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CHAPTER 2

The Financial System and the Economy

TEACHING OBJECTIVES

Goals of Part 1: Money and the Financial System

A. Introduce basic ideas behind bond, stock and other financial markets (Chapter 2), money and the
payments system (Chapter 3), the present-value formula (Chapter 4), the structure of interest rates
(Chapter 5), real interest rates (Chapter 6), and stocks and other assets (Chapter 7).

Goals of Chapter 2

A. Show how the financial system matches borrowers and lenders.

B. Investigate the role of financial securities.
C. Describe the basic workings of financial intermediaries.
D. Show how supply and demand determine the financial system.
E. Discuss the consequences of failures of the financial system.
F. Describe the major attributes of financial securities that investors care about.

TEACHING NOTES

A. Introduction
 1. Borrowing and lending is valuable to an individual and to the society as a whole
2. The financial system consists of securities, intermediaries, and markets that exist to match
savers and borrowers
3. Figure 2.1 illustrates the components of financial system
4. This chapter introduces the financial system and explains why it is an essential part of a well-
functioning economy
B. Financial Securities
Definition of Financial Securities
1. Debt and Equity
a) Define a debt security and an equity security (stock)
b) How much debt and equity exist in the U.S.? Use Figure 2.2
c) Who issues debt and equity? Use Figure 2.3
d) Who owns debt and equity? Define investor and use Figure 2.4
2. Differences Between Debt and Equity
a) Maturity; define principal
b) Type of payment being made (interest versus dividends)
c) Bankruptcy
d) Use Table 2.1 for the differences between debt and equity
e) Differences exist because borrowers and lenders have different needs
C. Matching Borrowers with Lenders
1. Direct versus Indirect Finance
a) Definitions
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Chapter 2: The Financial System and the Economy 11

b) Example; use Figure 2.5 for the differences between direct and indirect finance
2. Financial Intermediaries
a) Different types
b) How average people use them
3. Functions of Financial Intermediaries
a) Help savers through diversification
b) Pool funds of many people
c) Take short-term deposits and make long-term loans
d) Gather information
e) Reduce the costs of financial transactions
D. Financial Markets
1. The Structure of Financial Markets
a) What is a financial market?
b) Do financial markets have a physical location?
c) Markets for new securities (primary market) and existing securities (secondary market); use
Figure 2.6
2. How Financial Markets Determine Prices of Securities
a) Supply and demand determine prices
b) Examples of determining equilibrium; use Figure 2.7
c) Prices of securities affected by changes in supply and demand; use Figure 2.8
E. The Financial System
1. The Financial System and Economic Growth
a) Firms need to borrow to grow
b) A country with an efficient financial system makes loans available to firms, so they can grow
c) The strength of a country’s financial system is correlated with its growth rate
2. What Happens When the Financial System Works Poorly?
a) The Asian Crisis
(1) The poor performance of Asian economies, beginning in 1997, was caused by a number
of problems and exacerbated by weak accounting systems
(2) Good accounting standards are needed so investors can assess the value of their securities
b) The Savings and Loan Crisis
(1) U.S. savings and loan (S&L) institutions began failing in large numbers in the 1980s
(2) S&L losses were magnified when the government failed to close bankrupt S&Ls
c) Mortgages and Housing
(1) Home ownership is easy to obtain in the United States because the financial system is well
developed
(2) In countries with less developed financial systems, homeownership is more difficult,
requiring greater savings, so people do not own homes until later in their lives
(3) Since 2008, it has become difficult for prospective home buyers to obtain a mortgage loan.
d) The Financial Crisis of 2008
(1) The expectation of constantly rising housing prices was caused in part by subprime
lending
(2) When home prices dropped in 2007, the market for mortgage-backed securities crashed
(3) A global financial crisis required governments and central banks to provide bailouts
(4) Unregulated financial firms need to be prevented from growing so large that they are too
big to fail; government regulators need to respond more quickly to risky financial practices
(5) Dodd-Frankly Act gave more power to government regulators
F. Application to Everyday Life: What Do Investors Care About?

