. Radial Loop (Left Hand) = \ (for loops in the index)
5. Ulnar Loop (Right Hand) = \ (for loops in the index)
6. Ulnar Loop (Left Hand) = / (for loops in the index)
7. Plain Whorl = W
8. Central Pocket Loop Whorl= C
9. Double Loop Whorl = D
10. Accidental Whorl = X
ILLUSTRATION:
1 2 3 4 5
Ulnar Radial Central Accidental Tented
Loop Loop Pocket Loop Whorl Arch
Whorl
U / C X T
6 7 8 9 10
Ulnar Radial Plain Plain Double Loop
Loop Loop Whorl Arch Whorl
U \ W A D

RULES ON Amp or FMB
• If one finger is amputated or finger missing at birth, its fingerprint pattern is based
from the opposite finger but its numerical value remains the same (see example
below.
Radial Loop AMP (W)
AMP FMB (W)

(R)
• If both finge rs are amputated or fingers missing at birth, their fingerprint patterns are
considered whorls (W) with their respective numerical values with meeting tracing.
(See example above)
THE SIX CLASSIFICATION GROUPS
1. The Primary Classification
2. The Secondary Classification
a. Capital Letter Group (ATRUWCDX)
b. Small Letter Group (atr)
3. The Sub-secondary Classification
4. The Major Classification
5. The Final Classification
6. The Key Classification
Proper Place ment of the 6 Divisions:
6 4 1 2 3 5
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
10 S 32 Watr 000 20
M 1 Tra 0I0 10
1. PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION (PC) = (all finge rs)
This is the result of the summation of all the numerical values.
Nos. 16,16,8,8,4,4,2,2,1,1 = are the nume rical values
Nos. 1,2,3-10 = are the standard sequence of fingerprints of a person.
WHORLS = with nume rical values
LOOPS AND ARCHES = Without numerical values
1 2 3 4 5
16 16 8 8 4
6 7 8 9 10
4 2 2 1 1

Rules for Primary Classification (PC)
• To obtain the nume rator, add the nume rical values of whorls appearing on the even-
numbered fingers plus the arbitrary count of one.
• To obtain the denominator, add the numerical values of whorls on the odd-
numbered fingers plus the arbitrary count of one.
• If the fingerprint pattern is a loop or an arch appearing in a finger, the numerical
value is equivalent to zero.
• The lowest combination that can be obtained in the P.C is 1/1 and the highest is
32/32.
• Note: Rules on amputation and finge r/s missing at birth is applicable to this
classification.
2. SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION (SC)
The classification that makes use of the index fingers as main finger to be represented by
the capital letter group and all other fingers to be represented by the small letter group.
FINGERS INVOLVED:
Index Fingers = Main fingers
Four other fingers = to be classified using the Small letter group
TWO GROUPS:
1. Capital letter Group = A T R U W C D X
2. Small Letter Group = a t r
Rules for Secondary Classification
• 1. Indicate the type of fingerprint pattern of the index fingers using their symbols in
capital letters.
• 3. The thumb, middle, ring and little fingers of both hands having fingerprint
pattern of ARCHES and LOOPS constitute the small letter group to be represented
in s mall letters (a, t, r) written at the adjacent of the index finge rs of both hands.
• 4. When 2 or 3 of the same fingerprint appear, 2 or 3 as the case may be, preceding
such pattern is written. (Examples: 2R, 3R)
3. SUB-SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION (SSC)
• Index, Middle, & Ring = Fingers involved

• ANSWER is placed at the right side of the Secondary Classification.
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
10 S 32 W2a 000 20
S 1 aTra 0I0 10
Rules for Sub-secondary Classification (SSC):
A. Rules applied to loop patterns
1. INDEX FINGER: 1-9 ridge count = I (inner)
10 and above = 0 (outer)

2. MIDDLE FINGER: 1-10 ridge count = I (inner)
3. RING FINGER: 1-13 ridge count = I (inner)
B. Rules Applied to Whorl Patte rns
1. Ridge count of 3 or more above the right delta ……………….. = I
2. Ridge count of 3 or more below the right delta ………. ……… = O
3. Ridge counts of 0,1,2 either above or below the right delta … = M
C. Arches are represented by dash (-).
4. MAJOR CLASSIFICATION (MC)
• Thumbs of both hands shall be the ones to be classified.

