Polytetrafluoroethylene

(Redirected from Teflon)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic

fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and is a PFAS that has Polytetrafluoroethylene
numerous applications. The commonly known brand name
of PTFE-based composition is Teflon by Chemours,[3] a
spin-off from DuPont, which originally discovered the
compound in 1938.[3]

Polytetrafluoroethylene is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a

high-molecular-weight polymer consisting wholly of carbon
and fluorine. PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-
containing substances wet PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit
only small London dispersion forces due to the low electric
polarizability of fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest
coefficients of friction of any solid.

Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a non-stick coating for

pans and other cookware. It is non-reactive, partly because Names
of the strength of carbon–fluorine bonds, so it is often used IUPAC name
in containers and pipework for reactive and corrosive Poly(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene)[1]
chemicals. Where used as a lubricant, PTFE reduces
Other names
friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery. It is
Fluon, Poly(tetrafluoroethene),
used as a graft material in surgery and as a coating on
catheters. Poly(difluoromethylene),
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), teflon
PTFE is one of the best-known and widely applied PFAS Identifiers
commonly described as persistent organic pollutants or
"forever chemicals". Only since the start of the 21st century CAS Number 9002-84-0 (https://commonche
has the environmental impact and toxicity to human and mistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=90
mammalian life been studied in depth. For decades, DuPont 02-84-0)
used perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) during
Abbreviations PTFE
production of PTFE, later discontinuing its use due to
ecotoxicological and health issues that led to legal actions. ChEBI CHEBI:53251 (https://www.ebi.a
Dupont's spin-off Chemours today manufactures PTFE c.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId
using an alternative chemical it calls GenX, another PFAS. =53251)
ChemSpider None
History ECHA InfoCard 100.120.367 (https://echa.europ
a.eu/substance-information/-/su
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was accidentally discovered
in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett while he was working in New bstanceinfo/100.120.367)
Jersey for DuPont. As Plunkett attempted to make a new KEGG D08974 (https://www.kegg.jp/en
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, the tetrafluoroethylene gas try/D08974)
in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's
weight had dropped to the point signaling "empty". Since UNII E1NC1JVS3O (https://precision.
Plunkett was measuring the amount of gas used by weighing fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/E1N
 the bottle, he became curious as C1JVS3O)
to the source of the weight, and
CompTox DTXSID7047724 (https://compt
finally resorted to sawing the Dashboard (EPA)
bottle apart. He found the ox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemica
bottle's interior coated with a l/details/DTXSID7047724)
waxy white material that was Properties
oddly slippery. Analysis showed
that it was polymerized Chemical formula (C2F4)n
perfluoroethylene, with the iron Density 2200 kg/m3
from the inside of the container Melting point 327 °C
having acted as a catalyst at
Electrical resistivity 1018 Ω·cm[a]
high pressure.[4] Kinetic
Chemicals patented the new Thermal conductivity 0.25 W/(m·K)
fluorinated plastic (analogous Hazards
to the already known
polyethylene) in 1941, [5] NFPA 704
Advertisement of the and 0
registered the Teflon trademark (fire diamond)
Happy Pan, a Teflon- 1 0
coated pan from the 1960s in 1945.[6][7] OX

By 1948, DuPont, which Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with General materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
Motors, was producing over 2,000,000 pounds 100 kPa).
(910,000 kg) of Teflon-brand polytetrafluoroethylene per verify (what is ?)
year in Parkersburg, West Virginia.[8] An early use was in
Infobox references
the Manhattan Project as a material to coat valves and seals
in the pipes holding highly reactive uranium hexafluoride at
the vast K-25 uranium enrichment plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[9]

In 1954, Colette Grégoire urged her husband, the French engineer Marc Grégoire, to try the material he had been
using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. He subsequently created the first PTFE-coated, non-stick pans
under the brand name Tefal (combining "Tef" from "Teflon" and "al" from aluminium).[10] In the United States,
Marion A. Trozzolo, who had been using the substance on scientific utensils, marketed the first US-made PTFE-
coated pan, "The Happy Pan", in 1961.[11] Non-stick cookware has since become a common household product,
now offered by hundreds of manufacturers across the world.

