SHORT ACTIVITY

Get a cube of ice and

put it on the floor.
Observe what will
happen to the ice as
we leave it for a few
minutes.
What happens to the temperature
of the water when heated?

TEMPERATURE
• It is the measure of the
HOTNESS OR COLDNESS
OF AN OBJECT OR A BODY.
• It is proportional to the average
kinetic energy of particles in a
substance.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
▪ tells us that all matter has molecules or atoms which
are constantly moving; thus, they have kinetic energy.

High Kinetic Energy Low Kinetic Energy

- Molecules move faster. - Molecules move slower.

- Temperature is high. - Temperature is low.

How do you determine the temperature of an object? Can
you use your senses to determine the temperature?

Thermometer
• is a sealed glass tube containing
mercury and with an imprinted
temperature scale. The mercury
expands or contracts, causing it to
move up or down when there are
changes in the temperature.
• Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II
 HEAT

❑It is a transfer of energy from one body

to another due to the difference in
temperature.

❑Measure of the total kinetic and

potential energy in the system.
 HEAT

High Temperature Low Temperature

Heat

Heat
 HEAT

❑Heat can be measured

using a calorimeter.
❑Unit of Measurement
❑Joule (same unit as Work and
Energy)
❑calorie (it relates heat to the change
in temperature)
❑calorie = 4.186 Joules
(the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1 degree Celsius)
Activity Time
High Temperature Faster Scattering
 Thermal
Heat Energy
Transfer of energy from Measures the movement
high temperature to low of particles.
temperature.
Measurement of thermal
energy being transferred.
 Transfer
Heat
Change in Temperature Heat transferred

Change in Temperature Heat transferred

Directly Proportional
 Heat
Absorbed or given off

Heat absorbed Positive change in temp

Heat given off Negative change in temp
• The scattering of the dye through the water indicates
that the particles of water are moving.
• You also noticed that the rate of scattering of the dye
throughout the water differs in each container. It can then
be inferred that the speed of the particles of water varies
in each container. Since kinetic energy depends on
speed, the kinetic energies of the particles also
vary.
 Matter is made up of
continuously moving molecules

Heat
or atoms due to its random
motion, the atoms and
molecules in a matter have
Kinetic Energy. Thus, they are
moving.

Heat absorbed Gains KE Moves faster

Heat given off Loses KE Moves slower
 Thermal Energy
❑Measures the movement of particles.
❑Total kinetic energy of moving particles
of matter.
❑Dependent on the mass of the object
and temperature.

Mass + Temp= Greater thermal energy

Thermal Energy – energy associated due to the motion of
particles contained within a system that is responsible for its
temperature.

Temperature
Number of
Particles
Thermal
Energy

Phases of
Matter
 1. Number of Particles in Body
A pail of water has more
internal energy than a cup of
water provided that both
have the same temperature
and arrangement of
molecules
http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/good-practice-online-modules/temperature/introducing-
temperature-measurement/do-not-confuse-temperature-and-heat/

2. Temperature of the object

A 300 Kelvin coffee has more thermal
energy than a 50Kelvin iced tea provided
that they have the same number of
particles and same phases. Coffee has
higher kinetic energy and its molecules
http://www.gcestudybuddy.com/using-word-documents/heat-and-temperature
move faster.
•If heat is added to an object, the particles
of the object gain kinetic energy and they
move faster. Since temperature is directly
related to kinetic energy, any gain in kinetic
energy would cause the temperature to
increase.
•Conversely, if heat is transferred or
removed from an object, it loses kinetic
energy, its particles move slower and the body’s
temperature decreases.
 How do you
determine the
temperature of an
object?
Thermometer
- is a sealed glass tube
containing mercury and
with an imprinted
temperature scale.
- The mercury expands or
contracts, causing it to
move up or down when
there are changes in the
temperature.
- Grand Duke of Tuscany,
Ferdinand II, invented the
most common type of
thermometer, liquid-in
glass thermometer, in
1650.
Temperature Scales
Scale Year Freezing Boiling
point Point
Having 100 intervals between
Celsius 1741 0 0C 100 0C two reference points.

