Environmental Studies ( For Online Exam J) AT eared me A EDITION : 2020 SU eS UAE BU U LaidSUBIECT CODE : 22447 ‘As per Revised Syllabus of MSBTE - I SCHEME 'S.¥, Diploma Semester - IV Mechanical / Electical / Civil Engineering Group (ME / EE / EP / EU / CE/ CR/ CS) TY. Diploma Semester - V Computer / Electronics Engineering Group (CO/CM/ CW /IF/ E/ET/ EN / EX/ EQ) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR ONLINE EXAMINATION Sunil S. Raut ME [Producton), BE. [Mechenical Enginesring, HOO [Mechanical Department Sandip Polyechnie, Nashie Deepak K. Patil reer ng) ip Plytechnic, Nashik Vishal R. Bhodane ME, Wechanical Engineering), Sondip Polytechnic, Nashik Kishor D. Farde ign|, B.E. (Mechanical Endinceringl, MAE. (Machin Lecturer, Shivajirao S. Jondhe Polytechnic, Thane Dr. Rashmi R. Sharma PhD, MSc, blo Tuts, Lecturer in Cham, Da Kini Potiechnic, "TECHNICAL 2 PUBLICATIONS sncssgm An Up-Toust fr KnowledgeENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FoR ONLINE EXAMINATION Subject Code : 22447 S.¥. Diploma Semester - IV Mechanical / Electrical / Civil Engineering Group (ME / EE/ EP /EU/ CE/CR/ CS) TY. Diplome Semester - V Computer / Electronics Engineering Group (CO/CM/ CW / IF / EJ / ET/EN/ EX/ EQ) Fist Edvon : January 2020 © Copyriaht with Authors All publishing righls (printed and ebook version} reserved with Technical Publicetions. No part of this book should be reproduced in ary form, Electronic, Mecharical, Photocopy or any information storage and relvieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune Published by = [°) Amit Residency, Office No.1, 412, Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411030, M.S. INDIA scm _" miphastemat) Emil: soles@technicalpublcalions org Website: wwwtechricaloublicaions 0g Printer Ye Pinte 8 Binder No 10/54, Ghde dail Estate, Nanded Vilage Road, Ta - Havel, Dit Pine = 411041 Price = 120 ISBN 978-93-89180-37-4 Ase sso sOsTs sare 9749389180374 [1 oPREFACE The importance of Environmental Studies is well known in various engineering flelds. Overwhelming response to our books on various subjects inspired us to write this book, The book is structured to cover the key aspects of the subject Environmental Studies. The book uses plain, lucid fanguage 10 explain fundamentals of this subject. The book provides logical method of explaining various complicated concepts and stepwise methods to explain the important topics. Each chapter is well supported with necessary illustrations, practical examples and solved problems. All chapters in this book are arranged in a proper sequence that permits each topic to build upon earlier studies. All re has been taken to make students comfortable in understanding the basic concepts of this subject The book not only covers the entire scope of the subject but explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject more clear and makes it more interesting. The book will be very useful not only to the students but also to the subject teachers, The students have to omit nothing and possibly have to cover nothing more, We wish to express our profound thanks to all those who helped in making this book a reality. Much needed moral support and encouragement is provided on numerous occasions by our whole family. We wish to thank the Publisher and the entire team of Technical Publications who have taken immense pain to get this book in time vith quality printing. Any suggestion for the improvement of the book will be acknowledged and well appreciated. Authors Sanit, S. Rant Deepak K. Patit Vishal R. Bhadane Kishor D. Farde De. Rashut R. Sharma Dedicated te GudSYLLABUS Environmental Studies (22447) Teaching Examination Scheme Scheme creat Theory Practical (or) uftle reper] ese | PA Teta ese PA Tota re nex [in| ax | min | max | atin | atx | atin [ox] aan | wx | rin 3 3 [smn] 70% | 20 | 20° | oo | 100 | «0 | ~ ~f- Unit Unit Outcomes (00s) Topics and Sub - topes ncognitine dorsi) unit-1—[a, Discuss the scope of [1.1 Definitions, need of environmental Environment Bavironment. studies 1b, Describe various types of 12. Segments of environment Atmosphere, environment Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere Je. Deseribe the importance of [13 Environmental _fasues ~ Green house envioenment staies effects, Climate change, Global warming, out the need of public | -A€KL rain Ozone layer depletion, Nuclear HO Nove about envonment | den «. Deeribe vanous environmental | 4 Concept of AR (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Te. Describe va | MO ee) 15 Public aixerness about environment Unit- 25, List various natura resources. [21 Notaral Resources Forest Resources Energy Resources | 2b, Describe Renewable, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land Resceilise resources, Mineral resources and Cyehe resources, 22 Renewable, Non-tenessable and 2c State the causes and effects of | Cyclic Resources sepletion inf sesrnitees! 23 Causes and effects of depletion of 24. State advantages and| resources isadvantages Of forms “Of | >4 Energy forms (Conventional and 2e, Select appropriate solutions Of 155 present global onergy use and future efficient te of energy Heat 4 2 State the impacts of overuse Of | 96 Energy conservation 27° Oxer use of natural cesources and is impacts on environment,Unit-t— ]30, State the aspects and division of [3.1 Ecosystem - Definition , Aspects of Ecosystem and ecosystem ecosystem, Division of ecosystem, 6 General characteristics of ecosystem, Biodiversity | 3b. State the general characteristics and function of ecosystem: Banctine. accede : * bile 32. Biodiversity Definitions, Levels, Value SS Lalor ok beaver and jess of biodiversity Sad. Enlist the endangered species: | 53° giodiversity. assessment initiatives in Se. Describe value of biodiversity Ind 3k Suggest_methods biodiversity | 3.4 Threats and Hotspots of biodiversity seeeeraion 5 Conservations of biodiversity~ objects various laws 4a. Define pollution 41° Definition of pollution, yes 4b. State the sources of pollution Taitenl ane ial tara Pollution | 1 te the etfecs of tang {42 Sol / Land Pellution - Causes and pollution on environment and | sifects on environment and _ lives, presentive measures ii. State. various units and their| #2 Water pollution - Sources of water Ee eee a are mee | isurface and sub surface), source of water a ‘ pollution effect on evironemnt and lives Ph Prerenlive meosures, BS vraier quality de. State the needs of water] Standards, flow diagram conservation. of water treatment plant, Water 46 State the impacts of sewage conservation dig. State various units and their| #4 Waste water - Generation (domestic and fancions of sewage ‘teeatnent | itdustiad, Impacts, flow diagram of ie . Sewage treatment plant, CPCB norms OF sewage discharge 4th, State sources and effects of air s . ‘ pollution 45. Air polation - Causes, effects prevention, Ambient air quality standards 4i Describe: various methods to] | # q , ferent ae polation ise pollution ~ Sources, effects ¥ r prevention, noise levels at various 4. State sources and effects of noise | Popes ofthe ety pollution > 47° Municipal Solid Waste, Bio-medical 4k. Describe preventive measures) "" waste and E-waste ~ Sources, generation, for noise pollution. Characteristics, effects and method to AL Stale characterises of solid | manage. waste dim. State the impacts of solid waste 4a, Deserbe incineration, RDF and senitary land fling 4o. Stale the standards limiting / controlling values of various types of pollution.Education Elaborate article (48-A) and GL-QA ()) Enlist various acts on environment and its provisions State the roles and responsibilities of CPCB Define sustainable development and EIA. Describe rain water harvesting and ground water recharge. Differentiate between formal and non formal education, Article (48-4) and (S1-A of Indian Constitution, regarding environment, Environmental, protection and prevention acis, CPCB and MPCB. @ norms and responsibilities, The role ofNGOs Concept of sustainable development, EIA and environmental morality Management Measures - Rain Water harvesting, Ground water recharge, Green Belt Development, Use of Renewable energy, water shed management, interlinking of rivers. Role of information technology in envizonment and human healthTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter-1 Environment (1 - 1) to (1 - 18) LL Definition and Need of Environmental Studies. 