IMPLEMENTING COMMUNITY

HEALTH INTERVENTIONS

Community Organizing

CHN 2
 At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:

01 1. Discuss important
concepts of Community 02 2. Describe the
different phases of
Organizing. community organizing

03 04
3. Differentiate
traditional community 4. Describe
organizing and characteristics of
COPAR. good organizers
PARTNERSHIP AND COLLABORATION

Partnership is a collaborative
relationship between two or more
parties based on trust, equality and
mutual understanding for:
achievement of a SPECIFIED
GOAL.
Partnerships involve risks as well
as benefits, making shared
accountability critical.
PARTNERSHIP AND COLLABORATION

Collaboration.
Org. helps each other
enhance their capabilities in
performing their tasks, as
well as provisions of
services.
 IMPORTANCE OF PARTNERSHIP & COLLABORATION

>To get the people work together in order to address

problems / concerns that affects them
> Gives peoples opportunities to learn skills in group
relationship, interpersonal relations, critical analysis
and decision-making in terms of democratic
leadership.
 ACTIVITIES On How to Get Started In
Partnership And Collaborative Work

1. Nurse involve all stakeholders in the process of

partnership and collaboration with people
2. Working together face risk together, they must
know and trust each other
3. Determines how each org. views problems,
proposes to solve the problem and perceived how
org can solve the problem..
 ACTIVITIES On How to Get Started In
Partnership And Collaborative Work

3. Should agree on the kind or level of relationship on

better accomplishing group goal considering needs
and available resources
4. When org. agreed on the type of relationship,
formulate ground rules to becomes basis of decision-
making.
 ACTIVITIES On How to Get Started In
Partnership And Collaborative Work

Most important points are:

➢ Listen to what each has say
➢ Take time to listen to people who voice out their
concern
> Don’t force org. to give up identity.
ADVOCACY
The nurse as an advocate,
helps empower the people to
make decisions and carry out
actions that have potential to
better their lives.
 Activities Involved In Advocacy.
> Informing people rightness of the cause
> Thoroughly discussing with people the
nature of consequence
> Supporting peoples right to make a choice
& act on their choice
> Influencing other's opinion.
 Social Mobilization
process of bringing together all societal &
personal influences to raise awareness of &
demand for health care, assist in delivery of
resources & services & cultivate sustainable
individual & community involvement.
 Community Organizing
social development methodology utilize to
01 facilitate the process of forming and sustaining
self- reliant and self-determining communities

Effecting change through community

participation means : changing condition
02 within the community then people’s behavior,
Introducing new program and policy that
would impact health
Community Organizing
Level of community participation : Reflects
level of power organization has, Reflects
03 capability to tap resources in order to
responds to their needs.

Range of participation can be from passive involvement

in pre-determined activities to full control of health
04 organization of health organization & health-related
affairs to involvement to full range
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH

HISTORY
Introduced in 1990’s in social psychology,
01 approach that encourages recipient of benefits
(family, providers, policy makers) to partake in
research & work together as full partners in
community organizing.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
COPAR

▪ Later, it becomes an approach for

community development, a tool for
02 community organizing participatory action
research or COPAR
▪ A Participatory Action Research (PAR)
Approach
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH

INTENTION
▪ promoting transformation among
03 participants being studied, be partners
In entire phases of research - from
design, data collection, analysis &
dissemination
 Participatory
Action Research
(PAR) Approach /
COPAR
 Participatory Action Research (PAR) Approach / COPAR

CORE GROUP serves

as foundation of In ENTRY PHASE,
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION during integration &
immersion identifies
POTENTIAL LEADERS
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZER trains &
develop CORE
GROUP for data
gathering & analysis POTENTIAL
LEADERS, in time
CORE GROUP recruits members of
becomes the core group
COMMUNITY
RESEARCH TEAM:
Participatory Action Research (PAR) Approach / COPAR

CORE GROUP -Leads of

conceptualization of research project,
develop tool, data gathering, data
analysis

COMMUNITY ORGANIZER -
Problem identification Priority
Setting, Program Planning,
Mobilization, Evaluation
.

