BIOCHEM LEC: PHARMACEUTICAL MOD SEM

BIOCHEMISTRY 1 1
MODULE 1: CELLS

BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY

• involves the study of chemical processes in organisms a. research e. botany (plants)
b. physiology (body function) f. zoology (animals)
• biochemistry seeks:
→ testing, diagnosis& g. toxicology
→ to understand life in molecular terms treatment of disease (poisoning)
→ to describe the structure, organization, and c. pharmacology (drug action) h. pathology
functions of living matter in molecular terms → to alter biochemical (study of disease)
reactions of the body i. immunology
• deals with the structure and functions of cellular through knowledge of (immune system)
components such as: body chemistry j. genetic
a. Proteins – CHON (amino acids) d. microbiology (microorganism) engineering &
b. Carbohydrates – CHO (monosaccharides) → chemical change in cloning
c. Lipids – CHONP (fatty acids) disease states & concern
d. Nucleic Acid – CHONPS (nucleotides) with sera, vaccines,
antitoxins
BIOLOGY
• study of living things and their vital process that dals CELL ORGANELLES & FUNCTION
with all the physiochemical aspects of life CELL
• fundamental unit of life
CHEMISTRY • building blocks of all living things
• a branch of science that involves the study of the • nourish themselves, produce energy, exchange
composition, structure and properties of matter information, multiply and eventually die
• man has an average of 60-100 trillion cells
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY
(simple to complex)
• its main component is water and biomolecules
→ atom
Water - provides the perfect medium of chemical reactions
→ molecule
→ cell organelles
ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
→ cell
→ tissue • observed plant tissues in cork which is divided by
→ organ compartments called cellulae
→ organ system
→ organism Micrographia- is a documentation of Hooke’s work on “cella”
→ community which means storeroom/small container
→ population
→ ecosystem biosphere TISSUE
• groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
BIOMOLECULES
• “our building blocks”; these are molecules necessary for PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
organism function and survival
• “you are what you eat”

ATOMS
• smallest units of matter and the basic building blocks of
all elements and compounds • no organelles • compartmentalized
• domains: bacteria , • functions are carried
MOLECULES archaea by organelles
• made up of two or more atoms chemically bonded • domains: fungi, plants,
together animals, humans

NOTE: the
numbers provided
are approximate
averages and can
vary from
individual to
individual

GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD 1

NUCLEUS • contains DNA
• controls cellular activity
• plays central role in heredity
NUCLEOLUS • site of ribosome production
NUCLEAR • with pores
MEMBRANE
GOLGI APPARATUS • “packaging plants”
• modifies and packages proteins
produces different types of
packages:
a. secretory vesicles
b. cell membrane components
c. lysosomes
RIBOSOMES • protein synthesis
• made of RNA and proteins
• found at 2 locations
ENDOPLASMIC • fluid-filled tubules for carrying
RETICULUM substances
SMOOTH ER • synthesizes fatty lipids
• cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown fats
• plays role in detoxification
ROUGH ER • transportation of proteins
• studded with ribosomes
• site where building materials of
cellular membrane are formed
CELL MEMBRANE • controls exchange of materials
inside and outside of cells
CYTOSOL • inter-cellular gel like fluid
• many chemical reactions occur
FLAGELLUM • used for locomotion
MITOCHONDRIA • powerhouse of the cell
• change shape continuously
• carry out reactions where
oxygen is used to break down
food
• provides ATP for cellular energy
• “power plants,” “powerhouses,”
or “energy factories” of the
eukaryotic cell
MITOCHONDRION • cells power plant
LYSOSOME • breaks down molecules that
enter cells by phagocytosis
• contain enzymes that digest
non-usable materials within the
cell
PEROXISOMES • balance
• membranous sacs of oxidase
enzymes
• replicate by pinching in half
CENTRIOLES • cell division
CYTOSKELETON • network of protein structures
that extend throughout the
cytoplasm
GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD
• provides the cell with an internal
framework
three different types:
a. microtubules
b. intermediate filaments
c. microfilaments
• “bones and muscles” by
furnishing an internal framework
that determines cell shape,
supports other organelles, and
provides the machinery for
intracellular transport and
various types of cellular
movements
ANATOMY OF THE CELL
• cells are not all the same
• all cells share general structures
• cells are organized into three main regions
NUCLEUS
• headquarters or control the center of the cell
• contains DNA
• enclosed in a nuclear envelope
three regions:
a. Nuclear membrane/envelope – 90 A diameter
b. Nucleolus
c. Chromatin – 46 individual, 23 pairs
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Trisomy 21 down syndrome
Trisomy 18 edward syndrome; clef pallet
Trisomy 13 patau syndrome; additional toes or fingers
XXX superfemale; small but old
XXY klinefelter syndrome; enlargement of breast
NOTE:
• HUMANS have 23 pairs of chromosomes
TRISOMY
• a chromosomal condition characterized by an
additional chromosome
• a person with a trisomy has 47 chromosomes instead
of 46
CYTOPLASM
• material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma
membrane
• the “factory area”
a. Cytosol – semitransparent fluid
b. Organelles
c. Inclusions
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• barrier for cell contents
• double phospholipid layer
→ hydrophilic heads – water loving
→ hydrophobic tails – water hating
other materials in plasma membrane:
a. Protein
b. Cholesterol
2
 c. Glycoproteins – protein with carbohydrate
FRAGILE
• flexible plasma membrane
• transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and
separates them from the surrounding
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• selective permeability
• describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination
of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein

GLYCOLIPIDS • carbohydrate attached to lipids

GLYCOPROTEINS • carbohydrate attached to proteins
* extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane

PLANT CELL
CHLOROPLAST • responsible for photosynthesis
develop into chromoplasts
(carotenoid pigments)
• site of photosynthesis
LEUCOPLAST • colorless; responsible for storing
starch
PLASMODESMATA • connect two plant cells
CELL WALL • maintains cell shape
CENTRAL VACUOLE • filled with cell sap that maintains
pressure against cell wall
PLASTIDS • store pigments
NUCLEUS • contains chromatin and nucleus
in an animal cell

GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD 3