VIETNAM AVIATION ACADEMY

FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

----

Student: MAI UYÊN NHI

Code: 2252210068 Class: 010100093702

ESSAY ON
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC

TOPIC:
WORD FORMATION

MAJOR: LINGUISTICS INTRODUCTION

Code: 010100093702
Lecturer: Nguyễn Kim Loan , PH.D
VAA, 17 Oct 2023

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 Table of Contents
1.ABTRACT ............................................................................................... 2
2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 3
3. ORIGIN, MEANING AND GENERAL VIEW OF WORD
FORMATION............................................................................................. 3
3.1. WHAT IS WORD FORMATION ................................................................... 3
3.2. ROLE OF WORD FORMATION IN LANGUAGES. ......................................... 4
4.MULTIPLE PROCESSES ..................................................................... 4
4.1. MEANING OF MULTIPLE PROCESSES ....................................................... 4
4.2 HOW TO CREATE MULTIPLE PROCESSES WORD........................................ 4
4.3 MECHANISMS, STRATEGIES .................................................................... 5
Phonological processes: .............................................................................. 5
Morphological processes: ............................................................................ 5
Syntactic processes: ..................................................................................... 5
Semantic processes: ..................................................................................... 5
5. SOME EXAMPLE ................................................................................. 6
6.PERSPECTIVES ABOUT MULTIPLE PROCESSES IN WORD
FORMATION............................................................................................. 7
7. CONCLUSION. ...................................................................................... 7
8. SOURCE ................................................................................................. 7

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 1. Abstract
This essay covers information from the topic including word structure and
work into words. However, in this essay we only focus mainly on the
multiple process part of word formation. After the essay, you will have a
more in-depth and comprehensive view of multiple processes in languages.
The essay will include a general introduction to word formation, in
addition to additional information about the origin, meaning and overview
of this topic. At the main point, we will focus on learning about multiple
processes through sections such as meaning, how to create multiple
processes word, mechanism and strategies. Finally the essay will end with
examples and cnclusion.

2. Introduction
The creation of new words in a language never stops and English is one
language that is particularly fond of adding to its large vocabulary.
Traditionally, we would check in a dictionary to be sure that we were using
the right word, with correct spelling, but technological advances have
provided us with programs that do the checking for us, or, even more
insidiously, as in the situation described by Mary Norris, try to choose the
words for us. Unfortunately, at the moment, these programs do not seem to
have any way of knowing if the words that are chosen are appropriate or if
it is quite normal to send someone a communication out of the blue that
reads “cute nachos.” In this chapter, we won’t solve the problem of
inappropriate choice of words, but we will look in some detail at how those
words came to be part of the language.
The scope of essay: This essay analyzes the word formation part
but is limited to focusing only on the multiple processes part including the
following ideas: meaning, the ways the create multiple word processes,
mechanism and strategies

3. Origin, meaning and general view of word formation

3.1. What is Word formation
Word formation, also known as word formation or word construction, is a
fundamental process in language linked to the creation of new words from
existing words. It is a dynamic aspect of geometry, the study of the internal
structure of words and how they are formed. Word formation explores the

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various mechanisms and rules by which speakers combine morphemes (the
smallest meaningful units) to create new words (individual words).
The study of word formation provides insight into how language expands
its vocabulary, adapts to changing needs, and conveys nuanced attitudinal
meanings. By understanding the principles behind word formation,
linguists can analyze the complex ways languages create new words,
including adding prefixes, suffixes, infixes, compounding, and mixing. ,
conversion and other processes.

3.2. Role of word formation in languages.

Word formation plays an important role in linguistic productivity, allowing
speakers to express new concepts, adapt to technological advances, and
reflect cultural and social changes. It allows the creation of specialized
terms, slang and new words, contributing to the diversity and development
of the language.
In this exploration of word formation, we will delve into the different
techniques used in languages to create new words, examine the basic
principles that guide these processes, and evaluate appreciate the rich and
creative nature of language as it continually shapes and expands its
vocabulary.

4.Multiple processes
4.1. Meaning of multiple processes
When a new word is formed in many ways, that word is formed in a
method called Multiple process. A new word can be configured into 1, 2 or
more of the methods mentioned above. Take the word “decaf” (decaf
coffee) to illustrate this process:
• Decaf was born by cutting the phrase “decaf coffee”.(Decaffeinated
coffee)
• Decaffeinated is created from the root Caffeine (the name of a stimulant)
through the Derivative method by adding the prefix De- and the suffixes -
ate, -ed.
Therefore, the word Decaf is created through two methods (many
processes), Clipping and Derivation

4.2 How to create multiple processes word.

A word can be created through more than one of the above-mentioned
processes.