1-1 1.2. Segments of Environment - Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere 1-2 1.3. Environmental Isoue - Greenhouse Frtect Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rain, ‘Ozone Layer Depletion and Nuclear Accident. 1-4 14 Concept of 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover) 1-9 1.5 Public Awareness about Environment 1-9 Multiple Choice Question with Answers 1-9 Unit - I Chapter-2 Energy Resources (2-1) to (2-20) 24. Natural Resource - Forest Resources, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land Resources, Mineral Resources 2-6 2.2. Renewable, Non-renowable Resources and Cyelie Resources. 8 2.2.1 Renewable Resources s 2.22 Nou-renewable Resources, 2-8 223. Cyclic Resources 2-8 2.3. Causes and Effects of Depletion of Resources 24 Energy Forms (Conventional and Non-conventional) 2.5. Preseni Global Enerey Use and Future Demands 2.6 Eneray Conservation : Why ? Overuse of Natural Resources and i's Impact on Environment Multiple Choice Question with Aaswers Chapter -3 Ecosystem and Biodiversity (3-1) to (3-20) AL Ecosystem Definition, Aspects of Ecosystem, Division of Ecosystem, General Characteristics of Ecosystem, Functions of Ecosystem, 3.2. Biodiversity - Definition, Levels, Value and Loss of Biodiversity 3-7 33° Biodiversity Assessment Initiatives in India .. 3 - 10 34 Threats and Hotspois of Biodiversity 3-10 38 Conservation of Biodiversity Objects, Various Law 3-12 Multiple Choice Question with Answers Chapter -4 Environmental Pollution (a= 1) to (4 - 36) 4.1 Pollution - Definition, Types 4-1 42 Soil/Land Pollution - Causes and Effects on Environment and Lives, Preventive Measures, .4 = 2 42.1 Causes of Soil Erosion 4 42.2 Sowees of Soil Pollution, + 42.3 Harmful Effects of Soil Pollation 4 4.2.4. Preventive Measures of Soi Pollution ...4~ 425. Soll Erosion 4 4.2.5.1 Effects of Soil Eresion 4 4.2.5.2 Prevention of Soil Erosion 43 Water Pollution - Sources, Efeets, Preventive measures, BIS Water Quality Standards, Flow Diag ment Plant, Water Conservation 44 4.3.1. Sources of Water Pollution aa 4.3.2. Effects of Water Pollution on Environment and Lives 4 Pollution Management and Control 4544 46 47 434 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Water Quality Standards 4-6 43.5. Water Treatment Processes 4-10 435.1 Chemical Treatment a5 43.6 Water Conservation, ania 43.6.1 Need of Water Conservation «244-14 Wastewater - Generation, Impacts, Flow diagram, of Sewage Treatment Plant, CPCB Norms of Sevrage Discharys 4-14 44.1 Wastewater ~ Generation aid 442 Impacts of Wastewater 41s 4A3- Sowoge Treatment Plant 41s 44.3.1 Basie Terms in Sewage Treatment. - 15 44.3.2 Stages of Sewage Trearment,......4- 16 444 CPCB Sewage Discharge Siandants, ....4-17 Air Pollution ~ Causes, Effects, Prevention, Ambient Air Quality standards 4-17 45.1 Causes : Factors Responsible for Air Pollution 4aet7 45.1.1 Natural Sources 4-18 452. Consequences : Eflecs of Air Pollution, .4 18 1.52.1 Health Effects ats 4.5.2.2 Environmental Effects 4.19 45.2.3 Rennomical Efects 4-19 4.3 Control : Measures to Reduce Air Pollunion 4-19 4.5.3.1 Government (0° Cornmuity) Prevention 4219 45.3.2 Individual Level Prevention 4 45.33 Air Polltion Control Deviees «4-20 454 Ambient Air Quality Standards in India. .4 -20 Noise Pollution - Sources, Effects, Prevention Noise Level at Various Zones of the City... 4-21 46.1 Sauces of Noise Pollution 22 46.2. Effects of Nois 2 4.6.3. Prevention of Noise Pollution 4.3 4.64 Noise Levels at Various Zones of City, ..4= 23, Municipal Solid Waste, Bio-medical Waste and E-waste - Sourves, Generation, Character Effeets and Methods to Manage 47.1. Solid Waste Charscteristics a.m 4.72. Solid Waste Management 4.24 oa 47.3. Biomedical W: 474 E-Waste Multiple Choice Question with Answers 4-27 Chapter-5 Social Issues and Environmental Education (5-1) to (5 - 22) Sa Article (48-A) and (51-Aty)) of Indian Constitution Regarding Environment, Environmental Protection and Prevention Acts, CPCB and MPCB Norms and Responsibilities, The Role of NGO's s-1 5.1.1 Environment and Constitution of India, 5 5.1.2 Agencies for Making Environment Laws and their Enforcement in India 5-2 5.13. Environmental Laws and Rules 5.1.4 Major Environmental Laws S.4 5.15. Role of NGOs Su S21 jinable Development, EIA Sustainable Development 5.2.2 Environ ental Impact Assessment (ELA). 5~ 10 Management Measures - Rain Water Harvesting Green Water Recharge, Green Belt Development, Use of Renewable Energy, Water Shade Management, Inerlinking of Rivers 5-10 SAL Rain Water Harvesting, 5-10 Groundwater Rechar sei Green Belt 5-12 534 Use of Renowable Energy Sourees......5=12 Watershed Management 5-13 5.3.8.1 Objectives of Watershed Management 53.5.2 Main Components of Watershed... 5-1 5.3.6 Interlinking of Rivers 5-14 5.3.6.1 Neod sea $4 Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health $214 5.4.1. Role of laformation Techaology in Environment and Human Health sei4 5.42 Formal and Non Formal Education... 5-15 Multiple Choice Question with Ans 5-15 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ An up trust for knowledgeTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter-1 Environment (1-1) to (1 - 18) LA Definition and Need of Environmental Studies. 1-1 1.2 Segments of Environment - Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere 1-2 1.3. Environmental Issue - Greenhouse Etfect Climate Change. Global Warming, Acid Rain, ‘Ozone Layer Depletion and Nuclear Accident. 1-4 14 Concept of AR (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover) 1-9 1.5 Public Awareness about Environment. 1-9 Multiple Choice Question with Answers 1-9 ittaeae es Chapter-2 Energy Resources (2-1) to (2-20) 241 Natural Resource - Forest Resources, Energy Resourees, Land Resources, Mineral Resources ‘Water Resour 22. Renewable, Non-renewable Resources and Cyclic Resources 22.1 Renewable & 2-8 2.2.2 Non-renewuble Resources, 2-8 223. Cyclie Resources 20 2.3 Causes and Bifects of Depletion of Resources . 2-9 24 Energy Forms (Conventional and Non-conventional) 25 Present Gilobal Energy Use and Future Demands Energy Conservation : Why ? 2 Overuse of Natural Resources and it's Impect on Environment Multiple Choice Question with Answers Chapter -3 Ecosystem and Biodiversity (3-1) to (3-20) 3.1 Ecosystem - Definition, Aspects of Ecosystem, Division of Ecosystem, General Characteristics of Ecosystem, Functions of Eeasystem, 32 Biodiversity - Definition, Levels Value and Loss of Biodiversity 3-7 3.3 Biodiversity Assessment Initiatives in India. 3-10 34. Threals and Hotspots of Biodiversity 3-10 4S Conservation of Biodiversity Objects, Various Law. 3-12 Multiple Choice Question with Answers .....3-12 Chapter-4 Environmental Pollution (4-1) to (4-36) 4a ion, Types 4-1 42 Soil/Land Pollution - Causes and Effets on Environment and Lives, Preventive Measures. . 4-2 42.1 Causes of Soil Ension 4-2 Sources of Soil Pollution. 42 Harmful Effects of Soil Pllation 42 Preventive Measures of Soil Pollution... 4-2 42.5, Soil Eroston 4-2 4251 Effects of Soil Erosion 4 42.52 Preveaton of Soil Erosion 4a 43° Water Pollution - Sources, Effects, Preventive measures, BIS Water Quality Standards, Flow Diagram of Water Treatment Water Conservation 4-4 4.3.1 Sources of Water Pollution 44 43.2. Effects of Water Pollution on Environment and Lives 4-4 4.3.3. Pollution Management and Control 4544 46 47 434 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Water Quality Standards 4-6 43.5. Water Treatment Processes 4-10 435.1 Chemical Treatment a5 43.6 Water Conservation, ania 43.6.1 Need of Water Conservation «244-14 Wastewater - Generation, Impacts, Flow diagram, of Sewage Treatment Plant, CPCB Norms of Sevrage Discharys 4-14 44.1 Wastewater ~ Generation aid 442 Impacts of Wastewater 41s 4A3- Sowoge Treatment Plant 41s 44.3.1 Basie Terms in Sewage Treatment. - 15 44.3.2 Stages of Sewage Trearment,......4- 16 444 CPCB Sewage Discharge Siandants, ....4-17 Air Pollution ~ Causes, Effects, Prevention, Ambient Air Quality standards 4-17 45.1 Causes : Factors Responsible for Air Pollution 4aet7 45.1.1 Natural Sources 4-18 452. Consequences : Eflecs of Air Pollution, .4 18 1.52.1 Health Effects ats 4.5.2.2 Environmental Effects 4.19 45.2.3 Rennomical Efects 4-19 4.3 Control : Measures to Reduce Air Pollunion 