Federal Urdu University

Of Arts Science and Technology Karachi

Course: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Teacher: Dr. ARMAN TABASSUM

ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY:
MUHAMMAD FARAZ SIDDIQUI
SON OF MUHAMMAD QAYYUM
ROLL NO: 10222054
ZEESHAN
SON OF ALLAH DITTA BHATTI
ROLL NO: 10222053
BS CHEMISTRY 5TH SEMESTER

TOPIC: THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS

Introduction
The majority of third-world nations and developing nations are either heavily corrupted or completely
destroyed by wars involving religion, the cold war, and other conflicts. To set them apart from the rest
of the world, a larger collection of nations are referred to as being in the "Third World.”. Because its
meaning has evolved over time, as with all labels, it must be used with caution. During the 1960s, it
became common practice to categorize the world into the first, second, and third Worlds.
The so-called First World includes nations like Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Australia, and North
America. They were industrialized, wealthy, and powerful, and they practiced capitalism. The
communist nations of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were referred to as the "Second World"
because of their tightly controlled economies.
The term "Third World" was frequently used to describe the African continent.
Throughout the first centuries, the majority of third-world nations were colonies of the most powerful
European nation. Even though they have achieved independence, they are still compelled to rely on
the favor and assistance of former colonial powers or recently developed powerful nations.
The economic power of the world did, however, shift a little bit in the 1970s as a result of the massive
increase in oil demand following the end of the Second World War and the shifting of production to
nations like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Libya in the Middle East, Nigeria, and Venezuela in Africa, and
Saudi Arabia and Venezuela in Latin America. Even though crude oil has been in rapid decline in
recent years, the countries that make up OPEC can still be distinguished from others thanks to their
possession of this mineral resource. Third World nations have experienced changes as well.
The western pacific nations of Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, as well as those in Latin America
like Mexico and Brazil, have experienced some dramatic industrialization. Despite the fact that these
nations still have severe poverty and significant issues with massive international debt, they are still
far better off than the Third World nations they have historically been compared to The "poorest of
the poor" comprise 36 of the least developed nations, according to the United Nations in 1984.26 LLD-
Cs in Africa, 8 in Asia, 1 in the Pacific, and 1 in the Caribbean are included on this list.
Problems Of Pakistan
Textiles in Pakistan are in tatters due to the energy crisis. Power outages can last more than 12 hours a
day, forcing factory owners in the country's textile capital, Faisalabad, to turn off the lights and sell
their looms for scrap, leaving tens of thousands of workers behind. Unemployed workers. The country
is the fourth largest textile producer in the world and according to official statistics, the industry
generates 60% of his export earnings. However, shortages are increasing pressure on Pakistan's
deteriorating and debt-laden economy (Atif, 2011). The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a country of 170
million people, rich in natural resources, and more than 60 years into her independence, is still not
respected by the international community. Less than 30 years after independence, one wing was
separated (Bangladesh). The rest is still funded by donations from the IMF, World Bank and abroad.
The majority of the population lives in rural areas without the basic necessities of life. It is a country
where the gap between rich and poor is widening day by day. Over the past decade, extremism has
increased. Whatever happens in the world, the links to Pakistan are almost clear even before the
investigation. Pakistan has almost all kinds of problems: power outages, economic downturn, declining
education facilities, declining hospitals, inflation, lack of clean water in many areas. These problems
have existed since Pakistan's independence and, as mentioned above, their history goes back over 60
years. With so many natural resources, why has our beloved country not belonged to the developed
world for the last 60 years? Like China, it became independent after us and is now a world superpower.
Like Japan, which is still a global economic powerhouse today despite its large cities being reduced to
rubble and lacking natural resources. If you think about the reasons for the problems Pakistan faces
today, there are many. But one thing is most important. Namely politicians. "Do our politicians
represent the people?" In a democratic system, the elected people represent the people, so the people
should have confidence in their decisions. They should think for the betterment of their people and their
country. For Pakistan, look at our politicians. The majority of them are only interested in taking the
necessary steps to secure seats in parliament. Many of them are facing criminal prosecution. And above
all, there are people who are deceiving the Pakistani constitution and still remain members of
parliament. The more corrupt a person is, the more likely they are to be elected to parliament (Pakistan
Tribune, 2010).China will invest in hydel and renewable energy power projects in Pakistan. Islamabad:
China will collaborate with WAPDA to develop a number of large-scale hydropower projects in
addition to investing in hydro and renewable energy power projects there.