COPAR

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY

ACTION RESEARCH
3 Approaches of Development

Welfare

Modernization

Participatory/
Transformatory
 ● Transforms apathetic,
Definition: individualistic & voiceless poor
into a PARTICIPATORY &
responsive community…mobilizing
… for RESOLUTION of problem
PHASES OF COPAR
How it is done?
Preparatory Phase

Organizational Phase

Education & Training

Sustenance-
maintenance
Preparatory Phase
• DESIGN Criteria…..ACTUAL
a. Area selection selection of site

b. Community Profiling

c. Entry

d. Integration
Community profiling
Contact person

Contact person will help look for

others who will assist PHN in
doing community profiling

Content of community profiling?

• Overview of community characteristic ( pop.,
health-related facility/services , community)
Community Profiling

provides overview of:

demographics, community
health-related services &
facilities.
Community Profiling

Serves as initial database

of community. Provides
basis for planning &
programming of
organizing of activities..
Community Profiling

Determines appropriate
approach & method of
organizing specific to the
population group or sectors that
will be organized
Entry/integration

Know their Courtesy call Live w/ people

culture/lifestyle
Purpose of integration?

Rapport
Understand the
problem….undergoing
their hardship
 Guidelines : integration

Participate in
Adapt Modest Avoid raising
production
lifestyle dwelling expectations
process

Make house Participate in Recognize role/position

call/seek SOME social of local authorities
(Famorca,2013)
people activities
Image of participating in production process
 II. Organizational Phase
This phase consists of activities that
leads to the formation of people’s
organization.
ORGANIZATIONAL PHASE

a. SOCIAL PREPARATION

b. SPOTTING/DEVELOPING POTENTIAL LEADERS

d. CORE GROUP FORMATION

c. SET UP COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

 SOCIAL PREPARATION

sensitization of people on the

critical events of their life
: share their ideas on how to
manage their problem
: motivating to take collective
action regarding this problem
Social preparation

Small
group
meeting

Action-
reflection-
action

Ground
work
Purpose of social preparation?

It deepens our ties

w/ the people
Spotting / Developing
Potential Leaders
 Characteristics of potential leaders:

> Not Necessary highly educated, from affluent family of

community
> Important: the people identifies with him, understand &
articulate the problems that beset them
> Advantage If: has relative wide influence- among poor &
elite
>Important Consideration: willingness to work for desired
change
 Core group formation

Consist of identified potential leaders

Foundation of organization

Diff characterisitics… youth,women, worker

Committee ….
CORE GROUP

Consist of 8 to 10 members
who possess leadership
potentials formed into a
cohesive working group
Tasks of core group
 Setting up community-wide organization

Why called as community-wide?

• Wider participation….members

Design organizational
structure…vision, mission
 Organizational Phase :
Setting Up Community Organization.

• After all sectoral organization has been placed,

setting-up of community- wide organization is
now ready. The organization facilitates collective
action on the community problem
• Nurse will: after organization was formed, make
certain maximum participation of and control by
the members in all its activities.
 Organizational Phase :
D. Setting Up Community Organization.

o Organizational structure must be simple, facilitate

consultation & decision-making among its members
o Part of organizational structure will be working
committees specifically created to look into different
concerns of the organization and communities e.g..
health committee.
• Nurse will: assists in placing plans of health committee
and initial prospective community health workers (CHW).
CHW may be involved in the next phase.
 III. Education and Training Phase.
• Purposes are: strengthen org. &
develop capability to attend to
community’s basic health health-care
needs.
Education & training phase
a.Conduct Community
diagnosis

b. Training of health workers

c. Health service/ mobilization

Conducting Community Diagnosis

Data serve as
basis of health
programs
III. Education and Training Phase:
A. Conducting Community Diagnosis.
This is performed to come up with the profile of the
local health situation. Basis for health program and
services to be deliver in community.
Nurse will: Assist people in developing plan &
actual conduct of community diagnosis. Asset
identify, analyze, understand implication of
data collected.
 III. Education and Training Phase:
B. Training of Community Health Workers.