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 Excerpt 8 applied multiple process that consists of acronyms and
compounding processes in the word DIY Notebook. An acronym is a word
formation process in which the initial letters of a group of words are taken
to form a new word (Yule, 2010; Bauer 1983, as cited in Danks, 2003).
Meanwhile, compounding is the joining of words to create a single word,
like the word girlfriend. The acronym DIY (V Do Det + It Det + Yourself)
and the compounding word notebook (N note + N book) were merged to
form this application name. These two words were combined to form a
new word DIY Notebook which means a notebook for creating our own
craft. In this case, the interconnection between the name and the
application itself is that it is used for making DIY notebooks from scratch
in which we are the artist of the creation that we make. Hence, acronym
and compounding processes were merged to form a single word DIY
Notebook to name this application.

4.3 Mechanisms, strategies

In linguistics, the concept of multiple processes refers to various
mechanisms or strategies employed by speakers to manipulate or transform
language elements. These processes can occur at different levels of
linguistic analysis, such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Here are a few examples:

 Phonological processes:
Phonological processes involve modifications to sounds in a language.
Some common examples include assimilation (when a sound becomes
more similar to its neighboring sound), deletion (omitting certain sounds),
insertion (adding extra sounds), and metathesis (rearranging the order of
sounds).
 Morphological processes:
Morphological processes focus on the structure and formation of words.
Examples include affixation (adding prefixes or suffixes to derive new
words), compounding (combining two or more words to form a single
word), derivation (forming new words through the addition of affixes), and
inflection (modifying words to indicate grammatical information like tense
or number).

 Syntactic processes:
Syntactic processes involve the arrangement and combination of words to
create meaningful sentences. Processes such as movement (rearranging

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 constituents for emphasis or question formation), coordination (combining
clauses or phrases using conjunctions), and subordination (creating
complex sentences with subordinate clauses) are commonly observed in
syntax.

 Semantic processes:
Semantic processes deal with meaning in language. Examples include
metaphor (using one concept to describe another in a figurative way),
metonymy (referring to something closely associated with the intended
referent), and hyperbole (exaggerating for rhetorical effect). Semantic
processes also involve processes like synonymy, antonymy, and
hyponymy, which establish relationships between words based on their
meanings.
These linguistic processes are vital in understanding how languages
function and evolve. They demonstrate how speakers manipulate and adapt
language elements to express themselves effectively and convey meaning
within a given linguistic system.

5.Some example
The term deli seems to have become a common American English
expression via a process of first borrowing delicatessen (from German) and
then clipping that borrowed form.
If someone says that problems with the project have snowballed, the final
word can be analyzed as an example of compounding in which snow and
ball were combined to form the noun snowball, which was then turned into
a verb through conversion.
Forms that begin as acronyms can also go through other processes,
as in the use of lase as a verb, the result of backformation from laser. In the
expression waspish attitudes, the acronym WASP (“white Anglo-Saxon
Protestant”) has lost its capital letters and gained a suffix (-ish) in the
derivation process.
An acronym that never seems to have had capital letters comes from
“young urban professional,” plus the -ie suffix, as in hypocorism, to
produce the word yuppie (first recorded in 1984). The formation of this
new word, however, was helped by a quite different process, known
simply as analogy, whereby new words are formed that are similar in some
way to existing words.
Yuppie was made possible as a new word by analogy with the earlier word
hippie and another short-lived analogy yippie. The word yippie also had an

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acronym basis (“youth international party”) and was used for some
students in the USA who were protesting against the war in Vietnam. One
joke has it that yippies just grew up to be yuppies. And the process
continues. Another analogy, with the word yap
(“to make shrill noises”), helped label some of the noisy young
professionals as yappies.
Many of these new words can, of course, have a very brief life-span.
Perhaps the generally accepted test of the “arrival” of recently formed
words in a language is their published appearance in a dictionary.

6.Perspectives about multiple processes in word formation.

Word formation brings many benefits in language use, it makes vocabulary
more diverse through borrowing, compound, especially multiple processes,
making sentences have depth and many layers of meaning.
However, new additions can sometimes lead to protests from some
conservative voices, as Noah Webster found when his first dictionary,
published in 1806, was criticized for citing words like advocate and test as
verbs, and for including such “vulgar” words as advisory and presidential.
It would seem that Noah had a keener sense than his critics of which new
word forms in the language was going to last.

7. Conclusion.
Whether its effects are good or bad, we cannot deny that the formation of
this word is extremely popular today, especially among young people.
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn as follows:Short
message service (SMS) styles are usually used by people to communicate
or share information to their friends. They share it via mobile phone. They
unfold and apply new styles so that they may have the same understanding
among one and another. The more they send messages, the more they
apply different styles, as there are six styles of SMS.The writers conclude
that the percent of SMS communication used in multiple processes is 20%
Out of all word formations that are used in text messaging, clipping is
frequently used process in text messaging

8.Source
[1] Inggriani. (2008). An Analysis of Word Formation Process used in
Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Padang: Universitas Andalas.

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[2] Yule, G. (1985). The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[3] Jannedy, S., et al. (1991). Language Files: Materials for an Introduction
to Language & Linguistics. Columbus: Ohio State University
https://zim.vn/word-formation-processes

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