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Chapter 2: The Financial System and the Economy 12

1. Five Determinants of Investors’ Decisions

a) Expected Return
(1) Definition of expected return
(2) Define return
(3) Return equals current yield plus capital-gains yield; define current yield, capital gain,
and capital-gains yield
(4) Numerical examples of return, current yield, and capital-gains yield
(5) General formula for expected return
b) Risk
(1) Causes of uncertainty about return
(a) Default by issuer of debt security; use Data Bank: Default Risk on Debt
(b) Unexpected change in dividend paid on equity
(c) Change in the price of the security
(d) Unexpected change in the inflation rate; use Data Bank: How Much Risk Do Investors
Face from Inflation?
(2) Quantify risk by standard deviation
(a) General formula for standard deviation
(b) Numerical examples
c) Liquidity
(1) Definition: ease of buying or selling securities at low transaction cost
(2) Marketable versus nonmarketable securities
d) Taxes
(1) Define after-tax expected return
(2) Investors seek to reduce tax burden
e) Maturity
(1) Many investors favor securities with shorter times to maturity
(2) Long-term securities must usually offer a higher expected return than short-term securities
2. Choosing a Financial Investment Portfolio
a) Definition of portfolio
b) Need to examine risk of entire portfolio, taken together, not just individual security
c) Idiosyncratic risk (unsystematic risk): risk that can be eliminated by diversification
d) Market risk (systematic risk): risk that cannot be eliminated by diversification
e) No portfolio is right for everyone; a person who is less risk-averse should hold a riskier
portfolio than someone who is very risk-averse
G. Data Bank: Default Risk on Debt
1. Debt ratings indicate the riskiness of different debt securities
2. Lower rated debt pays higher interest rates in the market; use Figure 2.A
3. The difference in interest rates between debts with different ratings gets larger in recessions; use
Figure 2.B
H. Data Bank: How Much Risk Do Investors Face from Inflation?
1. Inflation is sometimes difficult to predict
2. Data on economists’ expectations of inflation shows that their forecasts are often far from the
forecasted mark, especially when inflation rises or falls sharply; use Figure 2.C
3. For the past decade, the forecasts have been fairly accurate

ADDITIONAL ISSUES FOR CLASSROOM DISCUSSION

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Chapter 2: The Financial System and the Economy 13

1. Add a more detailed discussion of diversification. You could start by asking this question: Why is it
usually better for an investor to own 100 different stocks rather than one? Then you could cite
research that suggests that having about twenty stocks from different industries reduces most ofthe
idiosyncratic risk to a portfolio.

2. To expand on the discussion of risk and return, you can draw bell-shaped curves that describe the
distribution of returns to a stock. After drawing the basic curve, you can illustrate a variety of
concepts. Show a mean-preserving spread by drawing two distributions with the same expected
return but different risks, and ask which one an investor would prefer. Then show that if the
security with more risk has a higher expected return; some investors will prefer one and other
investors will prefer the other.

3. You can introduce the idea of a portfolio-possibilities line by drawing a diagram showing risk on the
horizontal axis and expected return on the vertical axis. The upward sloping portfolio-possibilities
line shows the trade-off that investors face between risk and expected return. Some investors will
prefer to be on the left side of the line, with low risk and low expected return; other investors will
prefer to be further to the right on the line, accepting greater risk in return for increased expected
return. No spot on the line is correct for everyone; a person’s preference towards risk determines
her or his optimal position.

SOLUTIONS TO TEXTBOOK NUMERICAL

EXERCISES AND ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

Numerical Exercises

11. a. The expected return to Uninvest is

E = p 1X 1 + p 2X 2
= (0.10 × 0.20) + (0.90 × 0.07)
= 0.02 + 0.063
= 0.083
= 8.3%.

The expected return to Speculate is

E= p 1X 1 + p 2X 2
= (0.50 × 0.00) + (0.50 × 0.50)
= 0.00 + 0.25
= 0.25
= 25%

b. The standard deviation of the return to Uninvest is

S = [p1(X1 − E)2 + p2(X2 − E)2]1/2

= {[0.10 × (0.20 − 0.083)2] + [0.90 × (0.07 − 0.083)2]}1/2
= (0.001369 + 0.000152)1/2
= 0.0015211/2
= 0.039

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Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
Diogĕnia, a daughter of Celeus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――A daughter
of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. Apollodorus.

Diogĕnus, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander.

Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Diognetus, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy,

and in writing dialogues.

Diŏmēda, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos,

to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9,
li. 661.――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

Diŏmēdes, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one of
the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged
Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much
military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the
temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of
Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of
Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed in
Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the
Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot
her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her
servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to
the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded in
the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was highly
displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country,
which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to
take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little
contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which
has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city called Argyripa,
and married the daughter of Daunus the king of the country. He died
there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he
perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly
lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were
changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a
neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the
tameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror
with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds
of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of
 which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 756;
bk. 11, li. 243, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 10.—
Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Hyginus, fables 97, 112, &
113.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.――A king of Thrace, son of Mars
and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the
labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly the hero,
attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, and
gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had fed so
barbarously. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.—
Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A friend of Alcibiades. Plutarch,
Alcibiades.――A grammarian.

Diŏmēdon, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at

Arginusæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 19.――A man of Cyzicus, in the
interest of Artaxerxes. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and

abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him,
together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to
reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His great
popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who
banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and
encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his
enemy, he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the
port of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced
under his power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years,
and which was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and
10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in
his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends
of Dionysius. He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered
by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354
years before the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four
years after his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally
lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his
memory. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Cornelius Nepos, Life of Dion.――A
town of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.――Cassius, a native
of Nicæa in Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was
raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax
and his three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved
himself by unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting
 materials for a history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books,
after a laborious employment of 12 years in composing it. This
valuable history began with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was
continued down to the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The
34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and
fragments are all that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of
his extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a
model; but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure
and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his
reflections learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the
bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the
republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of
Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents him
as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the
230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works is that of
Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――A famous christian
writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &c.

Diōnæa, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and

Done.

Diōne, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of

Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however,
gives Venus a different origin. See: Venus. Venus is herself
sometimes called Dione. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 19.—Homer, Iliad,
bk. 5, li. 381.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 86.

Dionȳsia, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form

and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a
certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis,
the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated by
the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with
more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other part
of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the Archon
assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated were
honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games. At first
they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time was
consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of wine
adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a basket of
figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their dress and
actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed
themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they carried thyrsi,
drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of
ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the
uncouth manner of their dress, and their fantastical motions. Some
rode upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaughter for the
sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran
about the hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing in
ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and
shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io
Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were the festivals of
Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Athenians. In one
of these there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels,
one of which contained water. After these came a select number of
noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled with all sorts of
fruits. This was the most mysterious part of the solemnity. Serpents
were sometimes put in the baskets, and by their wreathing and
crawling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the
virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at the end of
which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these men, who were
called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets, and their
faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs upon
the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to the
φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with
white striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were
decked with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed
of flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken
man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called
λικνοφοροι, who carried the λικνον or musical van of Bacchus;
without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were
celebrated with due solemnity, and on that account the god is often
called λικνιτης. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable.
The name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at
Limnæ in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were 14 women
called γεραιραι, venerable. They were appointed by one of the
archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath
before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all
pollution.――The greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα
κατ’ ἀστυ, as being celebrated within the city, were the most
famous. They were supposed to be the same as the
preceding.――The less Dionysia, sometimes called τα κατ’
ἀργους, because celebrated in the country, or ληναια, from ληνος,
a wine-press, were, to all appearance, a preparation for the greater
festivals. They were celebrated in autumn.――The Dionysia
βραυρωνια, observed at Brauron in Attica, were a scene of
lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――The Dionysia
νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus
Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done
during the celebration.――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια, because
human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests
imitated the eating of raw flesh, were celebrated with much
solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness
of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned
insanity.――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in
Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of
Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they
celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators
with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides
these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every
three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus
instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in
which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every
fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――All
these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by the
Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the
corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also
introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the
Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during
the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure
actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity,
called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls
Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made a
strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms
of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was practised
with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either sex, were
beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and the
Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the
 senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not
with such licentiousness as before. Euripides, Bacchæ.—Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 11, li. 737.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

Diŏnȳsiădes, two small islands near Crete.――Festivals in honour of

Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Diŏnȳsias, a fountain. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