• Loops are ridge counted.
• Whorls are ridged traced.
• Ans wer for Major Classification is placed at left side of Primary Classification.
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
10 S 32 Watr 000 20
S 1 ata 0I0 10
Rules for Major Classification (MC):
B. Rules When the 2 THUMBS are Whorls (Use I.M.O)
LEFT THUMB RIGHT THUMB
1-11 = S 1-11 = s
12-16 = M
17 & above = L
12-16 = M 1-11 = S
12-16 = M
17 & above = L
17 and above = L 1-17 = S

18-22 = M
23 and above = L
• Ridge count of 3 or more above the right delta ……………...…. = I

• Ridge count of 3 or more below the right delta …………..…….. = O
• Ridge counts of 0, 1, 2 either above or below the right delta …. = M
C. Arches are Represented by Small Dash (-)
5. FINAL CLASSIFICATION (FC)

Is the exhibition in a nume rical figure of the ridge count of loops and/or whorls from the
two little fingers.
• LITTLE FINGERS = Fingers involved
• LOOPS = are ridge counted.
• WHORLS = are ridge counted, treating them as loops for counting purposes.
• Ans wer is placed at the EXTREME RIGHT OF THE CLASSIFICATION LINE.

KC MC PC SC SSC FC
10 S 32 Wa 000 20
S 1 aTra 0I0 10
Rules for Final Classification (FC):
1. Loops are ridge counted.
2. Whorls are treated as loops by drawing imaginary line:
 Right Little Finger = LD to Core
 Left Little Finger = RD to Core
 Apply the rule of paring
3. In the case of double loop whorl, the ridge count is made from the delta to the core of the
upright loop.
4. In cases where both little fingers are arches, the final classification is Indicated by a dash
in the nume rator and denominator.
6. KEY CLASSIFICATION (KC)
The classification that is derived by ridge counting the first loop in a set of prints. The
ridge-count of the first loop may come from the right thumb or any other finge r EXCEPT
THE LITTLE FINGERS. If no loop, look for the first whorl. If no loops and whorl, it shall
be represented by dash (-).
ALL FINGERS EXCEPT LITTLE FINGERS = the fingers involved in KC.
ANSWER is placed ABOVE THE CLASSIFICATION LINE just LEFT side of the MC.
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
10 S 32 Wa 000 20
S 1 aTra 0I0 10
Classification Line
Rules for Key Classification (KC)
1. Count the ridges of the first loop encountered in a set prints except the little finge rs.
2. In the absence of loop, count the ridges by TRACING the first whorl in a set of prints
except the little fingers.
3. No loops, no whorls, all arches, the KC is represented by a small dash (-).
4. The KC is placed at the extre me left of the nume rator of MC.
SUMMARY
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
Thumbs, Thumbs All finger All fingers Index, Little
Index, Index fingers Middle and Fingers
Middle & are the main Ring
Ring fingers

RECORD IN G
FIN GE RPR INTS
RECORDING FINGERPRINTS
• In relation to Dactyloscopy, a normal person has 8 finge rs & 2 thumbs.
• When the re is the appearance of extra finge rs of a person, the case is anatomically
known as Polydactylis m.
• While the extra digits or fingers are called Supe rnume raries.
ITEMS THAT MAKE UP A FINGERPRINT KIT
1. Ink roller – spreads ink.