4-19 4.5.3.1 Government (0° Cornmuity) Prevention 4219 45.3.2 Individual Level Prevention 4 45.33 Air Polltion Control Deviees «4-20 454 Ambient Air Quality Standards in India. .4 -20 Noise Pollution - Sources, Effects, Prevention Noise Level at Various Zones of the City... 4-21 46.1 Sauces of Noise Pollution 22 46.2. Effects of Nois 2 4.6.3. Prevention of Noise Pollution 4.3 4.64 Noise Levels at Various Zones of City, ..4= 23, Municipal Solid Waste, Bio-medical Waste and E-waste - Sourves, Generation, Character Effeets and Methods to Manage 47.1. Solid Waste Charscteristics a.m 4.72. Solid Waste Management 4.24 oa 47.3. Biomedical W: 474 E-Waste Multiple Choice Question with Answers 4-27 Chapter-5 Social Issues and Environmental Education (5-1) to (5 - 22) Sa Article (48-A) and (51-Aty)) of Indian Constitution Regarding Environment, Environmental Protection and Prevention Acts, CPCB and MPCB Norms and Responsibilities, The Role of NGO's s-1 5.1.1 Environment and Constitution of India, 5 5.1.2 Agencies for Making Environment Laws and their Enforcement in India 5-2 5.13. Environmental Laws and Rules 5.1.4 Major Environmental Laws S.4 5.15. Role of NGOs Su S21 jinable Development, EIA Sustainable Development 5.2.2 Environ ental Impact Assessment (ELA). 5~ 10 Management Measures - Rain Water Harvesting Green Water Recharge, Green Belt Development, Use of Renewable Energy, Water Shade Management, Inerlinking of Rivers 5-10 SAL Rain Water Harvesting, 5-10 Groundwater Rechar sei Green Belt 5-12 534 Use of Renowable Energy Sourees......5=12 Watershed Management 5-13 5.3.8.1 Objectives of Watershed Management 53.5.2 Main Components of Watershed... 5-1 5.3.6 Interlinking of Rivers 5-14 5.3.6.1 Neod sea $4 Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health $214 5.4.1. Role of laformation Techaology in Environment and Human Health sei4 5.42 Formal and Non Formal Education... 5-15 Multiple Choice Question with Ans 5-15 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ An up trust for knowledgeUNIT -1 Environment Introduction Environment is everything that is around us. The world environment derived fiom French word Environner. Tt can be living or nomliving things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt thamselves to conditions in their environment. In tho environment thera are different interactions between, ‘animals, plants, soil, water. and other living and non- living things. An example of imeractions berwaen non- living and living things is plants gatting their minerals, from the soil and making food using sunlight. Predation, ‘an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things Natural Environment In biology and ecology. the environment is all of the rotural materials and living things, including sunlight. 1f ‘those things aro natural tis a natural environment. Environment includes the living and nonliving things that an organism interacts with, or has an effect on it. Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic aloments: animals, plants, atc, abiotic alements are non living things which include air, water, sunlight ete Studying the environment means studying the rolationships among thasa various things. Historical Environment A person's environment is the events and culture that the person lived in. Environment is everything around us. A ‘person's beliafs and actions depend on his environment. {E's simple dofinition is : Interaction between human and environment in the past [Ea] betintion and Noed ot Environmental stu Definition : Environment means Surrounding in which we are Living. Environment includes all those things on which we are directly or indirectly dependent for our survival, whether it is lixing component like animals, plants or non living component lke soil, air water. oR “The term environment ix used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of tiving organisms.” Environmental Science ; Environmental science is definad as an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates various academic fields (particularly sciencos) to study the structure and function of our life-supporting environment and to understand cansas, affects, and solutions of difforent environmental problems Environmental Studies : Environmental studies are the scientific study of tho environmental system and the status of its inherent or induced changes on organisms, It includes not only the study of physical and biological characters of the environment but also the social and ‘cultural factors and the impact of man on environment Need of environmental studies It has bean well recognized ‘that environment issues like global warming and 1. Environment issues ozone depletion, acid rain marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues bur araEnvironmental Studies 1-2 Enoironment global issues ané hence aust bo tackled with {ntomational efforts and cooperation. 2. Pollution : World cansus raflacts that one in every seven persons in this planted lives in India. Evidently with 16 per cent of the world's population and only 2.4 ‘par cont of its land area, thare és a heavy pressure on. the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts have recognized soils health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil salinity and damage of soil structure, 3. Alternative Solution = Tt is essential, especially for developing countriss to find altsmnative paths to an alternative goal. We need a goal as under @A goal, which ultimately is the true goal of development an environmentally sound and sustainable davalopment. (BA goal common to all citizens of our earth. (OA goal distant from the developing world in the ‘manner it is from the over-consuming wastoful sociotios of the “developed” world. 4, To save humanity from extinction : It is incumbent pon us to save the humanity from extinction Consequent to our activities constricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the name ‘of davalopment. ‘5. To understand the impacts of development on Industrial growth, urbanization, expansion of telecommunication and transport systems, hi-tach agriculture and expansion of housing ‘will result in many people will move cut of urban centers to reduce pollution resulting from overpopulation The goal is 10 achieve all this sustainably without compromising the firure generation’ ability to satisfy their own needs. 6. To discover sustainable ways of living Environmental science is moro concomed with discovering ways to live more sustainably. This means utilizing present rasoureas in a manner that conserves tois supplies for the future, 7. To utilize natural resources efficiently : Natural secources bring a whole lot of benofits to a country. A. cavironment + country’s natural resources may not ba utilized efficiently bocause of low-level training and lack of management skills. Environmental science teaches us to usa natural resoureas efficiently, 8. Need for public awareness : It is essential to make the public aware of the formidable consequences of the Environmental Degradation, if not ratorted and reformative measures undertaken would result in the extinction of life We are facing various environmental challenges. It is essential to get the country acquainted with these challenges so that their acts may be eco-fiiendly. 72] Segments of Environment - Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere. Segments of Environment: ‘Tho environment consists of various segments which includes 1. Atmosphere 3. Lithosphere 2. Hydrosphere 4 Biosphara Fig. 1.2.4 Segments of environment TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoExcironmental Stuiics 1 3 Environment 1. Atmosphere : + The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surounds the planst Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. + The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by croating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on tho Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolot solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature ‘extremes between day and night. «+ Ttacts as a source for CO, for plant photosynthesis and O, for respiration + Tt acts a5 2 source for nitrogen for nitrogen fixing bacteria and ammonia producing plants + By volumy, dry air contains 78.09 % nitrogen, 20.95 % onygen, 0.93 % argon, 0.04 % carbon dioxide, and saiall arnounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1 %at sea level, and 0.4% over the entize atmosphere. ‘+ The atmosphere has a mass of about 5.15x1018 kg, three quarters of which is within about 11 km (36,000 fect) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, wath no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space, ‘Hydrosphere : A hydrosphere isthe total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in tho air. A planots hydrosphere can be liquid, ‘vapor, of ica. