Section Check In – 7.

01 Mathematical Preliminaries
Questions
1. Prove the existence of an integer that is the sum of two perfect squares.

2. .
List all the possible partitions of .

3. Evaluate in terms of n, .

4. In a class of 17 students there are 20 desks.

How many different seating arrangements are there?

5. 200 different points on the circumference of a circle are chosen at random. The

circle has centre O, a fixed point A on the circumference, and each point must satisfy
the condition that the radius drawn from O to the point must form an angle of with the
radius AO, where is an integer.

Pi
x⁰
O

Use the pigeonhole principle to show that among the 200 points there must be at least one
pair that, when joined by a straight line, forms a diameter of the circle.

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6.* A viewer survey conducted by a television channel reveals that
 36% of viewers watch sport
 31% watch comedy
 33% watch drama.

Of those who watch at least one of these types of programme

 13% watch sports and comedy
 9% watch comedy and drama
 11% watch sports and drama.

20% of viewers watch none of these three types of programme.

Deduce the percentage of viewers that watch all three types.

7. How many different even numbers less than 400 000 can be made from the digits 123456,
using each digit exactly once?

8.* Solve for n the equation .

9. Eight people stand in a line. One of the people is Anne and another is Ben. How many
ways can the eight people stand side by side so that Anne and Ben are not standing next to
one another?

10.* Four cards labelled A, B, C and D are placed randomly into four boxes also labelled A to D,
one card per box. What is the probability that no card gets placed into a box having the
same label as the card?

Extension

In how many ways can you buy 16 cupcakes from an unlimited supply of 5 different types?
What if you have to have at least one of each type or cupcake?

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Worked solutions

1. Any valid example, such as .

2.

3.

4. .

5. Because of the requirement that is integer, there are only 360 possible points that could
be chosen. These points form 180 opposite pairs, each of which forms a diameter when the
two points are joined by a straight line. It would therefore be possible to choose 180 points,
each at the end of a different diameter, but the 181st point would have to form a pair with a
point already chosen. Therefore, among the 200 points there must be at least one pair that,
when joined by a straight line, forms a diameter of the circle. In fact there will be 20 such
pairs.

6. We can define S as the set of viewers who watch sport, C as the set who watch comedy
and D as the set who watch drama. We can then represent the information given as follows:

The multiplier of 0.8 applies because only 80% of the viewers watch at least one of the
programme types. That is,
We can then use the inclusion-exclusion principle,

To deduce that
So 6.4% of viewers watch all three types of programme.

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7. To make an even number less than 400 000, the first digit must be 1, 2 or 3 and the final
digit must be 2, 4 or 6. This allows for the following eight possibilities:

1_ _ _ _ 2 1_ _ _ _ 4 1_ _ _ _ 6
2_ _ _ _ 4 2_ _ _ _ 6
3_ _ _ _ 2 3_ _ _ _ 4 3_ _ _ _ 6

The total number of numbers is therefore .

Alternatively, we could say that if the first digit is 1 or 3, then the final digit can be 2, 4 or 6
but if the first digit is 2 then the final digit can only be 4 or 6. The solution can then be

represented as .

8.

Then,
(since so )

9. The total number of permutations is 8!

There are 14 ways in which Anne and Ben can be standing next to each other. If we label
the positions 1 to 8, then they could be in 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78 and in either order.

For each one of these 14 ways, the remaining 6 people could be arranged in different
ways.

So the answer is

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 Similarly, there are three derangements
possible when card A goes into box C.

10. We need to find the number of derangements of 4 objects.

The card labelled A has three places to go. Suppose it goes in the box marked B. Now, if
card B goes into box A, we have only one possibility because cards C and D must be
interchanged. There are two other possibilities for card B, and each of these leads to one
more possible arrangement. If card B goes in box C, card C must go in box D and card D in
box A, while if card B goes in box D, card D must go in box C, and card C must go in box A.

This gives us a total of arrangements. The nine derangements are:

Boxes A B C D
Cards B A D C These are the three derangements
D A B C possible when card A goes into box B
C A D B as described above.
C D A B
D
B
D
C
D
C
A
A
B
B
C
A
¿
C D A A Again, there are three derangements
B C D A possible when card A goes into box D.

The required probability is therefore 9 out of a possible 4! arrangements:

Extension
One way to look at this is as arrangements of 16 O's (cupcakes) and 4 |'s (dividers between the
boxes of cupcakes) so that, for example OOOO||OOOOOO|OOOO|OO means that we buy 4
cupcakes of the first type, none of the second type, 6 of the third type, 4 of the fourth type, and 2 of
the fifth type. So we need to find out how many ways can we can arrange 16 O's and 4 |'s in a line.
We can think of this as the number of ways we can place the 16 O's into the 20 places which is

or = 4845.

If we have to have at least one of each, we can only choose the remaining 11 cupcakes and
arrange them with the 4 |'s in a line. The number of ways we can do this is 15C11 or 15C4 = 1365.

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