THE CELL:

Parts and Functions

REBECCA L. HERRERA
CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
ORGANELLES ARE SPECIFIC STRUCTURES
WITHIN THE CELLS THAT ALLOW THEM TO
CARRY OUT THEIR FUNCTIONS
ORGANELLES PERFORM DIFFERENT
FUNCTIONS WITHIN A CELL WHICH IS CALLED
DIVISION OF LABOR
 CELL WALL

THICK OUTER LAYER WITH CELLULOSE THAT GIVES THE CELL ITS
SHAPE, HELPS TO PROTECTTHE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND PLAYS A
VITAL ROLE IN SUPPORTING AND PROTECTING THE CELLS
CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA
MEMBRANE
 CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA
MEMBRANE

DOUBLE LAYERED, THIN BARRIER,

SURROUNDING THE CELL TO CONTROL THE
ENTRY AND EXIT OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
 CYTOPLASM

CONTAINS SEMI-FLUID TRANSLUCENT SUBSTANCE

CALLED CYTOSOL WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE
SUSPENDED; PROTECTS THE CELL BY KEEPING THE
CELL ORGANELLES SEPARATE FROM EACH
OTHER,HELPS KEEP CELL STABILITY AND THE SITE OF
VITAL BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES
 NUCLEUS

LARGEST ORGANELLE, CONTAINS NUCLEOLUS AND

SURROUNDED BY THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANEWITH A
NUMBER OF NUCLEAR PORES THAT CAN ALLOW
RELATIVELY LARGE MOLECILES THROUGH; CONTAINS
NEARLY ALL OF THE CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

BILAYER MEMBRANE WHICH PROTECTS THE NUCLEUS

BY SURROUNDING AND ACTS AS A BARRIER BETWEEN
THE CELL NUCLEUS AND OTHER ORGANELLES OF THE
CELL
 NUCLEOLUS

IMPORTANT MEMBRANE ORGANELLE

FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEUS FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF CELL’S RIBOSOMES
 ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

FOUND NEAR THE NUCLEUS, MADE UP OF A NUMBER

OF FLATTENED SACS CALLED CISTERNAE WHICH ARE
CONTINUOUSN WITH THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE;
RER- WITH RIBOSOMES,TRANSPORTS PROTEINS MADE
IN THE RIBOSOMES
SER- NO RIBOSOMES, SYNTHESIZES LIPIDS
 GOLGI APPARATUS

STACK OF MEMBRANE-BOUND FLATTENED SACS

RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS
RECEIVED FROM THE ER, THESE PROTEINS ARE
TRANSPORTED IN VESICLES AROUND THE CELL, ITS
ENZYMES MANUFACTURE AND ATTACH
CARBOHYDRATES TO PROTEINS OR LIPIDS.
 MITOCHONDRIA

DOUBLE-MEMBRANE BOUND ORAGANELLES

RESPONSIBLE FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHERE
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) IS PRODUCED ;
INNER MEMBRANE IS FOLDED INSIDE TO FORM THE
CRISTAE, WHICH ARE FOLDED IN THE MATRIX.
 CHROMOSOMES

MADE UP OF DNA STORED IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH

CONTAINS INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS
 VESICLES

MEMBRANE-BOUND SACS THAT STORE AND

TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES AROUND THE CELL
 VACUOLES

LARGER VESICLES FORMED BY JOINING

TOGETHERMANY VESICLES, NO SPECIFIC SHAPE AND
CONTAIN WATER AND DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS, IN
PLANT CELLS, THEY MAINTAIN TURGOR PRESSURE
 CHLOROPLASTS

PLASTIDS RESPONSIBLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 LYSOSOMES

MEMBRANE-BOUND SPHERICAL SACS WHICH

CONTAIN ENZYMES USED TO BREAK DOWN
MATERIALS, RECYCLE FOOD PARTICLES AND
CAPTURE BACTERIA
NON MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES
 RIBOSOMES

SMALL SPHERICAL ORGANELLES COMPOSED OF TWO

SUBUNITS WHICH ARE FOUND ON THE ROUGH ER(
ALSO IN THE CYTOPLASM AND MITOCHONDRIA AND
OTHER PLACES); TRANSLATE GENETIC INFORMATION
IN THE FORM OF mRNA INTO PROTEINS
 CENTRIOLES

MICROTUBULES FOUND NEXT TO NUCLEUS OF

ANIMAL CELLS AND SOME PROTISTS THAT
MOVE CHROMOSOMES AROUND BY
FORMING SPINDLE FIBERS DURING CELL
DIVISION
OTHER CELLULAR
STRUCTURES
 PEROXISOMES

SMALL ORGANELLES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE , FOR SPECIALIZED METABOLIC
FUNCTIONS
 CYTOSKELETON

MADE UP OF MICROFILAMENTS, MICROTUBULES AND

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS TO REINFORCE CELL
SHAPE, RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL MOVEMENT ,
COMPONENTS MADE OF PROTEINS
 FLAGELLUM

LOCOMOTION ORGANELLE (CAN BE CILIA OR

MICROVILLI)
 PLASMODESMATA

CHANNELS THROUGH CELL WALLS THAT CONNECT

THE CYTOPLASMS OF ADJACENT CELLS
HAPPY LEARNING!!!