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes and rivers, 2% 1% Locke up in polar ice caps Fresh water High eat contont Uunuestle for human fansumpten Fig, 1.22 Distribution of earths water supply ‘As can be seen, only 1% of the total water supply is available as fresh water in the form of rivers, ales, streams and ground water for human consumption and other uses. The extent of the use of available fresh water for various purposes is shown in the following figure 1.2.3 oe Inigaton Thermal powerplants : Incustial water Domest uses Fig, 1.2.3 Major use of fresh water ‘Tho major problem with global wator supply is it's non- ‘uniform distribution, since people in areas with low precipitation often consume more than people in regions with more rainfall 3. Lithosphere : + The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. ‘That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long time scales. + Undor the lithosphore is the asthenosphers, tho woaker, hotter, and deaper part of the upper mantle. This part can flow + Tho lithosphero provides a conductive lid afop the convecting mantle: it reduces heat transport through tho Earth, A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shall of a terrestrialtype planet or natural satelite that is defined by its rigid mochanical properties. On Barta, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves olastically on timo scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, tho crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knowedgeEnvironmental Studies 14 Environenent including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere + In a general sansa, biosphares are any closed, self regulating systems containing ecosystems. [23] Environmental issue - Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Layer Depletion and Nuclear Accident Our Mother Earth is currently facing lot of environmental concems. The environmental problems like global warming, acid rain, air pollution, urban sprawi, waste disposal, ozone layer depletion, water pollution, climate change and many more affect every human, animal and Fag 02 ajo Eat nation on this planet Over the last faw decades, the assets GpSaaie pe x giack an Geeta oF oer ae cx wpentint rte “ms up tale, Anrome 1 Oceanis Iihosphere, which is associated with cesenic | cons have ban notin favor of protecting this planet, lithosphere is typically about 50-100 km thick we have seen natural disasters striking us more often in the form of flash floods, tsunamis and cyclones. 2. Continental lithosphere, which is associated with | 1" Cyeonnonse effect continental crust. Continental lithosphere has a range in thiciness fom about 40 laa to perhaps 200 kan, of | * The efcenhouso effact = a natural procacs that warms See a ce the Earth's surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the 5 Eztth’s atmosphere, some of it is raflectad back 10 eee space and tha rast is absorbad and ra-adiated ty + The biosphere is the global ecological system | grasnhouse gases integrating all fiving beings and their relationships, Step 4: ‘steps Some of he heat Human activites such ietapped by asbuming toss fuels greenhouse gases agrculture andlana ="@ lm of Goer ies’ xen romeath @ J wamencughic — Geenhovse gases am co reaches the Step 8: en's siremere. Tha sterrng ‘almospnere- cota haat en ‘Some or tis ‘ceusing the earth's isrofected Tomperature tose backinte ‘space Fig 1.2.4 Greenhouse effect, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up trut for knowlodyEnvironmental Studies ‘+ Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, mothano, nitrous oxide, ozone and some atificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) The absorbed enargy wanms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains the Earth's temperature at around 33 degraes Colefus warmer than it would otharwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist ‘The problem we now face is that human activities — particularly bumning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural 2225), agriculture and land clearing — ara increasing the concentrations of graenhouse gases, Stop 1 : Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere soma of this is reflected back into space. Step 2: The sest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the Earth ‘Step 3: Heat radiates fiom Earth towards space. Step 4: Som of this heat is tapped by greenhouse gases, in tho atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain leo, Stop 6: Human activities such a2 buming fossil fuels agriculture and land clearing are increasing the amount of grearhousa gases relaasad into the atmosphara ‘Step 6 : This is tapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise 2. Climate change = Climate change has emerged as the most pressing global challenge of the 21st contury There is today an increasing understanding that climate change transcends political boundaries and affects the whole global population, making them stalesholders to the solutions too. However, despite the vbiquity of climate change, its more immediate impacts are fait differently by differant groups of people. Developing countries, with their low adaptive capacities and high dependence on climatic variables, are highly susceptible to cimate-induced tragedies. Rising Concentrations : The effect is that the atmosphere retains more of the Sun's heat, warming a Environment the Earth's surface. While tho pattem of future warming is very much open to debate, it is indisputable that the surface of the Earth has warmed, fon average, 0.3 t0 0.6 °C: since tha lata 15th century: ‘when reliable tomporature measurements began. Under the existing scenarios of economic growth and development leading to greenbouse gas emissions, on a worldwide average, tomporatures would rise by 1 to 3.5 &C by the year 2100, and global mean sea level by about 15 to 95 om. 1b) Extreme Weather Events : In addition, most of the ill effects of climate change are linked to extreme weather events, such as hot or cold spells of temperature, or wet or Gry spells of rainfall, or cyclones and floods. Predictions of the nature and distributions of such events in a changed climata ar@ ‘even more uncertain. to the oxtont that virtually no authoritative predictions exist at all. While there are costs as well as benefits associated with climate change, the sciontific consensus is clearly that the overall effects are likely to pose a significant burden on the global community . Global Warming : Global warming is the Phenomenon of increasing average air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one 10 10 centuries. ‘eeat aon recat elarcadiaion eee eee Soto eo ee EW! Sy eatandenwar ntwaronrae Se2| oat LE eee ‘warmed wan sverage of °C Fig, 1.32 Greenhouse effect schematic showing eneray flow botwoon spaco, the atmosphero and earth surface TECHNICAL PUBLICATION: 1S" - Anup thrust for knowinglyExcironmental Stuiies 1 é Environment Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from Earth to space.This heat, in the form of anfrared radiation, gots absorbed and omitted by these gases in tho planets atmosphere warming the lower atmosphere and the surfaca The major greenhouse gases are water vapour, which causes about 36 - 70 % of the greenhouse effect: carbon diowido (CO,), which causes 9 - 26 %; methane (CH) which causes 4 - 9%; and ozone (O,), which causes 3 42) Causes of global warming - + Carbondioxide (CO,) : Carbondionide is also 2 gas that traps heat. Although it is the weakest eroonhouse gas among those listed hore, it is by far tho most produced. Buming of wood, gas and use of oil and ‘other materials in factories produce this 2as, which has increased in amount by 30% in the last 150 vears and is perhaps currently the greatest threat as 2 greenhouse eas = Metiname : Mothano is second most important Methane has half the warming