The brand name Zepel was used for promoting its stain-resistance and water-resistance when applied to
fabrics.[12]

In the 1990s, it was found that PTFE could be radiation cross-linked above its melting point in an oxygen-free
environment.[13] Electron beam processing is one example of radiation processing. Cross-linked PTFE has
improved high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation stability. That was significant because, for
many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for recycling.[14] This
radiation-induced chain scission allows it to be more easily reground and reused.

Corona discharge treatment of the surface to increase the energy and improve adhesion has been reported.[15]

Production
PTFE is produced by free-radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene.[16] The net equation is

n F2C=CF2 → −(F2C−CF2)n−
Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to tetrafluoromethane (CF4)
and carbon, special apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots
that might initiate this dangerous side reaction. The process is typically initiated
with persulfate, which homolyzes to generate sulfate radicals:

[O3SO−OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 SO•−
4

The resulting polymer is terminated with sulfate ester groups, which can be
hydrolyzed to give OH end-groups.[17]

Granular PTFE is produced via suspension polymerization, where PTFE is

suspended in an aqueous medium primarily via agitation and sometimes with the
use of a surfactant. PTFE is also synthesized via emulsion polymerization, where a
surfactant is the primary means of keeping PTFE in an aqueous medium.[18]
Surfactants in the past have included toxic perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and
perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). More recently Perfluoro 3,6 dioxaoctanoic acid
(PFO2OA) and FRD-903 (GenX) are being used as an alternative surfactants.[19]

Properties
PTFE is a thermoplastic polymer, which is a white solid at room temperature, with a
density of about 2200 kg/m3 and a melting point of 600 K (327 °C; 620 °F).[20] It
maintains high strength, toughness and self-lubrication at low temperatures down to
5 K (−268.15 °C; −450.67 °F), and good flexibility at temperatures above 194 K Advertisement for Zepel,
(−79 °C; −110 °F).[21] PTFE gains its properties from the aggregate effect of carbon- the trade name used to
fluorine bonds, as do all fluorocarbons. The only chemicals known to affect these market Teflon as a fabric
carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like the alkali metals, and at higher treatment
temperatures also such metals as aluminium and magnesium, and fluorinating
agents such as xenon difluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.[22] At temperatures above
650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F) PTFE undergoes depolymerization.[23]

Property Value

Glass temperature 114.85 °C (238.73 °F; 388.00 K)[24]

Thermal expansion 112–125×10−6 K−1[25]

Thermal diffusivity 0.124 mm2/s[26]

Young's modulus
Yield strength
Coefficient of friction
Dielectric constant
Dielectric constant (60 Hz)
Dielectric strength (1 MHz)
0.5 GPa
PTFE thermal cover
23 MPa
showing impact craters,
0.05–0.10 from NASA's Ultra Heavy
Cosmic Ray Experiment
ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 5×10−2
(UHCRE) on the Long
ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 2×10−2 Duration Exposure Facility
(LDEF)
60 MV/m

Magnetic susceptibility (SI, 22 °C) −10.28×10−6[27]

The coefficient of friction of plastics is usually measured against polished steel.[28] PTFE's coefficient of friction
is 0.05 to 0.10,[20] which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (aluminium magnesium boride (BAM)
being the first, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; diamond-like carbon being second-lowest at 0.05). PTFE's
resistance to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick.[29] In
fact, PTFE can be used to prevent insects from climbing up surfaces painted
with the material. PTFE is so slippery that insects cannot get a grip and tend
to fall off. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants from climbing out of
formicaria.
Logo of Teflon, the commonly
Because of its superior chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used
known brand name of PTFE-based
as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive
compositions manufactured by
chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing.[30] However,
Chemours
until the 1990s,[13] PTFE was not known to crosslink like an elastomer, due to
its chemical inertness. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to creep.
Because of the propensity to creep, the long-term performance of such seals
is worse than for elastomers that exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of creep. In
critical applications, Belleville washers are often used to apply continuous
force to PTFE gaskets, thereby ensuring a minimal loss of performance over
the lifetime of the gasket.[31]