Diŏnysides, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

Diŏnȳsiodōrus, a famous geometer. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 109.――A

Bœotian historian. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A Tarentine, who obtained
a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

Dionȳsion, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Dionȳsipŏlis, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Dionȳsius I., or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized

himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the
Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his
hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself
in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of the
soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed eternal
enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in his wars
against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and
his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and
repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors, for the
poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was
received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so
unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged
to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than
all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His
tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his
subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife
or children to his private apartment without a previous examination
of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always
burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be
still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in
height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The
sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one
common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining
room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear
whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had
confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been employed
in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for
fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such uncommon
construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were
as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden mantle
from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had a
covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and
he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius of his
golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an
indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of 38
years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner of his death,
and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose
that the tyrant invented the catapulta, an engine which proved of
infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts and stones in
the time of a siege. Diodorus, bks. 13, 15, &c.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1,
&c.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—
Plutarch, Diodorus.――The second of that name, surnamed the
younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He succeeded his father
as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, he
invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for
a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme
power, and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion.
Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and
publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account of his great
popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his
wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was
highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected some forces in
Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and
expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. See: Dion. Dionysius retired to Locri,
where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by
the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years after his expulsion, but
his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, under conduct of
Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where
to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might
still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men,
that he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said that he died
from excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own
composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was
as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of
restraining his power. This was seen and remarked by the old man,
who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some
of his old subjects, asked him, with the greatest indignation, whether
he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger
days? “No,” answered the son, “because you were not the son of a
king.” “Well, my son,” replied the old man, “never shalt thou be the
father of a king.” Justin, bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 15,
&c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 8.—Quintilian, bk. 8, ch. 6.—
Cornelius Nepos, Dion.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5,
ch. 2.――An historian of Halicarnassus, who left his country and
came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek
and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history.
He formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and
derived much information from their company and conversation.
After an unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the
world his Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first
are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His
composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the
moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology,
and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful
historian, he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated,
and he totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and
disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the
merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his
treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the
eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the
Augustan age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian
era. The best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio,
1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――A tyrant
of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the
death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the
niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such
an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public,
 and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed
himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and
person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was
impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins. He died
in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness
and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subjects. He
left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen-
regent.――A surname of Bacchus.――A disciple of
Chæremon.――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled
κτισεις, or the origin of cities.――A commander of the Ionian fleet
against the Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. Herodotus,
bk. 6, ch. 17.――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――A philosopher
of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279,
in the 81st year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius.――An epic poet of
Mitylene.――A sophist of Pergamus. Strabo, bk. 13.――A writer in
the Augustan age, called Periegetes. He wrote a very valuable
geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best
edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the
scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――A christian writer,
A.D. 492, called Areopagita. The best edition of his works is that of
Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――The music master of
Epaminondas. Cornelius Nepos.――A celebrated critic. See:
Longinus.――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――A Messenian
madman, &c. Plutarch, Alexander.――A native of Thrace, generally
called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some
grammatical treatises and commentaries, B.C. 64. Strabo,
bk. 14.――A painter of Colophon.

Diŏphănes, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league.

Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 30.――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias
Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.

Diŏphantus, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the

service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A Greek
orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. Cicero,
Brutus.――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote
13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the
best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died in his
84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him
in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.
Diopœnus, a noble sculptor of Crete. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 4.

Diopŏlis, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey.

Strabo, bk. 12.

Diōres, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the

games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

Dioryctus, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω),

to make Leucadia an island. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Dioscorĭdes, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and

Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was
originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and
wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is that
of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――A man who wrote an
account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――A nephew of Antigonus.
Diodorus, bk. 19.――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of
Ptolemy Philadelphus.――A disciple of Isocrates.――An astrologer
sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. Cæsar, Civil War,
bk. 3, ch. 109.

Dioscorĭdis insula, an island situate at the south of the entrance of the

Arabic gulf, and now called Socotra.

Dioscūri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given to Castor and Pollux. There

were festivals in their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by the
people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were
observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of
the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which
wrestling matches always made a part.