After presentation of the result of

community diagnosis, the
community now decides the roles
that the community health
workers are expected to perform.
 III. Education and Training Phase:
B. Training of Community Health Workers.
after community diagnosis presentation
-decides on roles community health
workers perform
-competence & qualities they should
possess
need to decides who will be trained as
community health workers
Training of Community Health Workers (CHW)

Training Needs
Assessment
 Education and Training Phase:
Training of Community Health Workers.

• Nurse will: After Community Health

Workers are named, conduct a Training
Needs Assessment (TNA) to know level
of health skills and knowledge trainees
posses. TNA serve as basis of health
skills curriculum to focus on required
competencies.
 Education and Training Phase:
Training of Community Health Workers.

TRAINING
• Purpose is to develop the leaders skills, knowledge
and attitude
EDUCATION
• Aims to heighten their awareness or consciousness
on existing community problems & its correlation with
existing social realities
 HEALTH SERVICE / MOBILIZATION

Undertake
activities…solve Collective work
prob.
 Education and Training Phase:
Health Services Provision and Mobilization.

• Organization now lead in undertaking

activities that will solve problems
community is confronted with.
• Involve organization in collective work:
gives opportunities to test & strengthen
collective spirit, build/enhance
confidence.
 Education and Training Phase:
Health Services Provision and Mobilization.

• Nurse will : to prevent frustration on

part of people, consider resources
available & problem prioritization to be
addressed at a given time, while
strengthening collective spirit &
enhancing community health worker’s
confidence (Gesmundo, 2010).
 Education and Training Phase:
Leadership – Formation activities

• Continuous and sustained process of

community leaders development
• Leaders learn engaging in actual
organizational activities such as:
• conduct of meetings, assessment,
planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of activities.
 Education and Training Phase:
Leadership – Formation activities

• Skills needed in this phase / master

are: organizational skills, human
relations development, or supervisory
skills
• Formal leadership training skills in
financial, project / program
management.
 Education and Training Phase:
Leadership – Formation activities

• Nurse will : assess specific

training and practical needs
of leaders. Plan for
continuing education
program
SUSTENANCE – MAINTENANCE PHASE

a. Leadership-formation activities

b. Inter-sectoral collaboration

c. Phase out
 LEADERSHIP-FORMATION…CONTINUOUS
PROCESS

Learn in actual
organization Project/program Formal leadership
activities…conduct management training….ex.
meeting, planning financial
of activities
Inter - sectoral collaboration

THE NEED FOR RESOURCES (m,m,m) WILL BE

SOURCED EXTERNALLY .. network / linkages

PHN Responsible ….COORDINATION…W/

KEY PEOPLE, INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES

FOR SUPPORT…ASSISTANCE
Inter - sectoral collaboration

Nurse will: facilitate,

coordinate with
organizations
agency, key people
 A. Networking

relationship among org. - exchanging

information about each other's goal, objectives,
services or facilities
Result: aware of worth & capabilities, how each
other contribute to accomplishment of network's
goals & objectives
 B. Coordination

Orgs. modify their activities in

other to provide better service to
target beneficiary.
time-consuming, requires more
involvement & trust on the part of
committed organization
 C. Cooperation

sharing of information &

resources, make adjustments in
respective agendas to accommodate
other organizations agenda
 C. Cooperation

Org shares ownership of

the success & rewards, as well
as problems & hassles that go
with working together
 D. Collaboration

Level of Org. partnership in which

org. help each other enhance their
capabilities in performing their tasks, as
well as provisions of services.
People becomes partners NOT
competitors
 E. Coalition or Multi-
sector Collaboration
Org & citizens form a partnership
where all parties give priority to the good
of the community; requires great
investment in terms of time, trust & will to
make a change
 F. Advocacy Work (Kohnke,
1982).
Informing people about the
rightness of the cause
Thoroughly discussing with the people
the nature of the consequence
supporting peoples right to make a
choice & act on their choice
Influencing other's opinion.
PHASE - OUT
 PHASE -OUT

