Lesson 1: ICT in Today’s World
of data centers from all over the
What is ICT?
ICT refers to the convergence of
computing and telecommunications and
encompasses all related technologies,
including computing devices, systems,
networks, infrastructure, and even the
people that build and use them.
What Technologies Comprise ICT?
What are the Recent Trends in ICT?
internet connectivity is improving all over
the world. The arrival of 5G or the 5th
generation global wireless standard is
expected to bring gigabit speeds and much
lesser lag or “latency” to mobile internet
connections.
Many devices are now also being designed
and manufactured to be “smart” and can
connect to the Internet. Collectively, these
are called Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices.
Mobile Computing
 Mobile devices are increasingly
becoming more powerful.
Cloud Computing
 Cloud computing makes computing
resources available to users on-
demand over the Internet.
 Cloud services rely on the collection
world to deliver these computing
resources.
 The label “cloud” basically refers to
the Internet.
Big Data
 All of our social media posts, shared
pictures and videos, internet
searches, emails, and document
uploads are stored across the various
servers and data storage devices that
comprise the internet.
 all these data can now be gathered,
processed, and analyzed to gain
insights.
Machine Learning
 Machine learning (ML) is one of the
applications of artificial intelligence (AI).
In AI, computer scientists endeavor to
get computers to think like humans.
Blockchain
 Blockchain technology provides a
means for recording information
securely and transparently.
 Instead of deleting or writing over old
information, new data blocks are
created and added to existing blocks,
forming what is essentially a chain.
Quantum Computing
 Quantum computers rely on quantum
mechanics to perform calculations.

Lesson 2: A Connected World
The Internet and the World Wide Web
The Internet is the global network of
computers that are connected by and
communicate using standardized protocols.
The World Wide Web or the Web is the
global information system composed of
pages and resources accessible through
uniform resource locators (URLs) and
connected by hyperlinks.
How Networks Work
A computer network allows devices such as
computers, mobile devices, routers,
switches, and modems connected to it to
communicate and share information.
A typical home network is an example of a
Local Area Network (LAN). It is usually
configured like this:
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
provides you with a modem.
 The modem connects your home
network to the larger infrastructure
that branches out to the Internet. The
modem is connected to the router.
 The router is responsible for directing
data packets to the right device. The
router automatically assigns a unique
IP address to each node,
distinguishing a device from others.
Note: For networks to properly facilitate
information exchange, they must follow
communications protocols. Devices
connecting to the Internet, for instance,
must
follow TCP/IP or Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, which is a set of
protocols in itself.
 TCP dictates how information is
broken down into packets at the
source.
 IP dictates how to route each packet
so that it reaches the proper address
or destination.
The Internet and the Web through the
Decades
The 1960s
1969 - ARPANET, the Internet’s
predecessor, is created.
The 1970s
1971 - Creeper, the first computer virus, is
created.
1973 - First cellular phone was produced.
1978 -First spam event recorded as 400
Arpanet users receive emails inviting them
to a product demonstration.
The 1980s
1981 - ARPANET exceed 2,300 users. IBM
releases the personal computer (PC)
1983 - TCP/IP adopted as a standard
protocol for ARPANET.
1989 - Tim Berners-Lee starts work on the
World Wide Web, introducing three key
technologies - HTTP, HTML, and the
Uniform Resource Identifier (URL)..
The 1990s
1990 - Archie, the first Internet search
engine, is created. ARPANET is
decommissioned.
1993 - Mosaic, the first commercially-
available internet browser, is launched.
1994 - The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) is founded. It continues to be
responsible for developing open web
standards.
1995 - Microsoft licenses Mosaic to build
Internet Explorer.
1997 - AOL releases the first instant
messenger.
1998 - The Internet reaches 1 million users
worldwide. Google is founded by Stanford
University students Sergey Brin and Larry
Page.
The 2000s
2000 - iloveyou virus spreads worldwide,
infecting 50 million users in a span of just
ten days.
2001 - Free online encyclopedia Wikipedia
is founded.
2003 - Apple launches the Safari web
browser. Social networks Friendster,
MySpace, and LinkedIn launched. Open
source publishing system project WordPress
released.
2004 - Mozilla launches Firefox. Social
network Facebook launched.
2005 - Internet reaches 1 billion users
worldwide, just about seven years since
reaching the one million user mark. Video
sharing platform YouTube launched.
2006 - Twitter launched as a microblogging
platform.
2007 - Apple iPhone released. The
smartphone combined a phone, Internet
device, and media player’s functionalities in
one and popularized its use.
2007 - Netflix introduces streaming services.
2008 - Google releases Chrome.
2009 - 4G technology introduced.
The 2010s
2010 - Image sharing platform Instagram
launched. The online role-playing game
World of Warcraft reaches a peak of 12
million active subscribers.
2011 - Apple launches Siri virtual assistant
in the iPhone 4s.
2012 - Facebook reaches 1 billion active
users a month.
2016 - Netflix releases first original content.
2014 - Amazon released the Alexa virtual
assistant.
2017 - WannaCry ransomware outbreak
cripples industrial facilities and large
enterprises worldwide. Blockchain and
cryptocurrencies create a frenzy, with
Bitcoin reaching a peak price of nearly
$20,000.
2018 - Facebook-Cambridge Analytica
scandal disclosed to the public. The scandal
exposed how social network data was used
to influence politics and elections in
different countries.
The 2020s
The total number of internet users around
the world stands at 4.8 billion.
Visiting a website or Webpage
Websites and webpages are identified using
a URL. The URL is composed of various
parts, which include:
Example:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page/
 https:// - The protocol
 en. - The subdomain
 wikipedia - The second-level
domain
 .org - The top-level domain
 wiki/Main_Page/ - The path