0
Fahrenheit 1724 32 F 212 0 F Having 180 intervals between
two reference points.

Kelvin 273 K 373 K

 PHASE CHANGES
Each state of matter is called a
PHASE
 Phase change:
•The process is REVERSIBLE,
-physical change that occurs
when a substance changes
from one STATE to another.
 Temperature and
Phase Change
•The temperature of a
substance does NOT
CHANGE during a
phase change.
 Energy and
Phase Change
•Energy is either ABSORBED
or released during a phase
change.
Endothermic
•Energy ABSORBED
(energy IN)
Exothermic
•Energy RELEASED
(energy OUT)
MELTING
Solid to liquid
VAPORIZATION
Liquid to Gas
• Boiling
• Evaporation
SUBLIMATION
Solid to Gas
FREEZING
Liquid to Solid
CONDENSATION
Gas to Liquid
DEPOSITION
Gas to Solid
The term change of phase means the same thing as the term change of state. The change of phase
always occurs with a change of heat. However, the temperature does not change. When we heat a
solid, the energy supplied is used to increase the kinetic energy of its molecules, and thereby its
temperature increases. Energy is required to melt a solid, because the cohesive forces between
molecules must be partially overcome to allow the molecules to move about. There is no
temperature change until a phase change is complete. i.e. during phase change, the energy
supplied is used only to separate the molecules ; no part of it is used to increase the kinetic energy
of the molecules. So its temperature will not rise, since kinetic energy of molecules remains the
same.
Expansion and Contraction
• Contract: Decrease in volume
• Expand: Increase in volume

• Temperature changes cause things to expand and contract

• Heated – usually causes expansion

• Cooled – usually causes contraction

• Usually more drastic in gases, then liquids then solids

•The thermometer commonly
available in our schools is the liquid
thermometer, which has a column
of either mercury or alcohol.

•When the thermometer is placed in

contact with any object the mercury
column either rises or drops.
 Now, why does the
liquid inside the tube
of the thermometer
go up or down?
• This happens because the mercury
inside the tube expands or
contracts in response to a
change in temperature.
• When the thermometer bulb is
placed in hot water, the liquid
inside the tube expands. As it
does, it takes more space and so it
goes up the tube.
• When the bulb is placed in cold
water, the liquid contracts and
so it goes down the tube.
•In physics, this is called thermal
expansion, another effect of heat
transfer. But thermal expansion
does not apply only to the liquid
inside the thermometer. In fact, it
applies to almost everything around
us, be it a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
 Application of Thermal
Expansion
Sagging of electrical power lines or
telephone wires on hot days

http://www.electricalengineeringi
nfo.com/2015/01/what-is-sag-
tension-in-electrical-transmission- It is difficult to open a jar that was
lines.html
just taken out of the refrigerator
https://glassbottleo
utlet.com/products
/32-oz-clear-glass-
jar-with-silver-
Expansion Joint on bridges and roads metal-lid-70-470

https://www.brighthube
ngineering.com/building
-construction-
design/64844-all-you-
The scale used is already calibrated
need-to-know-about-
concrete-expansion- to give the exact temperature
joints/
Have you wondered
why some foods
remain hot, longer
than others?

For example: When the

pizza has just been
taken out of the oven,
the filling of the pizza
can burn your tongue
while the crust will not.
• Different substances have
different Capacities of storing
INTERNAL ENERGY.

• It is referred as Heat Capacity.

Amount of heat needed by a
material to increase its
temperature by a degree.
 Longer time to boil

Water If we heat a pot of water, it might take 15 minutes to

raise its temperature to its boiling temperature.
 shorter time to boil

Oil has less

Specific heat
capacity
compared to
water.

Oil If we put the same amount of oil, it may take us a

shorter time boil it. WHY?
• Some objects are easier to heat than
others.
• When heat flows to an object, its Thermal
Energy and Temperature Increase.
• The amount of increase in temperature
depends on:
1. size of object
2. material which the object is made.
It refers to the amount of heat
required to increase the
temperature of one unit mass of a
given material by one Celsius
degree.
 It is suitable as kettle handlers, oven covers and insulators
because a high amount of heat will cause only a small change
in temperature and the material won’t get hot too fast.
It takes the addition of lots of energy to heat up and
the loss of lot of energy to cool down. It takes a lot
of energy to break down the hydrogen bonds.
Therefore, it takes a lot of energy to rearrange water
molecules from one phase to another.
Water as good coolant
for car radiator