Static Electricity

• the result of an imbalance between

negative and positive charges in an
object. These charges can build up
on the surface of an object until
they find a way to be released or
discharged. One way to discharge
them is through a circuit.
Simple circuit/series circuit

Load conductors
(bulb)
Dry cell

Knife
switch
Ammeter
Voltmeter
3 Quantities of Electricity
Electric Current
Voltage (potential difference)
Resistance
Electric circuit
• Any combination of components that permit charges to flow
(current).

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS (BASIC)

• Energy source, power supply
• Conductors
• Load
• Switch
 What is the common thing that is
happening between the two pictures?
Electric Current
(I) is the rate of flow of electric charges from one point to another in
a circuit.

Quantity Symbol: Current, I

Operational Definition: 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑞/𝑡
Units: 1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/second
1A = C/s
 Current

2A 2A 2A

2A 2A 2A
Current- (I) A

Unit: Ampere (A), amp

Andrei Marie Ampere
Contribute to
the theory of
electricity and
magnetism.
It measure electric current
 What makes the charges move in a
closed circuit?
Voltage (potential difference)
The electric pressure that causes current to flow.
It is the difference in energy per unit charge as a
charge moves between two points in the path of
the current.
Voltage (potential difference (V)
Unit: Volts (V) V
It measure voltages.
Alessandro Volta
Invented the
voltaic pile, the
forerunner of
what we now
call the dry cell.
Resistance (R)
The opposition to the flow of electron.
The ability to impede the flow of electrons in
conductors is called electrical resistance.
Resistance
Unit: Ohm (Ω)
 Resistor
A resistor is a component designed to reduce the current.

Resistors are often used with

components that require less
current than is being supplied
to the whole circuit.

Most electronic circuits need to

have resistors to work properly.

Resistors can be produced that reduce the current by

different amounts.
It measure resistance.
George Simon Ohm
Discovered the Ohm’s Law.

Found that there is a direct

proportionality between the
potential difference
(voltage) applied across a
conductor and the resultant
electric current.
Ohm’s Law
RELATIONSHIP
Electric Current
Voltage Ohm’s Law
Resistance
Ohm’s Law
George Simon Ohm
What is the relationship between
Current and Voltage?

Voltage Current

Voltage Current Current is directly

proportional to Voltage.
What is the relationship between
Current and Resistance?

Resistance Current

Resistance Current Current is inversely

proportional to Resistance.
You observed that “keeping
the number of dry cells the
same”, adding more bulbs
resulted in a decrease in
current (the brightness of
the bulb keep on decreasing
as more bulbs are added).

Since adding more bulbs

means increasing the
resistance in the circuit, it
can be inferred that the
resistance limits the current
in the circuit.
It showed that for
a fixed resistance
(one bulb), as the
voltage increases,
the current also
increases
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law is a formula that links voltage, current and resistance.
Resistance is measured in ohms ().
It is used to determine the current passing through an object of
resistance R when the voltage V is placed across the object.

voltage = current × resistance

V=I×R
Depending on the values given,
the formula can be used to
calculate voltage, current and
resistance in a circuit.
What two other equations could
you write from this Ohm’s law
formula triangle?
What does Ohm’s law mean?
These three equations can be derived from the Ohm’s law formula
triangle. But what do they actually mean?

If the voltage increases, then either the current

V=I×R flowing through a material or the resistance will
also be increased.

The resistance of a material is constant for a given

R = V/I temperature, which means that current and voltage
must be proportional.
For a low resistance material, more current is
allowed to flow for a given voltage. For a high
I = V/R
resistance material, less current will flow at the
same voltage.
What is the relationship between
Current and Resistance?

Resistance Current

Resistance Current Current is inversely

proportional to Resistance.
DID YOU KNOW?
Electrical impulses
Brain and other organs.
SINOATRIAL NODE
Defibrillator
1. What does Ohm's Law describe?
a) How to bake a cake
b) The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance
c) The speed of light

2. What is the unit of measurement for electrical resistance?

a) Volts
b) Ohms
c) Amps

3. If the voltage across a resistor is 12 volts, and the current passing through it is
3 amperes, what is the resistance?
a) 4 ohms c) 12 ohms
b) 9 ohms d) 36 ohms
4. If you double the voltage across a resistor while keeping the
resistance constant, what happens to the current?
a) It remains the same
b) It decreases
c) It doubles
d) It becomes zero

5. If the resistance in a circuit increases, and the voltage remains the

same, what happens to the current?
a) It increases
b) It remains the same
c) It decreases
d) It becomes infinite
6. What is the formula for Ohm's Law?
a) V = I + R
b) P = VI
c) V = IR
d) I = VR

7. If the current in a circuit is 5 amperes, and the resistance is 10

ohms, what is the voltage?
a) 15 volts
b) 50 volts
c) 0.5 volts
d) 2 volts
8. Which component of Ohm's Law states that the current is inversely
proportional to the resistance in a circuit, assuming the voltage is
constant?
a) V c) R
b) I d) P
9. What is the usual symbol for electrical resistance?
a) A c) V
b) R d) W
10. Ohm's Law is named after whom?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Thomas Edison
c) Georg Ohm
d) Benjamin Franklin
Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit
Simple Electric Circuit

Schematic Diagram of
Simple Circuit
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Series Circuit
1A 1A 1A

1A 1A 1A 1A
Series Circuit
The current in Series Circuit takes only one
path, passing through the two bulbs. When one
bulb is unscrewed or removed, a gap is created.

A gap or a break anywhere in the path stops the

flow of charges and therefore no current passes
through to the other bulb.
A Parallel 2A 2A
Circuit

4A 2A 4A 4A

2A 2A
Parallel Circuit
In Parallel Circuit , the
current can take two paths -
one path for each bulb.
When one bulb is unscrewed
or removed, the other bulb is
still part of a complete circuit
and remains lighted.
Series Circuit
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Parallel Circuit
SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT in terms
of Current, Voltage and Resistance.
CURRENT VOLTAGE RESISTANCE
(I) (V) (R)
Unit: Ampere Unit: Volts Unit: Ohms
SERIES The same throughout It is distributed to Increases with
CIRCUIT the circuit each component increasing load.
load

PARALLEL It is distributed to The same Decreasing with

CIRCUIT each component throughout the increasing load.
load circuit
Fuse
A fuse is a safety
device that protects an
electric cable from
overheating so that the
insulation does not
catch fire.