Dioscurias, a town of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

Diospăge, a town of Mesopotamia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Diospŏlis, or Thebæ, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called

Hecatompylos. See: Thebæ.
Diotīme, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates
attended. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Diotīmus, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. Polyænus,

bk. 5.――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

Diotrephes, an Athenian officer, &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 75.

Dioxippe, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers

in a fury, &c. Ælian.――An Athenian boxer, &c. Diodorus,
bk. 17.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Dipæa, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the

Arcadians and Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Diphĭlas, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenian

faction there. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A governor of Babylon in the
interest of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――An historian.

Dīphĭlus, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――An architect so slow in

finishing his works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. Cicero,
Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.――A tragic writer.

Diphorĭdas, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Dipœnæ, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Dipŏlis, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and

Myrina.

Dipsas (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. Lucan,

bk. 8, li. 255.――(adis), a profligate and incontinent woman
mentioned by Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 8.――A kind of serpent.
Lucan, bk. 9.

Dipylon, one of the gates of Athens.

Diræ, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of
the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they are
called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven. They
 were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in an attitude
which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power
of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most excruciating
punishments. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8, li. 701.

Dirce, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had

divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce
suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned
Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope
escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and
Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of
the cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged
Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a
wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed
her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate, changed
her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to
some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus before
she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. See:
Amphion, Antiope. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.—Pausanias,
bk. 9, ch. 26.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 57.—Lucan, bk. 3,
li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.

Dircenna, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50,
li. 17.

Dirphyia, a surname of Juno, from Dirphya, a mountain of Bœotia,

where the goddess had a temple.

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The
inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity.
Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 84.

Discordia, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis,

the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter,
because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of
continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were
celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming
neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of the
assembly of the gods, with the inscription of detur pulchriori. This
apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to
the Greeks. See: Paris. She is represented with a pale, ghastly look,
 her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a dagger
concealed in her bosom. Her head is generally entwined with
serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed to be the
cause of all dissensions, murders, wars, and quarrels which arise
upon earth, public as well as private. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 702.—
Hesiod, Theogony, li. 225.—Petronius.

Dithyrambus, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his

honour were called Dithyrambics. Horace, bk. 4, ode 2.

Dittani, a people of Spain.

Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after
death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and
other domestic gods.

Divitiăcus, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. Cicero bk. 1, de

Divinatione.

Dium, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. Pliny, bk. 31,
ch. 2.――A promontory of Crete.――A town of Macedonia. Livy,
bk. 44, ch. 7.

Divodurum, a town of Gaul, now Metz in Lorrain.

Divus Fidius, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome. Dionysius

of Halicarnassus.

Diyllus, an Athenian historian. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A statuary.

Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

Doberes, a people of Pæonia. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 16.

Docĭlis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

Docĭmus, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip

son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. Polyænus,
bk. 4.――An officer of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――An officer
of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Dōdōna, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in

Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called
Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the
god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was
supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and according
to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was
founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight
from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of
Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human
voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had
consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The
extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed
with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by
the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This
fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by
Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried away two
priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at
Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be
observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double
meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies doves in most parts of
Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies old women. In
ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a
neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed.
Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which
held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was
agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated
the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din
which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the
priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that the noise was
occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak,
which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from
which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with
more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who,
by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to
the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed
with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of
the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams in the
vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against
the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a
stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting
a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at
noonday, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which
 time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual
hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were
originally delivered by men, but afterwards by women. See:
Dodonides. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 57.—Mela,
bk. 2, ch. 3.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14; Iliad.—Pausanias, bk. 7,
ch. 21.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Apollodorus, bk. 1,
ch. 9.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 427.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.

Dōdōnæus, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.

Dōdōne, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――A fountain in the forest

of Dodona. See: Dodona.

Dōdōnĭdes, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in

Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally
inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their
names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis,
Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered
by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter
enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine
honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people
of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for
reasons which Strabo, bk. 9, fully explains.

Doii, a people of Arabia Felix.

Dolabella Publius Cornelius, a Roman who married the daughter of

Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of
Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at
Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron,
though Marcus Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of
Julius Cæsar, he received the government of Syria as his province.
Cassius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the
assassination of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared
an enemy to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in
Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the
27th year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to
his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who
had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――A proconsul of
Africa.――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at
the lake of Vadimonis, B.C. 283.――The family of the Dolabellæ
 distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius
Cornelius, conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.