Purpose:
• To practice independence

Plans monitoring & ff-up

V. PHASE - OUT

• Community gradually shoulder

greater responsibility in managing
health care needs.
• Nurse gradually prepares the turn-
over of work, develop plan of
monitoring, follow-up of activity until
full disengagement and phase-out
Ex. Image - monitoring
CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN
COPAR
1.Integration - Involves living with the people.
Understanding their problem, undergoing their
hardship, sharing their hopes & aspirations to help
build mutual trust & cooperation.
CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN
COPAR
2. Social Investigation – also known as
community study
- Systematic, scientific process of collecting &
analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the
community
 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN
COPAR
3. Tentative Program Plan
• Community chooses one issue to work to start
community organizing
 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN COPAR
4. Groundwork
• Going from place to place, motivating people on a
one-on-one basis to act on the issue chosen
5. Meetings
• People jointly ratify what have been decided
individually.
• Gives people collective action and confidence
 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN COPAR
6. Role Play
• Acting out meeting that would takes place
amongst people and government
representatives.
7. Mobilization or Action
• Actual exercise of people power, actual
confronting of powerful
 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN COPAR
8. Evaluation
• Measures the outcome of the activities versus
objective
9. Reflections
• Dealing with deeper, ongoing, concerns to look at
positive values a community organizer is trying to
build in the organization.
 METHODS USED IN COPAR
1. Action-Reflection-Action-Session
2. Consciousness Awareness
3. Participatory and Mass-Based
4. Group-Centered and not Leader-
Oriented
COPAR
GATHERING
DATA
METHOD
 01 Transect walk

In Ocular Survey, ask group from

community to lead walk. Ask critical
questions, allow them to analyze &
draw conclusion
 02 Mapping

MAPPING - Allows people to view community in

different perspective and to people deal with it
effectively

RESOURCE MAP is a geographic map depending

on purposes can be their source of livelihood or
physical resources.
 02 Mapping

HEALTH MAP Health worker

respondents draws SPOT MAP.
Highlight houses identified with health
problems, houses with vulnerable
members,
 02 Mapping

SEASONAL MAP OR CALENDAR

– Shows various event / activity
significant to community such as
livelihood (e.g. harvest season) , social
events (e.g. Christmas), Historical
Mapping (e.g. typhoon in Area)
 Venn
03 Diagram

Venn Diagram – Visual representation of

social support system
 03 Venn Diagram

o Big Circle – represents community

o Small Circle inside Big Circle – representing groups/
organizations in community
o Draw inside most active / influential group in the community
o Small circle outside the big circle represents organization
outside the community such as public or private (govt or
private institutions). Proximity or distance of these circle will
symbolize their degree of influence in the community.
BASIC QUALITIES
OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZERS
 BASIC QUALITIES OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZERS

Exemplary Professional & Moral Qualities

01

Good Communication & Facilitation Skills

02
BASIC QUALITIES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZERS

Ability To Set Good Leadership

03
Charismatic Personality – Draws People
To Organizing Work
04
BASIC QUALITIES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZERS

Adapts/ Enjoys Working & Living, With Different

Types Of People

05

Empathize With People / Community He Is Working

With

06
BASIC QUALITIES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZERS

Believes In Vision Of Change, Development /

Empowerment
07
Personal Conviction Consistent With Values,
Principles Being Advocated
08
.

Core Principles in
Community Organizing
 01
PEOPLE - ORIENTED
People and means are ends of
development;
Community development is the
process and the outcome.
Participative
Community is prime-mover & determinants rather than
02
beneficiary of health efforts, critical for success.
Evident in involvement: well-informed, aware of their
potentials for participation.
Decision making is in hand of ordinary people not among elite.
Distinction is not made among different groups & different
personalities
DEMOCRATIC
03
● Empower disadvantaged population.
Allows people to recognize, analyze
needs & articulate aspirations,
Decisions are from whole
people/common people than the elite
or leader alone.
DEVELOPMENTAL 04
Directed in changing underlying situation.
Through empowerment of marginalized
people. Community gains insights, hones
capabilities & develops. Later take leads in
wholistic improvement of community.
 05
PROCESS – ORIENTED
It is a process of change, Allows community to
internalize it & embrace process, requires
time. It is dynamic with evolving community
situation & monitoring & periodic review
 GOALS OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
 1. People’s Empowerment
01
o process of community organizing allows
people to develop their capacity to
maximize control over situation. Start
placing control over own hands.