In fact, there needs to be a national energy agenda because the energy crisis is too big of a problem to
be solved without a firm consensus.
Despite the efforts made thus far by the concerned authorities, Pakistan's socioeconomic fabric is still
being battered by the energy crisis on both a micro and macro scale.
If the shortsightedness of previous governments, one of the most severe and pervasive problems, is
not addressed, the crisis cannot be resolved. It is crucial that
the relevant authorities understand the significance of a sustainable energy agenda.
Sadly, the current energy crisis is primarily due to a lack of willingness to create sustainable energy
projects. This mindset must alter if the country is to adequately address the enormous energy challenge
it faces (Asif, 2011)
Pakistan's dilemma: According to reports, Pakistan is currently dealing with some of the most pressing
issues of the modern era.
If these issues are not resolved properly, the nation's future may be altered.
Comprehensive List of Pakistan's Issues (Based on Public Perception and Literature Review) Many
developing nations share all or most of these issues.
Army regulations, the Afghan War, bureaucracy in government, budgets based on borrowed money and
poor planning, corrupt leaders, a lack of governance, departmental corruption, electricity terrorism,
electricity load shedding, economic terrorism, foreign policy, feudalism, Islamization, Indo-Pak
relations, inadequate transportation, traffic and safety planning/management issues, inadequate
economic development, illiteracy, foreign interference, leadership gaps, and a lack of health
infrastructure are all examples of problems.
Due to the lack of consistent and affordable access to electricity, Pakistan is currently experiencing a
severe socio-economic crisis.
Large supply side constraints are essentially what are to blame for the crisis.
Thefts exacerbate inefficiencies in the generation, transmission, and distribution systems, raising
costs for those who pay their bills. The so-called circular debt, which peaked at Rs 872 billion in 2012,
provides a crystal-clear illustration of this state of affairs.
The current crisis has been exacerbated by tariff differential subsidies, poor management, and
confusion brought on by WAPDA's unbundling, an earlier monolith.
As a result, it's important to recognize the obstacles the national energy policy (NEP) faces
during implementation and suggest solutions.
Pakistan must make significant investments in power generation and related infrastructure if it is to
achieve energy independence, and the implementation strategies must be in line with the global energy
dynamics that determine prices and supplies. Second, Pakistan must not only be an effective
energy producer but also an effective energy consumer.
Thirdly, it's critical to recognize the significance of
technological advancement, which raises the world's energy output and subsequently influences energy
prices.
Fourth, new renewable energy sources like solar and wind need to be viewed as supplements rather
than major solutions because they are not yet widely available and are already expensive.
Regional energy grids can be appealing, but Pakistan has not been able to use this option effectively
due to political planning restrictions.
In the near future, it would be difficult to put an end to power outages anywhere unless the new
government unified the fragmented governance in this regard.
To meet the rising energy demands, the nation will require US$ 210 billion over the following 20 to
25 years4
Nuclear power plants essentially transform into money machines once the initial cost is properly sunk
in, which takes time. Pakistan should gradually change the composition of its energy mix to rely
more on water, coal, and nuclear energy while reducing its reliance on expensive thermal fuels like
furnace oil. Global energy demand is predicted to double by 2050 compared to levels in 2000, with
emerging economies driving 90% of the increase as more people escape poverty and increase their
energy consumption.
Pakistan's energy demand has increased fourfold over the past 25 years; it is predicted to
increase eightfold by 2030 and by a factor of 20 by the year 2050.6 Pakistan's electricity demand
is currently increasing at a rate of over 9% annually, with a need for close to 160,000 MW by
2030.A minimum amount of spare power would be included. Due to past neglect of about 10,000-
12,000 MW.7 for maintenance, power outages or natural disasters, Pakistan's energy
and power scenario is likely to remain vulnerable for years to come.
In the residential sector, natural gas is used for 63 percent of cooking, 21 percent of water heating, and
16 percent of space heating, while in the commercial sector, natural gas is used for 92 percent of
cooking, 6 percent of water heating, and the remaining 2 percent of space heating (Asian Development
Bank, 2009).
According to Energycon Pakistan (2009), the potential for energy efficiency in the residential and
commercial sectors is 30%.
Potential for 5.13 Natural Gas Efficiency in Transportation and Industry.
In the industrial sector, 528 billion cubic feet of natural gas were used, or 41.6 percent of the total
(SIAST). PK, 2011).
Steel and iron account for 9.3 percent of usage, followed by pulp and paper (12.9), textiles (27.7), sugar
(2.6), and fertilizer (fuel) (9.1).
35 percent went to other industries, 31.5 percent to cement (Asian Development Bank, 2009).
This industry uses a significant amount of natural gas, but by using clever techniques, 25% of that gas
can be saved (Enercon Pakistan, 2009).
According to the 2009 Pakistan Energy Year Book, Pakistan only pays 7% of its natural gas to the
transportation sector when it is foamed with CNG.
In 2008, there were more than 1700 CNG stations.
By putting the energy efficiency plan into practice, the 20% of CNG can be eliminated (Asian
Development Bank, 2009).
Issues with Pakistani coal and peat are number 14.
In 2008, there was a total of 4748 Ktoe of coal available, of which only 1679 Ktoe was produced
domestically.
The remaining 3069 Ktoe was imported.
In Pakistan, non-conventional energy sources (such as fuel wood, charcoal, cow dung, crop residue,
industrial waste, municipal waste, etc.) were used to generate a total of 28 Mtoe of energy in 2008.
According to these statistics, wood fuel accounts for 26,500,000 m3, charcoal for 64,000 t, biogases for
9,000,000 t, etc.
Deforestation is the first prominent problem resulting from use of these resources.
(Statistics on the forest and its annual plantation vs. Rate of success).Because of this rapid
deforestation, there is soil erosion, the release of greenhouse gases, air pollution, an increase in
temperature, etc. Regular use of charcoal, cow dung, air pollution, water pollution, etcare all
contributing to an increase in health problems.
Concerns about the environment are also becoming more and more urgent. The primary tumor in our
environment is el nino.The agriculture sector contributes 50% of Pakistan's GDP, but these problems
are also having a significant negative impact on our economy. Another issue that is
predicted to arise is food security. It will be very challenging to defend the gap if population growth
continues at the current rate while agriculture's share of the economy declines. As is well
known, 70% of Pakistan's population lives in rural areas where non-conventional energy
is the main energy source.
In order to obtain this energy, they had to invest a lot of time, which cost them money
because they missed out on other opportunities. Indirectly, this had an impact on Pakistan's
exports and imports as well as its lack of cultural advancement, small-scale industry, and educational
attainment. The fact that it is extremely inefficient and has a very low Btu value is an even more crucial
issue. This energy has a yearly economic value of 612 billion rupees. It means we can save
a significant amount of money by using conventional energy sources instead of paying to
support these problems.