Dolichaon, the father of the Hebrus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

Dolīche, an island in the Ægean sea. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――A

town of Syria,――of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53.

Dolius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 675.

Dolomēna, a country of Assyria. Strabo, bk. 16.

Dŏlon, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being sent
by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes,
and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with
his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer, Iliad,
bk. 10, li. 314.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 349, &c.――A poet. See:
Susarion.

Dōlonci, a people of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.

Dŏlŏpes, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there,

and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became also
masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks, were fond
of migration. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 7.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 10.—
Livy, bk. 36, ch. 33.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Plutarch, Cimon.

Dŏlŏpia, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the
Achelous flowed.

Dŏlops, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. Homer, Iliad,

bk. 15, li. 525.

Domidūcus, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called
Domiduca, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.

Domīnĭca, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens.

♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’

Domitĭa lex, de Religione, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the
tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from
the college to the people.

Domĭtia Longīna, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She

was the wife of the emperor Domitian.

Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made

himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus, whom,
according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning
of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations
were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to
incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded himself to be
called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him.
He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing
them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a
person who asked him who was with the emperor, “Nobody, not even
a fly.” In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and
his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still
more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even
when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built
a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a
looking-glass whether anybody followed him. All these precautions
were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of
September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his
reign. He was the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for
his love of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the
great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he
displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations of
his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the
senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him,
and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a
funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the
senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He
once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot
might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a
formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they
were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and
lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a
number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some
 one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into
the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches,
and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted
them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man
who, in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his
people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. Suetonius, The Twelve
Caesars.—Eutropius, bk. 7.

Domĭtilla Flavia, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had

Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――A
niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.

Domĭtius Domitiănus, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the

imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the dignity of
emperor for about two years. He died a violent death.――Lucius.
See: Ænobarbus.――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who
conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the
field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――A grammarian in the
reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his
melancholy disposition.――A Roman who revolted from Antony to
Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to
fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――The father of Nero,
famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. Suetonius, Nero.――A
tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges.
Plutarch.――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded
with Alexander king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.――A consul
under Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――A Latin
poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams,
remarkable for little besides their indelicacy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4,
poem 16, li. 5.――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian.
He disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts of
an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul
by Nero, and died A.D. 59.

Ælius Donātus, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――A bishop

of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――A bishop of
Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.

Donilāus, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300

horsemen against Julius Cæsar.
Donūca, a mountain of Thrace. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 57.

Dŏnȳsa, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is found.
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 125.

Doracte, an island in the Persian gulf.

Dōres, the inhabitants of Doris. See: Doris.

Dori and Dorica, a part of Achaia near Athens.

Dorĭcus, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in
general. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 27.

Dorienses, a people of Crete,――of Cyrene.

Dorieus, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily,

because he could not bear to be under his brother at home.
Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16,
&c.――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Dorilas, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. Ovid,

Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 4.

Dorilaus, a general of the great Mithridates.

Dorion, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged

the muses to a trial of skill. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 182.—
Propertius, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 352.

Dōris, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It

received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a
settlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities of
Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained.
To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it
Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of
Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis,
which they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From
thence they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near
the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and
afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established
 Ægimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his
country by the Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of
his patron to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that
part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent
many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as
their native country. The most famous of these is Doris in Asia
Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of
Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after
the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strabo, bk. 9, &c.—Virgil, Æneid,
bk. 2, li. 27.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Herodotus,
bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――A goddess of the sea, daughter of
Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she
had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express
the sea itself. Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.—Virgil, Eclogues,
poem 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 240.――A woman of Locri,
daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married
the same day with Aristomache. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes,
bk. 5.――One of the 50 Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.—
Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 45.

Doriscus, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his
forces. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 59.

Dorium, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――One of

the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Dorius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Dorsennus, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. Pliny,

bk. 14, ch. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.

Dorso Caius Fabius, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession
of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go
and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis.
He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders
the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the
enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had
finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the
enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his
passage or molest his sacrifice. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 46.
Dōrus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of Deucalion,
who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a
settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The
country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodotus,
bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are
called Dorienses. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Doryasus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.