GOALS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

 2.Build permanent Structures &
People’s Organization

02 o Establish & sustain

permanent structures that will
support their needs

GOALS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

 3. Improved Quality of Life
03
o Manifested by collective
involvement in decision making &
community action on matters that
would impact their lives.

GOALS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

Basic Values In
Community
Organizing
Basic Values In Community Organizing

01 Human Rights

Universal principle anchored on belief of

worth & dignity of people. Right of life,
self determination & development
Basic Values In Community Organizing

02 Social Justice

Equitable access to opportunities,

Equitable distribution of resources &
power
Basic Values In Community Organizing

03 Social Responsibility

People should reach out through & move

jointly with others in meeting common
needs & problems
 Emphasis of
Community
Organizing in
Primary Health Care
 People from the community
01 working together to solve their
Emphasis of own problem
Community
Organizing
in Primary Internal organizational
Health Care consolidation as prerequisite to
02
external expansion
 Social movement first
03
before technical change
Emphasis of
Community
Organizing
in Primary Health reforms occurring the
Health Care 04 broader context of social
transformation
AREA OF EVALUATION AND
PARAMETERS
AREA OF EVALUATION & PARAMETERS : Program

were goal, objective of project/program

achieved?
What strategies were implemented? What
worked? What did not?
What is the overall impact of project?
How were organization resources &
community utilized?
AREA OF EVALUATION & PARAMETERS: Organizational

Were the vision, mission, goal achieved?

How are the organizational policies being implemented?
What is the level of participation in the affairs of
community?
How were the resources of organization utilized?
What type of interpersonal relationship is shared among
members of organization, among leaders and members of
community?
COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING AND HEALTH
EDUCATION
COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING AND HEALTH EDUCATION

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

> work carried out by nurse, seeking

wider community participation in
decision-making in activity to impact
positively in health
> strengthen member capability in
problem-solving & decision-making
skills for self-reliant development
COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING AND HEALTH
EDUCATION
HEALTH EDUCATION
> nurse influence, change &
modify attitudes, behavior of
individuals, nurse efforts towards
organizing, mobilizing people to
initiate, sustain change as a
group or an organization
 COMPARISON OF
TRADITIONAL
RESEARCH APROACH
& COPAR
COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APROACH & COPAR :
DECISION - MAKING

Traditional Top - Down

COPAR Bottom - up
COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APROACH & COPAR :
EMPHASIS

Expert / Nurse Driven Process

Traditional Much premium is given on data
or output

Community- Driven Process

COPAR Premium is placed on the
process
 COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APROACH & COPAR : ROLES

Nurse (N). is researcher, Community (C) as

objects/subject of research- respondents
Traditional DATA ANALYSIS (PAR) - by N & presented to
people

N is facilitator; C as researcher
COPAR DATA ANALYSIS - by community
collectively
 COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APROACH & COPAR :
METHODOLOGY

Research-tool & methodology are

Traditional pre-determined / pre-packaged by
N

Research tool & method-

COPAR Identified & developed by
community
 COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APROACH & COPAR :
OUTPUT

Submitted to agency, published,

Traditional Recommendations based on
finding

Conclusion / documentation made by C.

leads to agreed C. actions/ projects. Then
COPAR whole research CONTINUES until it becomes part
of C. life toward C Development. C members
formulates recommendations
Thank you
REFERENCES:

Collaboration @ www.who.org.

Famorca, Z. 2013. Nursing Care of the Community, a comprehensive text

on community and public health nursing in the Philippines, 2013.

Gesmundo, M., (2010) The Basics of Community Health Nursing. C & E

Publishing,Inc.

Maglaya, A, (2009) Nursing Practice In The Community 5th Edition,

Community Health Nursing: Context and Practice (pp 229 - 235). MarIkina:
Argonauta Corporation
PREPARED BY: AIDA V. GARCIA, MAN RN
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