effect of CO,, Levels of atmosphere methane have risen 145 % in the last 100 years. Methane is derived from sources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel production + Nitrous Oxide : Another greenhouse gas is nitrous oxide (NO). colorless, non-flammable gas with sweetish odour, commonly known as laughing gas, and sometimes used as an anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide is naturally produced by oceans and rainforests. Man- made sources of nitrous oxide include nitric acid production, the use of fattilizers in agriculture, cars with catalytic converters and the buming of organic ‘matter. Nitrous Oxide broken down in the atmosphere ‘by chemical reactions that involve sunlight ‘Sulfur Ferafluoride (SF,) = This is a potent gas that may bo found in insulation, circuit breaking and other slectrical oquipment, and oven air soled snoakers. It is also used to melt magnesium and in loudspaakers. The problem with this gas arises whan it is released from such products. Having the thermal energy-trapping potential (EPA) of 25,000 times that of carbon dioxide, its portion in the atmosphere is increasing atthe rate of 8% per year ‘+ Chlorofluorocarbons : These are gases offen used for aerosols in the past and linger in the sphere, repping heat They were banned by the United States for this purpose 10 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also threaten to react with and depleta the con which protacts the arti from harmfal solar radiation. + Nitrous Oxide (N,O) : This is a gas found naturally in soil and natural bodies of water. Although this is beneficial amount of nitrous oxide, use of this gas in fostlizars and manufacturing has incraasad its amount in the atmosphere 1b) Effects of Global Warmi + Thoro will be 2 warming of the Earth's surface and ower atmosphere and cooling of stratosphere ‘+ The warming trend over the earth's surface is varied. ‘Warming in the tropies is smaller than the global mean by about 2°C-30°C, depending on. seasonal changes, ‘while in other latirudes the average warming might account for S#C-10°C:incraasa in temperatures, + Precipitation patterns will be changed. Some areas will become wetter and some areas diver. + Seasonal patterns will change due to the changing of temperature and precipitation patterns + Soil moisture regimes will be changed due to the changes in evaporation and precipitation + With tho decrease in cloud cover ever Eurasia in summer-which vill enhance the solar heating of the surface and increase the land-sea temperature contrast tropical monsoons will be deiven with more severity and intensity. + Wind direction and wind stress over the soa. surface vill be changed , which will alter ocoan currents and change in autrients mining zones and productivity of eceans 4. Acid Rain : Acid rain is a rain or any other form of Precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions. Tt can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Phenomenon of acid rain discovered bby Rober Angus Smith. TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knoweageEnron nisl Stuiies Environment 7 Oxides ef cuphur and nites: BA Emission eourcee generators impacts - aquatic Suntght Deposition ‘wet Der ovo °° °° oo oo Rain Snow, Gass: wat panicles terrectnal Fig 1.33: The origin of acid rain deposition «© Unpottutad rain is already slightly acidic because of tho presonce in air of carbon dioside, which combines with water to form carbonic acid. This rain has a pH value of 56, However, rain is saldom unpottuted ‘When rain is contaminated with sulphuric and nitric acids the pH falls below 5 .6. This is what we refer to as acid rain + Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water ‘molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. ‘+ In wet deposition, acidic pollutants are deposited by snow, fog and mist, as well as rain. They may also be deposited directly ffom the atmosphere as gases or particles without any association with precipitation. + This is called dey deposition. Thus, while the term acid, rain will do for general reference to the problem, more precise terms for this form of potlution are acidic precipitation, or, more gonorally, acidic deposstion. © Im some areas wet and dry deposition of acids are about oqual. In Newfoundland, however, thore is about six times as much wet deposition as dry deposition. Effect of acid rai + Acid rain makes waters acidic, and causes them to absorb the aluminum that makes its way from soil into lakes and straams. This combination makes watars toxic to crayfish, clams, fish, and other aquatic animals. + Acid rain also damages forests, especially those at higher elevations. It robs the soil of essential nutrients ‘and releases aluminum in the soil, which makes it hard for trees to take up water. Trees’ leaves and needles are also tart by acids. + The effects of acid rain, combined with other environmental stressors, leave trees and plants Less able to withstand cold temperatures, insects, and disease 5. Ozone depletion ; In 1913, Henri Buisson and Charles Fabry discovered the ozone layer and later its propartias were stadiad by GMB Dobson Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface, which increases the rate of skin cancer, eve cataracts, and genetic and immucne system damage. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoEnvironmental Studies ‘+ The main cause of ozone deplotion and the ozone hole is manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon reftigeranis. solvents. propellants and foam-blowing agents (chloroftuorccarbons (CFCS), HCECs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). + Thece compounds are transported into the stratosphere by the winds afier being emitted from the surface. + Onco in the stratosphere, they release halogen atoms through photodissociation. which catalze the breakdown of zone (O;) into oxygen (O.). Both types of czono depletion wore observed to incroaso as ‘emissions of halocarbons increascd. ‘+ Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concem over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. + The ozone layer provents most harmful UVB wavelengths of ultraviolet light (UV fight) fiom passing through the Earth's atmosphere «These wavelengths cause skin cancer. sunburn and cataracts, which were projected to increase deamatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as ‘harming plants and animals. 6, Nuclear Accidents : Nuclear energy was developed by man as an altemate source of clean and cheap enorgy whon compared to fossil fuels. Along with the ‘benefits of muclear energy there have been a number of accidents which harm many lives. Nuclear energy can be both beneficial and harmful, depending on the way in which itis used. For example X-rays which are used to examine bone fracture is useful. Nuclear bombs are harmful for both organisms and environment The first nuclear bomb bombard to the ‘twin cities of Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The devastation that nuclear bombs caused to Hiroshima and Nagasaki is torrible, Tho radioactive wasto from smuclear energy has caused, and continues to cause serious environmental damages. The first controlled fission of an atom was camried out in Germany in 1938, Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of the atom A nuclear is defined by the Intemational ‘Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "4m exent that has 18 Environment Jed 10 significant consequences 10 people, the environment or the facility.” Examples include lethal efftacts to individuals, radioactive isotope to the environment, or reactor core malt." The prime example of 2 "major nuclear accident" is ona in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such a3 in the ‘Chemobyl disaster in 1986, ‘Types of nuclear accidents a) Nuclear meltdown : A nuclear meltdown is a severe auclear reactor accident that results in reactor core damage from overheating. It has been defined as the accidental melting of the core of a muclear reactor, and refers to the core's either complete or partial collapse. ‘A core melt accident occurs when the heat generated bby a muclear reactor axcaads the heat removed by the cooling systoms to the point whore at least one aucloar fuel element exceeds its melting point. b) Criticality accidents : A criticality accident occurs ‘when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium co plutonium. The reactor was supposed to be in a controlled critical state, but control of the chain reaction was lost. The accident dastroyed the reactor and loft large geographic area uninhabitable © Decay heat : Decay heat accidents are where the heat genorated by the radioactive decay causes harm. In a largo nuclear reactor, a loss of coolant accident can, damage the core: for example, at Three Mile Island a secently shutdown PWR reactor was left for a length of time without cooling water. As a result, the aucloar fuel was damaged, and the core partially melted. The removal of the decay heat is a significant reactor safety concam, especially shortly after shutdown, Failure to remove decay heat may cause the reactor cote temperature to rise to dangerous levels and has caused nuclear accidents, @ Equipment failure : Equipment failure is one possible type of accident. A related causa of accidents is failure of control software, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoExcironmental Stuiics g Environment ©) Human error Many of the major nuclear accidents, hhave boon directly attributable to operator or human error. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious. errors committed during field operations, such 23s maintonance and testing, that can cause an accident ‘and Inman errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure [14] concept of 4k (Reduce, Reuse, Reeyele and Recover) 1. Reduce: Minimizing the consumption of caw ‘material true improvement in the design the products ‘may allow a significant seduction in the design of products and in the amount of asta generated when, the reached through end of the life cycle © & VW Reuse ecjte Fig, 1.41 Concept of aR 2. Reuse : This is mainly applied to packaging goods ‘been defined as any operation by which the packaging items are refilled or used for the same purpose for ‘which they ware made with or without the support of auxiliary products and industries encourage promoting the reuse of Goods and packaging instead of disposal. This option can be applied for container such as bottles, bags, etc. 3. Recydle : This allows the waste to be reintroduced into the consumption cycle Generally and sacondary applications because in many cases the recycle products of lower quality then the virgin ones. The recycling must be applied only whan the amount of enorgy consumed in tho recycling process is lower than the energy required for the production of new oaterials. Plastics can ba recycled by using oo ifforont approaches Mechanical Recycling, Feedstock recycling, 4, Recovery : When tho rocycling of wasto is not feasible or there is no market for the recycle product incarnation can be used to generate energy fiom the ‘waste combustion heat. Altematively they can be used Consumer 1s fuel in numbar of applications like powar plants, Industrial furnaces and coment industrias, 715] Public awareness about Environment. + Public awaraness of tha environment maans tha abil to emotionally understand the surrounding world, including the laws of the natural environment, sensitivity to all the changes occurring in the environment + Understanding of cause-and-effect relationships between the quality of tho environment and Iman behavior, an understanding of how the environment works as a systam, and a sense of responsibility forthe common heritage of the Earth, such as natural resources - with the aim of preserving them for future generations + To know and understand what is good and what is better, and at the same time commit 2 wrong doing. is socially more injurious than committing 2 wrong doing in ignorance. Therefore, building, in a society, a naw system of values with the aim of creating environmental public awareness. + Environmental public awareness comes from a result of general knowledge, specialist knowladge of a particular problem and also sensitivity to, and a sense of, responsibility forthe environment. + Environmental public awareness is shaped throughout the whole li of particular people living in 2 given {ocal community. performing specific work and having definite personal characteristics which have a deciding effect on their sonso of responsibility and ability to emotionally perceive the environment as having value initsolf Multiple Choice Questions .1 Environmental education is important only at __ [a] primary school stage [il sxreeviay sted seen [cloollage stage [alll stages TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knowedgeEnvironmental Stuties 1-10 Enviroment 0.2 Biosphere is G.11 Tho enviroumant consists of various segments [a] The solid shell of inorganic materials on the such as Atmosphere, hydrosphero, lithosphoro: surface ofthe Earth ad [B] The thin shell of organic matter on the surface [2| Hemisphara (6) 0, sphere eat peice ota a [e] Soi spore [a] Biosphore [e] The sphere which occupies the maacimum Q42 The is the protective blanket of gases vvoluma ofall the spheras which is sumcunding the earth. It protects the [d] All of the above earth from the hostile environment of outer Q.3 Which of the following is not influenced by human space. eaeaaa Ap [B]Atmosphare [a] Depletion of ground water [c| Lithosphere [4] Biosphere [b] Destruction of mangroves and wetlands 43 of the total water supply is available as [c] Increased extinction rate of species fresh water in the form of rivers, lakes, straams seacruitis Shas ‘and ground water for human consumption and QA Which of the following concaptual sphere of tho ae ex environment is having the least storage capacity a)1% b)2% sattar? lel3%6 [a]4% a [Eltithoephere .14 The lithosphere consists of upper mantle and the [eletvdcoapters [a]Biosphore iis (2 Th largest reservoir of trogen an ovr plats extes Hawi Taloceaa, [p] Atmosphere [e}thrust [d] none of the above al e Q.45 Atmosphoro allows transmission of significant ¢] Biosphere Fossil fuels ms a amounts of radiation only in the regions of Q.6 The world Environment derived fom French word fe j2|100-200.am 200-300 am Environ [b|Eavironnering faew [elEave [c]300-2500 nm [d| None of the above Q.16 Atmosphere acts 2s a source for __for plant oo. escontionss Ee bus photosynthesis and for rospiration. ee ja] ©, and CO, [b] Co, and N, oe e [e]No,andco, [a] Co, and ©, Bso aw acts 2s a source for nitrogen for nitrogen ae fining bacteria and ammonia producing plants [d] None e }Aamosiiiore [b]ithospare Q.9 Ozone depletion is harmful to [eltiydrosphere [El Nenos 5] Diserion: [eb] Reproduction 18 The is a collective term given to alll [eles [ad] None of the above 26 a qa | b Q.108 Climate represents qa | > | ae | « | ex | ec [a] The fong-term average weather and its ene ¢ | es | a statistical variation for a given region qu |} « | ea | [B] Weather averaged over a year os |b * | e9 | I is a measure of variations in the amount of qu | > » | ee [a pac eu |} e | eu | a [a] None of the above oe = 4 Qa Q.109 Energy sources that do not increase carbon OP i 5 ost |e emissions include — qs | 4 c [a]Solar cells [b] Wind mills Ore |_ is i s [e] Nuctoar power plants [J] All ofthe above ass |b ® ea é 2 en |e a TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™ ‘Anup trust for koowiodyoEnvironmental Stuties 1-17 Enviroment ao | > | es | a | am |» aw | + | en | = | gn [a ew | «¢ | aw | « | an | a qi | > Qt e qn | 6 ew | + | ew | & | om | a en | @ | es | 2 | a | Co as [oe | es [os | em |e en | = | ex | ¢ | om | 5 qu | = | es | © | a | a eo | * | eo | & | om” | © quo | a | Quo a gia [a eas | > | que | = | Qus | > ais | ¢ | au | a | ame | a qi |< | aw | s | am | » goa TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoExcironmental Stuiics 118 rironmient TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knoweageUNIT - Energy Resources Inwoduetion Natural resources are materials and components Gomething that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as Sesh ‘water, air, as well as @ living organism such as 2 fish, or it ‘may oxist in an altemate form that must bo processed to obtain the resource such as mmatal ores, rare earth metals, ‘petroleum and most forms af energy Biotic Natural Resources Examples of biotic natural resources + Birds + Foms + Flowering plants + Fruits = Fungi © Insects = Trees = Worms Biotic Resources Grown as Crops = Basil Bay Brussels sprouts Carrot Cauliflower Celery Cotton Garlic Oat