Dŏrȳclus, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war.

Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who
married Beroe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.

Dŏrȳlæum and Dorylæus, a city of Phrygia, now Eski Shehr. Pliny,

bk. 5, ch. 29.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 17.

Dory̆las, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses,

bk. 12, li. 180.

Dory̆lāus, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and

general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. Strabo, bk. 10.

Doryssus, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. Pausanias, bk. 3,

ch. 2.

Dosci, a people near the Euxine.

Dosiadas, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar

(βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated.

Dosiades, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Doson, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never

performed.

Dossēnus, or Dorsennus. See: Dorsennus.

Dotădas, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Doto, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 102.

Dotus, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes.
Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

Doxander, a man mentioned by Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5.

Dracānus, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh.

Theocritus.

Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of

archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the citizens,
which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters
of blood. By them, idleness was punished with as much severity as
murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the
other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain
Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe in his
punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest
transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find
any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws
were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of
their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that
one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco
was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him.
When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated
applauses, and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians,
showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon
him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under
them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens.
Plutarch, Solon.――A man who instructed Plato in music. Plutarch,
de Musica.

Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦ Plato [Comicus], The

Sophists.

♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’

Dracus, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius.

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and

eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent
measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have
 imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the
eloquence of Cicero under this name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 122.

Drangina, a province of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 30.

Drapus, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.

Drĕpăna and Drĕpănum, now Trapani, a town of ♦Sicily near mount

Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, falx).
Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The
Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C.
249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3,
li. 707.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 57.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4,
li. 474.――A promontory of Peloponnesus.

♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.

Drimăchus, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his
head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the
money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the
Chians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as
a god. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Drinus, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.

Driŏpĭdes, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with

Alexander had been violated. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Drios, a mountain of Arcadia.

Droi, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 101.

Dromæus, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

Dropĭci, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

Dropion, a king of Pæonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

Druentius and Druentia, now Durance, a rapid river of Gaul, which
falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. Silius Italicus,
bk. 3, li. 468.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Drugĕri, a people of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Druĭdæ, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and Britons.
They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages,
the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They
were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was
austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to
themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached
a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands,
they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace
at their option. Their power was extended not only over private
families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their
actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had
the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over
their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation.
They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious
ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care.
They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the
immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted with
the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they drew
omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices
they often immolated human victims to their gods, a barbarous
custom which continued long among them, and which the Roman
emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power and
privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their
countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and every
station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as
candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour,
however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few
were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or
20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of
druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς,
an oak, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places of
their residence. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.—Pliny, bk. 16,
ch. 44.—Diodorus, bk. 5.
Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her

debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her
brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a
dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and
commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She
died A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her
brother Caligula, who survived her for some time.――A daughter of
Agrippa king of Judæa, &c.

Drūso, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors,
when they could not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to
draw from them praises and flattery. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.

Drūsus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous by

his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and
Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his
father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine,
proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in
conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch,
A.D. 23.――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed
offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus,
however, effected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined
by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine
days after his confinement, A.D. 33.――A son of the emperor
Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――An
ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his
seditious conduct. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Livius, father of
Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him
after the battle of Philippi. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 71.――Marcus
Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the
Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was
murdered as he entered his house, though he was attended with a
number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege
of Roman citizens, B.C. 190. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4,
♦ ch. 22.――Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia,
adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was
afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars
in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti and Vindelici, and was
 honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 30th
year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and
Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dionysius of
Halicarnassus.――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered
Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.—
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824.――Caius, an historian, who being one
day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of
the house, with his face turned towards the sun.――Marcus, a pretor,
&c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13.――The plebeian
family of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two censors, and one
dictator. The surname of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii,
as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that
name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the
illustrious Romans, and that perhaps more particularly because the
wife of Augustus was of that family.

♦ ‘12’ replaced with ‘22’

Dryădes, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil,
and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries
sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but
as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they
were supposed to preside. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 11.

Dryantiădes, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas.

He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no libations
might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 345.