Historic Demand Supply Position

The solutions to Pakistan's energy-related problems.

Data:.

Inflation 11% and 17%

Per capita income in US$1095 in 2009–2010.

GDP Growth Rate: 4.11% (2009–2010).

Installed generation capacity 21593 MW

Peak Power Requirement: 21063 MW.

People use electricity 21.63 million

Pakistan has a roughly average per capita electricity consumption

470kWh/annum.

Pakistan PPIB, as a source.

Solutions for Circular Debt Issues

Engineer Shams-ul-Mulk, the former chairman of the WAPDA, asserts that there is no current shortage
of electricity in the nation and that the current electricity crisis is due to IPPs' failure to pay
their circular DE Pakistan’s energy sector is facing a 700 billion rupee circular debt.
PEPCO, for instance, provides 284 billion rupees to the nuclear, genco, and IPP industries.
Similar to that, PSO received 166 billion rupees from IPPs. 134 billion rupees have been
given to PEPCO by our provinces.
In order for our government to find solutions to the circular debt problem, 300 billion rupees
are needed. Transforming PEPCO's collection system through the use of effective ERP.The
energy sector needs to experiment with alternative, renewable energy sources for the production of
electricity; like wind, hydel, solar, etc. Use Pakistan's abundant coal reserves as a fuel source; The
National Natural Gas Companies should prioritize producing an extra 300-400 million cubic feet
of gas, which is quite possible if gas prices are raised to economic levels; The power infrastructure
should be upgraded with a modern efficient grid; Timely recovery of receivables of state-
owned Power Distribution Company PEPCO from Provincial/Federal governments and departments;
The bleeding between the sale price (tariff) and the cost to the distribution companies
should also be eliminated in order to prevent future increases in the circular debt. Prices for all energy
products should also be rationalized through cross-subsidization, price subsidies should
be eliminated, and fuel prices should be linked to prices quoted internationally. Targeted subsidies
should only be provided if they are necessary for social reasons.
The Petroleum Levy collected by the GOP on POL products should be used to support the power
sector in paying off its debts. Tax-free Energy Bonds can be issued to the general public to
raise money for periodic resolutions of circular debt. Netting off of receivables and payables of the
involved parties. Increase in direct tax collection.
Academia covers all the issues