2.Ink slab – ¼ inch thick and 6 or more inches long.
3. Card holder – clips the fingerprint card.
4. Fingerprint ink – for finge rprint recording
5. Magnifying glass – used in examining developed latent prints. A 3-inch wide reading
glass is required.
• kinds of magnifying glass:
a) Linen tester – has an opening one inch square, with fixed focus.
b) Bausch and Lomb magnifier – also known as “Horse shoe magnifier.”
c) Hand lens – used in examining developed print.
6. Fingerprint powde r – are specially manufactured.
7. Fingerprint brushes – appear in various designs
8. Fingerprint lifting tapes – different sizes
9. Latent fingerprint transfer cards – strips of fingerprint card.
10. Fingerprint card – 8x8 card.
11. Flash light – a very useful device for searching prints.
12. Ruler or tape measure – measure ments
13. Pair of forceps – used in picking up objects
14. Forensic Light sources – used for effective searching
14. Graph paper – used for sketching purposes to indicate proper locations and
measurements of objects in the crime scene.
15. Evidence identification tape or tag – used to properly identify objects or physical
evidence gathered from the crime scene.
16. Scissors – used in cutting finge rprint tapes and for othe r purposes.
17. Rubber gloves – used primarily to avoid the technician to leave his own fingerprints in
the object being collected or examined.
18. Post-morte m fingerprinting equipment – contains hypodermic syringe, spoon, tissue

builder solvent, tissue cleaner, etc.

19. Carrying case – a box-like structure or an attaché type.
20. Inkless inking device – a porelon pad, sensitized fingerprint cards that is used to record
fingerprints even without staining the fingers.
Materials needed in recording fingerprints:
1. Fingerprint ink
2. Fingerprint roller
3. Fingerprint slab
4. Fingerprint card
5. Fingerprint card holde r
KINDS OF FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS

1. Rolled impression is one made by rolling an inked finge r from one side of the finger
nail to the other.
2. Plain impression is one made by pressing an inked finge r directly down upon a
fingerprint card without any rolling motion.
TYPES OF FINGERPRINT CARD

1. Criminal Finge rprint Card - used to record fingerprints of suspects and criminals.
2. Civilian Fingerprint Card - used in recording finge rprints of a civilian for various
purposes such as require ment for employme nt, clearance, etc.
PROCEDURE IN RECORDING FINGERPRINTS

1. Wash hands of subject with soap and wate r.
2. Filling-out by the person to be fingerprinted
3. Make sure that all needed materials are ready.
4. Clean the needed materials
5. Ink and spread ink on the slab.
6. Allow the ink on the plate to spin in the air.
7. Test the amount of ink on the slab.
8. Print the fingerprints of the subject

a) Perspiring heavily? Use dry cloth and Alcohol.
b) Dry and hard? Apply Lotion and Massage
c) Tell the subject not to help you.
9. Place the inked glass slab near the edge of the table, at extre me left.
10. Place the fingerprint card in the card holder, which is to the right of the inking plate.
The first row of five squares is properly aligned to the aperture of the card holder lid.
11. Ink and print the ten fingers following the sequence presented in the table.4
12. Print the two thumbs in the box provided below the fingerprint card (no rolling
motion)
13. Print the four other fingers (the right and left index, middle, ring and little fingers)
simultaneously in the space provided below the fingerprint card (no rolling motion).
14. Say thank you to the subject for his/her participation.
MANNER OF INKING AND PRINTING:

• Thumbs - rolled towards the subject’s body (inward).
• Four other fingers - rolled away from the subject’(outward)
• The rolling of fingers should be done 180 degrees.
COMMON ERRORS IN RECORDING FINGERPRINTS

1. Use of insufficient or too much ink.
2. The mate rials were not cleaned before use
3. The prints were not rolled properly.
4. The “up and down portion” of the terminal phalange are not properly inked and
recorded.
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINT
1. Issuance of passport
2. Conferring of educational degrees

3. Employme nt in various agencies

4. Bank Transactions
5. Examinations
6. Insurance Claims
7. Wills and Inhe ritance Claims
8. Lying-in hospitals and maternity homes
9. Monitoring and checking of attendance
SPECIAL CONDITIONS IN RECORDING FINGERPRINTS
1. Amputated (Amp) or Finger missing at birth (FMB)
• Write “Amp” or FMB at the upper right corner of the block.
2. Bandaged Finger Due to Injury
• Write “bandaged” on the plain impression NOT at the block.