Okra Parsley Peanuts, Peas Rice Rye Sorghum Squash Sugarcane Sunflower Wheat Zucchini Biotic Resources in the Ocean Crustaceans and lobsters Fish Octopi Seawaad and kelp Shrimp Whales and dolphins anEnvironmental Studies ‘bot Natural Resources ‘Here are examples of abiotic natural resources + Batites + Bauxite + Chromite Coal Copper Diamond Gavel Gold Iron oro Marble Limestone Nickel Platinum Pumice salt Send Silver Sulfur Tale ‘Vanadium Zine Natural Eneray Resources ‘Biofials - Fuals mada from plants and animals Geothermal energy - Energy generated from and stored inthe earth Hydroelectric power - Water drives the turbines that produce electricity eithar in dams or tides ‘Natural gas - This is fossil fal ‘Nuclear energy - Created by splitting the atom Solar energy - The sun's rays heat solar calls that make alectncity Wind power - Tao wind tum the turbines that make electricity Energy Resources Natural Resourcos by Country ‘Here are examples of natural resources from select ccountrias around tha world Australia Bauxite Coal Copper ‘Diamonds Gold Lead Iron oro Minaral sands ‘Natural gas Nickel Petroleum. Silver Tin ‘Tungsten, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™ ‘Anup trust for koowiodyoExcironmmental Studies = Gold + Hydropower + leon ore) = Lead + Molybdenum Egypt + Asbestos © Gypsum, + Honore + Limestone Energy Resource + Manganese + Natural gas + Phosphates + Petroleum + Tale + Feldspar + Gold + Hydropower + Tron ore + Lead + Molybdenum + Niobium + Platinum + Seals + Tantalite + Uranium + Whales + Zine TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knoweageEnvironmental Studies India + Arable land + Bauxite + Chromite = Coal + Hydropower + Limestone = Soda ash = Wildlife ‘ Energy Resources + Titanium + Zine seychelles + Cinnamon trees + Copra = Hk south Atica + Antimony TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoEnvironmental Studies 2:5 Energy Resources = Chromium Thailand += Coal + Arable land + Copper + Fish + Gem diamonds + Fluorite «= Gold + Gypsum + Lona + Lead =a 00 + Lignite «Natural gas + Namural gas, + Nickel + Rubber + Phosphates + Tantalum Platinum © Salt + Tia + Uranium Sri Lanka + Clay + Come = Graphite © Hydropower + Limestone + Minaral sands + Phosphates ‘Sweden «| Feldspar + Gold + Hydropower + Kronor + Silver + Timber + Tungsten, + Uranium © Sulfur + Timber + Titanium Unitod Kingdom + Arable land + Chalk: + Chy + Coal + Gold + Gypsum TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™ ‘Anup trust for koowiodyoExcironmmental Studies é Energy Resource = Honore + Lead + Limestone + Natural gas + Petroleum Salt + Silica sand = Slate United States = Bauxite + Tungsten © Uranium + Zine Natural Resource - Forest Resources, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land Resources, Mineral Resources Forest Resources Forest types of India = Wet Evargrasn forast + Semi Evergreen forest # Moist Deciduous forast. + Dry Deciduous forest. + Littoral and Swamp forest / Mangrove forest. ‘+ Dry Evergreen forest. + Thom forest. + Sub tropical broad leaved forest Forests are among the most diverse and widespread ecosystems on earth, and have many functions: they provide timber and other forest products; have cultural ‘values; delivar recreation banefits and ecosystem servicas, including regulation of soil, air and water: aro reservoirs for biodiversity. and act as carbon sinks. The forest area iff fiom state to state in Tadia. Madhya Pradesh stands ‘at the top in tho total forest area, followed by tho Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and ‘Odisha Ons-fourth of the total forest covered area of the ‘country is in the north-eastern states. Major Causes of Detorestation + Expansion of Agriculture + Extension of Cultivation on Hill Slopes + Cattle Ranching + Firewood Collection + Timber Harvesting + Shifting Cultivation + Govamnment Policies : As discussed earlier, the policy followed by Colonial ruler and tho policy of government in fee India Water Resources ‘Water resources are scurces of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include ‘sericultural, industrial, houschold, recreational and ‘environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water Only 2.5 % of water on the Earth is fresh water, and over two thirds of this is frozen in ‘elaciers and polar ice caps. Water damand already exceods supply in many parts of the world, and many more areas are sxpected to experience this imbalance in the near future. It is TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? — An up trust or knoweageEnvironmental Studies 7 Energy Resources estimated that 70 % of world-wide water use is for icrigation in agriculture. Climate change will have significant impacts on water resources around the world because of the close connections between the climate and hydrologic cycle ‘Due to the expanding human population competition for water is growing such that many of the world’s major ‘aquifers are becoming depleted. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in underdeveloped countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters. ‘Some of the water resources are Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water Surface and ground water storage Hydro power potential Rivers. Lakes Wetlands. Water supply and sanitation. Energy Resources Energy is the capacity to do work and is required for lie processes. An onerzy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects. or produce electricity. Matter that stores energy is called a fal ‘Most of the eneray we use today come fiom fossil fuels Gtored solar energy). But fossils fuals have a disadvantage in that they are nor-ronovwable on a human time scale, and cause other potentially harmful effects on the environment. Ih any event, the exploitation of all energy sources (with the possible exception of direct solar energy used for heating), ultimately rely on materials on planet Earth ‘There are 5 fundamental sources of energy 1, Nocloar fusion in the Sun (solar energy) Gravity generated by the Earth and Moon. ‘Nuclear fission reactions Energy in the interior of the Earth. ‘Energy stored in chemical bonds. 2: 3 x Solar Energy : Solar Enorgy arrives from the Sun by cloctromagnotic radiation. It can be used directly for haat ‘and converted to electricity for other uses. It is a nearly unlimited sourea, it is renewable, and largely, non- polluting. Gravity Generated by the Farth and Moon Gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth causes tides. ‘Tidal dlow can be hamessed to deive turbines. This is also 2 nearly unlimited source of energy and is largely non- polluting. ‘Nuclear Fission Reactions : Radioactive Uranium is concentrated and mado into fuol rods that gonorato large ‘amounts of heat as a osult of radioactive decay. This heat is used to tum water into steam. Expansion of the steam ‘con thon be used to drive a turbine ané generate electricity Energy im the Interior of the Earth : Decay of radioactive elaments bas produced heat throughout Earth history. It is this heat thet causes the temperature to increase with depth in the Earth and is responsible for malting of mantia rocks to form magmas. Magmas can ‘carry the heat upward into the crust. Energy Stored in Chemical Bonds : Erergy stored in ‘chomical bonds drives chemical reactions. When the reactions take place this energy is either released or absorbed. If it ig absorbed, itis storad in the chemical ‘bond for later usa, If it is released, it can produce usafal heat enorgy. electricity and ligt. Land Resources : ‘Land is a naturally occurring finite rasourca. Tt provides tne base for survival of living beings. Tt holds avarything that constitutes terrestrial ecosystems. Increased demand ‘on land in modem times due to tho rise in human population and resultant activitios has resulted in dogradation of land quality and quantity, decline in crop production, and competition for land Landi and Land Resources refer to 2 dalineabla area of the earths terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of tho biosphers immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climato, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow aks, rivers, marshes and swamps). the near-surface TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™ ‘Anup trust for koowiodyoEnvironmental Studies 28 Energy Resources jedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geo-hycrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, tho human settlement pattem and physical results of past and procont human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings. etc.) Mineral Resources : Mineral resources are non-renewable and include metals (eg. iron, copper and aluminum). and non-metals (eg. salt, gypsum, clay. sand, phosphates). Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renawable. ‘Types of Mineral Resources : A) Foel Minerals, 3) Coal Crude Oil (Petroleum) iii) Natural Gas B) Motallic and Non-metallic Minerals [Za] Renewable, Non-ronewable Resources and Cycle Resources [2.2.1] Renowable Resources ‘The racourcas which can be ranawed and raproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical procassas are known as renawable or replenishable resources. These rescurces are able to increase their abuadance through reproduction and utilization of simple substances. Examples of such resources are- water, forests and wildlife, plants axe. Renawable Resources can ba further classifiad as Living Renewable Resources and Non-Living Renewable Resources, Examples of renewable resources though they do not have life cycle but cam be recycled are wood and wood- products, pulp products, natural rubber, fibers (ag. cotton, jute, animal wool, silk and synthetic fibers) and leather. ‘+ Living Renewable (biological) resources are those renewabla resources which come from living (biotic) ‘+ Examples - forests, plants. ‘© Non-Living Renewable resources ara those renewable resources which come from non-living (abiotic) sourcas like land, water, air ‘Examples - metals, minerals, wind, sun ete [2.2.2] Non-renewable Resources ‘Axnon-renewable resource is a natural resource that is used up faster than it can be made by nature. It cannot be produced, grown or generated on a scale which can sustain how quickly it is being consumed. Once it is used up, there is no mora availabla for the firure. Fossil fuels (such as coal, patrolaum and natural gas), typas of rnucloar power (uranium) and certain examples. [22.3] Cyclic Resources The resources which can be used again and again passing through some processas ara known as cyclic resources. An example of cyclic resource may be water, coal. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyoEneiroronental Studies 2-9 Energy Resource ifforence betwoon renewablo and non-renewable resourcos_ Parameters ‘Renewable Resources ‘Non-renewable Resources Definition Arenewable resource is one that naturally replaces Non-renewable resource does not replace itself at itself ata rate near or equal tothe rate at which the rate itis being used. ‘you're using ‘Classification Renewable resources can be fiber divided intwo _Now-Renewable Resources can be further types : Living Renenable Resources and Non- classified into two types : Recyclable ard Non- Living Renewable Resources Recyclable resources ‘Advantages 1) Renewable energy is beneficial because we do not i) Nontenewable resources are easy to wse as Ihave to worry about its depletion. ‘these are relatively cheap to mine and to convert 4) Renewable energies such as wind and eee, Inyéropower provides for cleaner, environmentally ‘riendlier power sources. Disadvantages ‘Technologies to utilize renewable resources ss very The non-renewable resources ae fast depleting costly and do not give much efficiency. and causing alot of environmental polition Examples ‘Hydropower, Wind, Solar energy ett Coal. Oil, Natural gas ete. 2.3] Causes and Effects of Depletion of Resources Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided berwaen renewabla recources and non-ranawable rasourcas. The major causes of resourea doplation ara listed balow. Overpopulation (Over-consumption and waste Deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems Mining ‘Technological and industrial development Soil erosion a 7. Pollution and contamination of resources ‘« Overpopulation - With increasing population, damands of the country increase which further results in depletion of «© Over-consumption and waste - As the standards of living of paopla improves, thay tend to consume more and waste ‘+ Deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems - Forests are cut annually. to make space for multiplexes, residential complexes etc. This not only destroys trees (and wood as a resource) but also destroys home of thousands of species of animals, ‘+ Mining - Mining of minerals and oil-minorals and motals aro in high demand in today’s world, This is a very big problem as ores are being depleted day by day. TECHNICAL BUBLICATIONS® — An up trust for knoweageEnvironmental Studies = 10 Energy Resources ‘Technological and industrial development - ‘Technology advances and so tha need of resources Soil erosion - Because of deforestation, seil erosion takes place, Thus. soil gets devoid of important ‘minerals and rasourcas, Pollution and contamination of resources - Water pollution, soil pollution is increasing at an alarming rate today due to negligent attitude of people towards the environment. Pollution has 2 disect effect on contamination of resources available in nature Effects of Natural Resources Depletion The depletion of natural resources has adverse effect not only on the human fife but the environment too. Some of tase are as listad balow Resource Scarcity : Resources like fossil. fuels timber, water and arable land become scarce because of over-consumption and degradation, mostly in the areas of tremendous population growth, Rising Prices : When natural resources become scarce, food. fuel and energy prices rise. Even the price of renewable rasonrcas increases if thay naed to be shipped fo seach areas where these have been depleted. ‘Water Shortages = When infrastractura davalopment and population growth increase, water shortages occur. As of today, almost 1 billion people lack access to clean water Solutions to Prevent / Reduce Natural Resource Depletion The likely solutions to reduce the resource depletion are as follows + Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels : We can conserve fossil fuels by using less gasoline and electricity. Driving loss and saying yes to carpooling are simple ways to conserve gasoline. Buying 2 vehicle having high fuel sileage and purchasing energy star appliances can also contribute to conservation of fossil fools. Keep Water Clean ; Water may seem like a never- ending resource which is found everywhers, but dus to population growth, the access to clean water for large populations decreases. Water can be saved by taking small stops in and around our home. Somo of these include checking for water leaks and replacing or fixing leaky faucets. Preserve Trees and Forests : To satisfy the worlds need for paper alone, approximately 4 billion trees get cout down per year. Thus, preventing the deforestation is very necessary. One can greaily contribute in this context by using Tess paper. using more cloth towels and not paper ones or by switching to an cniine-onty subscription of your favourita newspaper. During a visit to a local forest, one should act responsibly and smako cure that campfires are cafely maintainod. Protect Coastal Ecosystems : Coastal ecosystems are very important for maintaining biodiversity, but they ara also extramely valuabla for industries like fishing and tourism incustries. Seafood consumers should ‘coop in mind how tair purchasing decisions can affect the onvironmont. Reofs aro axxemoly sonsitive 10 disturbances. Diving or snorkolling around a roof should be done while treating the reefs with caro and ospoct Px Energy Forms (Conventional and Non-conventional) Sources of energy { Conventionat sources Non-conventiona sources Commerciat Non-commercial Teal sneroy Petoleum orew Ehoreay ed ding Fig. 2.4.1 Classification of enargy resources ‘Conventional Sources of Energy : ‘Those sources of energy are also called aon renewable sources. These sources of energy are in limited quantity except hydro-electric power. These are further classified as commercial energy and non-commercial enerey Commercial Energy Sources : ‘Those are coal, potroloum and electricity. These are called commercial energy because they have a price and ‘consumer has to pay the price to purchase them. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - An up trust for knowiodyo