Calorimetry

Sunday, 24 September 2023 12:42 pm

CALORIMETRY - the study of heat transfer during physical and chemical processes.

○ Calorimeter - a device for measuring energy transferred as heat.

○ From the Latin calor, meaning heat.

HEAT - the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.

TEMPERATURE - a measure of the thermal energy.

HEAT CAPACITY (C) - the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance
by one degree Celsius (J/°C).

○ Molar Heat Capacity (J/mol°C) - heat capacity per mole of a substance.

○ Specific Heat (J/g°C) - heat capacity per gram of substance.

SPECIFIC HEAT (c) - in addition, it relates to the heat absorbed or released (q), mass (m),
and the change in temperature (∆T).

UNITS OF ENERGY

○ 1 BTU (British Thermal Unit) - the amount of heat needed to raise 1 pound of
water by 1 degrees Fahrenheit.

○ 1 Calorie (food) = 1000 calories (science)

○ 1 calorie = 4.184 J (joules)
○ 1 kwh = 3.6 x 106 J
○ Specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g°C

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CONSTANT VOLUME VS. CONSTANT PRESSURE CALORIMETRY

○ Constant volume calorimetry measures the INTERNAL ENERGY change (∆U)

between reactant and products. Example is a bomb calorimeter.

○ Constant pressure calorimetry measures directly the ENTHALPY change (∆H)

during the reaction. Example is a coffee cup calorimeter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF METAL

- In the experiment a coffee cup calorimeter was used. This is because coffee cups
made of Styrofoam are poor conductors of heat, thus there is very little heat transfer to
the surroundings.

- The metal is heated to known temperature and placed in the calorimeter containing a
known quantity of water at a known temperature.

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 - Heat flows from the hot substance into a the cooler water, until the sample temperature
and the water temperature become equal. The final temperature will be somewhere in
between the initial of the two substances.

CONSTANT-PRESSURE CALORIMETRY

csystem ● msystem ● ∆Tsystem = - csurroundings ● msurr ● ∆Tsurr

or

q lost by the metal = -q gained by the water

cmetal ● mmetal ● ∆Tmetal = - cwater ● mwater ● ∆Twater

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

○ Energy can be converted from one form to the another, but cannot be created or
destroyed.

○ Also known as the "Law of Conservation of Energy"

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 ○ Also known as the "Law of Conservation of Energy"

○ Energy of universe is constant

∆Esystem + ∆Esurroundings = 0

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

○ If the SYSTEM gains heat, then the SURROUNDINGS loses heat. It is a

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION.

Reactant + Energy -----> Product

○ If the SYSTEM loses heat, then the SURROUNDINGS gains heat. It is a

EXOTHERMIC REACTION.

Reactant -----> Product + Energy

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