The actual participants in the grooming process are schools, colleges, universities, and
research divisions. So it's crucial to review our academic programs each year and include information
about national problems and solutions. Therefore, incorporating case studies into our courses
and emphasizing them are essential if we are to overcome the problems at hand. Additionally, try
to scratch the ideas from innovative and fresh minds According to Education in Pakistan (2011), there
are more than 1,349,000 post-secondary students enrolled in our institution. Consequently, developing
a suitable road map will be advantageous to both students and the local business community. Like
developed nations, wealthy indigenous industries must forcibly strengthen their institutions. It is made
very tangible by strong research in universities and industry support. Similar to other
developing nations, Pakistan's studies do not paint a positive picture of the LIS profession.In.Even the
libraries in Pakistan do not operate entirely automatically. In university libraries, users can
access the internet. However, there isn't much Internet access available in public and college libraries.
Based on research by Haider (2003), the Because of insufficient funding and a lack thereof, Pakistan's
current library situation is not particularly impressive. Resources for reading in the nation. It was
suggested that library schools are necessary to meet modern challenges. Needed to update their
curricula and raise the caliber of their teaching staff. How much study was conducted? It is simply
insufficient for library professionals to enter their own discipline. Mohammad Asghar (1992) provided
a list of some important. Problems like a lack of opportunities
for appropriate training, suitable guidance, availability, and access to information. Sources, funding and
sponsorship, encouragement, publication or dissemination of research results, and.personal
initiative and interest.

The library staff in Pakistan is lacking, according to Khalid and Hafiz (1997).Several factors, including
Pakistan's flawed selection process, a lack of training, and poor, are to blame for this issue.Status of the
librarian, etc. The Ministry of Education made a note of it in National Education Policy, 1998; p.
113 that:.The majority of libraries in the country, college libraries, have been struggling with this
issue.Poor services, an outdated library, financial limitations, and insufficient professional staff.
Create a transparent, long-lasting policy
Transparency is the cornerstone of success and the basis of excellence. There should be openness and
accessibility to the general public for all policies, plans, tenders, and other important
decisions. We have enjoyed our sixty-three years of independence, during which time we have
implemented numerous policies and plans aimed at elevating our nation to the list of the top ten
nations in the world. Because we are a country with abundant resources, such as coal, gas, uranium, the
sun, wind, sea, and waterfalls, among others.
We have a problem with our documentation, that's what it means. The technical aspects
of our proposed plans and policies need improvement. We never delegate the necessary Person's or
Department's responsibilities; instead, we only take into account the general summary of each Policy or
Plan. There are no defined Terms of Reference. It is never discussed at the micro level. We never make
a distinction based on time. Law and order organizations never defend it.Foreign and domestic
companies are not guaranteed any securities. It is not subjected to any sort of check or balance system.
All of the plans and policies are therefore neither successful nor yielded concrete results. Turn off all
non-conventional energy sources, including wood fuel and crop residue.
According to Pakistan Energy Year Book (2009), the country's domestic sector uses 8 MTOE of
conventional energy and 22 MTOE of non-conventional energy. The majority of people's time is
therefore spent gathering energy resources, such as fuel wood, dry dung, and crop residue.
Furthermore, these resources are unhealthy and have low Btu values. As a result, environmental
problems and deforestation are caused. We should build infrastructure to transport conventional energy
door to door in order to address the issues mentioned.
World electricity generation sources in 2017 (IEA, International Energy Agency 2018a).
 Survey Ranking of Ten Selective Problems

Rising Prices of basic commodities/Sugar & Gas (55.56%)

Electricity/Load Shedding (44.44%)
Corrupt Leaders (66.67%)

Lack of religious values.

(66.67%) Illiteracy (77.78%)
Lack of Unity & Spirit of Brotherhood
(66.67%) Terrorism (55.56%)
Unemployment (55.56%)

International Interference (55.56%)

Lack of ability & spirit of Patriotism in Common man (55.56%)

. Major Problems of Pakistan Model B (Survey Ranking of Ten Selective

Problems)
Conclusion
According to Ahmad (2012), Pakistan's energy crisis has five main root causes: insufficient integrated
planning, an unbalanced energy mix, underutilization of abundant
domestic resources, ineffective project structuring, and insufficient primary energy sources. Pakistan
is experiencing severe load shedding and government policies, but the government has not done
enough to address this issue. Iran offered to supply electricity urgently at extremely low rates of about
one third of the Regulated Price Plan (RPP); China offered to supply electricity at a cost of PRs. 300
per month for unlimited usage. Pakistan is experiencing severe load shedding, but America is not. The
Pakistani government is being forced to impose new taxes on the cost of fuel and electricity, though.
By providing uninterruptible electricity at fair prices, the Pakistani government should act in
the country's citizens' best interests to lessen their suffering. The parameters that are a restriction
on the growth of the energy sector are discussed in this paper.
Estimating the precise revenue needed to cover leakages and make developments
to resolve all identified problems is necessary. Additionally, it emphasizes the savings that can
be produced by effectively amplifying the suggested solutions.
This essay aids us in understanding Pakistan's primary energy problems as a result of the country's
fundamental issues and their effects, its challenges and limitations, and its current situation. This essay
focuses on every energy-related problem and how it relates to other industries. It is the starting point
for establishing a new development strategy for the energy sector, improving the effectiveness of
this crucial pillar of national development, and setting an example for other underdeveloped countries.
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