3. Presence of scar
• Write the word “scarred” on the plain impression.
4. Presence of deformities on fingers
• Make use of Spatula and Spoon in recording the prints.

5. Partly amputated
• By all means, print the re maining, then write partly amputated on the plain
impression.
6. Two thumbs at the same hand
• Ignore the outermost thumb and record the 5 fingers. At the back record the prints
of the outermost thumb and make a note.
7. Extra little finger at the same hand
• Ignore the outermost little finger. Begin recording from the thumb. Record the print
of the outermost little finger at the back of the card and make a note.
8. Extra finger appear anywhe re between any of the fingers
• Record the prints of the fully-formed and normal fingers, but record also the print
of the extra finger which is NOT fully formed at the back of the card with notation.
9. A hand has six fully formed fingers.
• Begin recording prints from the thumb, then record any left-over finger at the back
of the card.
10. Split thumb
• Print it in the usual manner and make a note on the plain impression below
11. Two or more normal finge rs joined or webbed by thin membrane of skin
• Right hand fingers are recorded in plain impressions.
• Left hand fingers are recorded with great precautions.
12. WORN FINGERPRINTS

– A technique known as "milking the fingers" can be used to raise the

fingerprints prior to finge rprinting.
– In a situation of dry, flaky finge rs, simply add a s mall amount of hand lotion
or ridge builder prior to fingerprinting.
– The technique involves applying pressure or rubbing the fingers in a

downward motion from palm to finge rtip.
13. FINGERPRINTING OLD-AGED PERSON
Remedies:
1. First, use just a little more ink.
2. Second, use a lighte r pressure.
3. Hand lotion rubbed into the fingertips of aged pe rsons is helpful.
14. Fingerprinting people suffering from arthritis and rheumatism
2. This situation presents proble ms because it is difficult, sometimes impossible, to

bend their finge rs.
3. There is also a bone condition known as ankylosi in which the finger joints cannot
be bent.
4. The procedure in printing these special conditions is quite similar to that employed
for printing the dead person.
POSTMORTEM FINGERPRINTING
The method of recording fingerprints of a corpse.
PROCEDURE IN TAKING THE FINGERPRINTS OF A DEAD PERSON
1. The ink is rolled on a glass slab, and then the slab is rolled around each of the
deceased’s extended fingers, instead of rolling the fingers on the slab.
2. The fingerprint card is then rolled around each of the inked fingers, making sure
that each digit is recorded in the correct square. The plain impressions are taken by
pressing the fingerprint card against the extended digits without any rolling.
3. Next, with a pair of scissors, a standard fingerprint card is cut up into pieces. Each
of the ten finger blocks is cut out, and also each of the three areas for plain prints,
one for the right hand plain fingerprints, one for those of the left hand, and one for
the two plain impressions of the thumbs.
4. If the finge r blocks do not have printed numbers from 1 to 10 showing the sequence
of the fingers, it would be wise for the operator to number them himself so he will
not get the sequence of the rolled impressions mixed up.
5. Record other important information about the dead person.

Latent Fingerprints
Composition of Sweat
May be composed :
• Sweat
• Sebum
• Foreign materials
• Or combination
Composition of Sweat Secretions
 Natural secretion glands:

 Eccrine sweat glands
 Apocrine sweat glands
 Sebaceous glands
Sweat Glands
 2 Types of Sudoriferous or Sweat Glands

 Eccrine
 Apocrine
Organic substances
 Significant in identification work:

 Amino acids
 Proteins
 Fatty acids/ lipids
Amino acids
 Autonomic nervous system causes to secrete large amount of amino acids when
under STRESS
 Autonomic system controls heart rate and other bodily functions, we don’t
have direct control
Fatty Acids
 Fats and oils known as LIPIDS
 Lipids contain waxes and squalenes
 Will stay longer on the surface if protected from the air
APOCRINE GLANDS
 Secretions from coarse hair of armpits and pubic area
 Secrets thicker fluid, milky in appearance and dried in plasticlike solid, which
flouresced and had an odor
 Isolated from this secretion are proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, iron
COMPOSITION OF LATENT PRINT RESIDUE

 water – 99% whe n deposited on the surface
 Wate r-soluble
 Wate r-insoluble
 Foreign materials
 Motor oil or grease
 Other bodily secretions
 Oil from foods
 Etc.