Dryas, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went with

Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. Statius, Thebiad,
bk. 8, li. 355.――A son of Mars, who went to the chase of the
Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A centaur at the
nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rhœtus. Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 12, li. 296.――A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of
men, that she never appeared in public.――A son of Lycurgus, killed
by his own father in a fury. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A son of
Ægyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Drymæa, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 33.

Drymo, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics,
bk. 4, li. 536.

Drymus, a town between Attica and Bœotia.

Dryŏpe, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade

all the females of the island to murder the men. Flaccus, bk. 2,
li. 174.――A virgin of Œchalia, whom Andræmon married after she
had been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who,
when scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus.
Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 331.――A nymph, mother of
Tarquitus by Faunus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 551.――A nymph of
Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, according to Homer, Hymn 19 to
Pan.

Dryŏpeia, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour of

Dryops the son of Apollo.

♦Dryŏpes, a people of Greece, near mount Œta. They afterwards passed

into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and
Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the
people of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a
town by the name of their ancient habitation Asine. Some of their
descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with
the Ionians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.—Pausanias,
bk. 4, ch. 34.—Strabo, bks. 7, 8, 13.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

♦ ‘Drpŏpes’ replaced with ‘Dryŏpes’

Dryŏpis and Dryŏpĭda, a small country at the foot of mount Œta in

Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to
Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession of
the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histiæotis by the
Cadmeans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 56.

Dryops, a son of Priam.――A son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 4,

ch. 34.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Clausus in Italy. Virgil,
Æneid, bk. 10, li. 346.
Drypĕtis, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to
Hephæstion by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Dubis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river of Gaul, falling into the Saone.

Dubris, a town of Britain, supposed to be Dover.

Ducetius, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440.

Duillia lex, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304. It

made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its
tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause.
Livy, bk. 3, ch. 55.――Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what
interest ought to be paid for money lent.

C. Duillius Nepos, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory

over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the
enemy’s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that
ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting
him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense,
every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in
commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at
Rome which was erected on the occasion. Cicero, de Senectute.—
Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 12.

Dulĭchium, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It was

part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 4, li. 67;
Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 226; Remedia Amoris, li. 272.—Martial,
bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 76.

Dumnōrix, a powerful chief among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1,
ch. 9.

Dunax, a mountain of Thrace.

Duratius Picto, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with the

Roman people. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

Duris, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the life
of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of
Macedonia, &c. Strabo, bk. 1.
Durius, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the Douro, which falls
into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course of
nearly 300 miles. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 234.

Durocasses, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now Dreux.

Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Duronia, a town of the Samnites.

Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. Augustine, The City of God,
bk. 15, ch. 23.

Duumvĭri, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to

keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate of
the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol,
and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but
seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been
defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an
invasion, or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their
original institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was
proposed by the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen
promiscuously from patrician and plebeian families. They were from
their number called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased
them to 15, known by the name of Quindecemviri.――There were
also certain magistrates at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones sive
capitales. They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such
as were accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary,
but Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. For
Rabirius on a Charge of Treason.――Some of the commanders of
the Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there
were two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.――There
were also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates
called Duumviri municipales. They were chosen from the centurions,
and their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at
Rome. They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces.
Their magistracy continued for five years, on which account they
have been called Quinquennales magistratus.

Dyagondas, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices.

Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.
Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.

Dy̆mæ, a town of Achaia. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22.—
Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

Dy̆mæi, a people of Ætolia. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Dy̆mas, a Trojan, who joined himself to Æneas when Troy was taken,
and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an
enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the
Greeks whom he had slain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 340 &
428.――The father of Hecuba. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761.

Dymnus, one of Alexander’s officers. He conspired with many of his

fellow-soldiers against his master’s life. The conspiracy was
discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought
before the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Dȳnămĕne, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 43.

Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Dyras, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount Œta, and falls
into the bay of Malia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 198.

Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 54.

Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that

neighbourhood.

Dyrrhăchium, now Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on

the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623. It was
anciently called Epidammus, which the Romans, considering it of
ominous meaning, changed ♦ into Dyrrhachium. Cicero met with a
♥favourable reception there during his exile. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—
Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Plutarch.—Cicero, bk. 3, Letters to
Atticus, ltr. 22.

♦ ‘intlo’ replaced with ‘into’

♥ ‘favourabe’ replaced with ‘favourable’