Latent Print Deposit
 Wate r soluble (mostly eccrine secretions)

 salts (NaCl),
 amino acids (e.g., serine, glycine)
 Wate r insoluble
 Proteins
 Nonpolar lipids (fatty acids)
CATEGORIES OF FINGERPRINTS
 Patent Fingerprints
a. are visible even before processed with powde r or che micals
b. visible impression
c. contaminant transfer
 Negative Patent Prints – removal of surface material by contact of the

friction ridges
 Ex. Prints on dust
 Latent Finge rprints

• prints that are not readily visible to the naked eye but require development to allow
visualization
 Plastic Finge rprints

• a mold of the friction ridge structure, e.g. impressions on clay, putty, soft wax,
melted plastic, heavy grease, and tacky paint
• May be preserved with silicon-type casting materials

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MARIO C. ROSETE, MSC.

ORGANIZER & TRAINER OF NATIONAL FORENSIC TRAINING-WORKSHOP

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

 David Hepburn (1895)

 Dr. Nehemiah Gre w (1641-1712)

 Govard Bidloo (1685)

 Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

 Dr. J.C.A. Mayer (1788)

Strengthened the “Principle of Individuality”

He strengthened the “Principle of Permanency”

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

 Johannes Evangelist Purkinje (1787-1869)

 William James Herschel (1833-1917)

 Dr. Henry Faulds (1843-1930)

 Alphonse Bertillon (1882)

 Edward Richard Henry (1859-1931)

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

 Dr. Edmond Locard (1912)

 Sgt. David R. Ashbaugh (1993)

 Robert D. Oslen Sr. (1978)

Institute of Applied Science (June 16, 1916)

Fingerprint and Identification Magazine (1919)

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERPRINT IN THE

Republic Act No. 409

Commonwealth Act No. 181

Lt. Asa N. Darby

Republic Act No. 157

Executive Order No. 94

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

Capt. Thomas Dugan (of NYPD)

Reorganization Act No. 1407

Lt. George M. Wolfe

Plaridel Educational Institution (now known as Philippine College of

Other schools that opened B.S.Crim. in 1960s:

3. DACTYLOGRAPHY – the scientific study and analysis of fingerprints as a means of

4. DACTYLOMANCY –the study of fingerprints for the purpose of interpreting one’s

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “DACTYLOSCOPY”

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

RELATED SCIENCES WITH FINGERPRINT

2. Podoscopy – footprints and footwear identification.

3. Poroscopy – study of the pore structure for the purpose of identification.

COMPONENTS OF THE FRICTION SKIN

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

• 3rd - 4th month – ridges start to develop

PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE

What is the innermost layer a human skin?

1. Epidermal laye r (Epidermis) – the outer layer.

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

LAYERS OF SKIN - SUMMARY

Outer Epidermal Epidermis

REASONS OF DESTRUCTION OF RIDGES

PERSONS WHO ATTEMPTED TO ERASE FINGERPRINTS

• He is known by name Roscoe Pitts.

CLASSES OF LATENT PRINTS

NO. OF RIDGE DETAILS FOR A FINGERPRINT TO BE ACCEPTED AS EVIDENCE

Other countries set points of similarities:

b) United States = 12 similarites

c) European Countries = 15 similarities

VASQUEZ, KIMBERLY CLAIRE M.

What about in the Philippines?

People vs. Jennings

• Happened in Illinois, USA