PTFE is an ultraviolet (UV) transparent polymer. However, when exposed to

an excimer laser beam it severely degrades due to heterogeneous
photothermal effect.[32]
PTFE is often used to coat non-

Processing stick pans as it is hydrophobic and

possesses fairly high heat
resistance.
Processing PTFE can be difficult and expensive, because the high melting
temperature, 327 °C (621 °F), is above the initial decomposition temperature,
200 °C (392 °F).[33] Even when molten, PTFE does not flow due to its exceedingly high melt-viscosity.[34][35]
The viscosity and melting point can be decreased by inclusion of small amount of comonomers such as perfluoro
(propylvinyl ether) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). These cause the otherwise perfectly linear PTFE chain to
become branched, reducing its crystallinity.[36]

Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of compression molding.[37] Here, fine powdered PTFE is
forced into a mould under high pressure (10–100 MPa).[37] After a settling period, lasting from minutes to days,
the mould is heated at 360 to 380 °C (680 to 716 °F),[37] allowing the fine particles to fuse (sinter) into a single
mass.[38]

Applications and uses

Wire insulation, electronics

The major application of PTFE, consuming about 50% of production, is for the
insulation of wiring in aerospace and computer applications (e.g. hookup wire,
coaxial cables). This application exploits the fact that PTFE has excellent dielectric
properties, specifically low group velocity dispersion,[39] especially at high radio
frequencies,[39] making it suitable for use as an excellent insulator in connector
assemblies and cables, and in printed circuit boards used at microwave frequencies.

PTFE-jacketed (white)
shielded twisted-pair cables
Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes it the material of choice as a high-performance
substitute for the weaker, higher dispersion and lower-melting-point polyethylene commonly used in low-cost
applications.

Bearings seals

In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for plain bearings, gears, slide plates, seals,
gaskets, bushings,[40] and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms acetal and
nylon.[41]

Electrets

Its extremely high bulk resistivity makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life electrets, the electrostatic
analogues of permanent magnets.

Composites

PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass composites,
notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or fiberglass part being
built, and breather and bagging materials used to incapsulate the bondment when debulking (vacuum removal
of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material) and when curing the composite, usually in an autoclave.
The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials from sticking to the part being built,
which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being pre-pregnated with bismaleimide resin. Non-
production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather and the bag itself would be considered F.O.D. (foreign
object debris/damage) if left in layup.

Gore-Tex is a brand of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a material incorporating a fluoropolymer membrane with
micropores. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, US, was one of the largest
applications of PTFE coatings. 20 acres (81,000 m2) of the material was used in the creation of the white double-
layered PTFE-coated fiberglass dome.

Chemically inert liners

Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE is often used as the liner in hose
assemblies, expansion joints, and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids, alkalis, or
other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids, and for uses in
applications such as brake hoses.

Tensioned membrane structures

PTFE architectural membranes are created by coating a woven glass-fibre base cloth with PTFE, forming one of
the strongest and most durable materials used in tensile structures.[42] Some notable structures featuring PTFE-
tensioned membranes include The O2 Arena in London, Moses Mabhida Stadium in South Africa, Metropolitano
Stadium in Spain and the Sydney Football Stadium Roof (https://www.makmax.com.au/project/sydney-football
-stadium-roof/) in Australia.

Musical instruments
PTFE is often found in musical instrument lubrication products; most commonly, valve oil.

Lubricants

PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in micronized and polarized form. It is notable for its
extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia (which serves to inhibit rust), and for the dry film it forms
after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an abrasive paste.[43]
Brands include GT85.[44]

Kitchen ware

PTFE is best known for its use in coating non-stick frying pans and other
cookware, as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.

The sole plates of some clothes irons are coated with PTFE.[45]

Others
Two PTFE jars
Other niche applications include:

It is often found in ski bindings as a non-mechanical AFD (anti-friction

device)
It can be stretched to contain small pores of varying sizes and is then
placed between fabric layers to make a waterproof, breathable fabric in
outdoor apparel.[46]
It is used widely as a fabric protector to repel stains on formal school-
wear, like uniform blazers.[47]
It is frequently used as a lubricant to prevent captive insects and other
arthropods from escaping.
It is used as a coating for medical and healthcare applications formulated PTFE tapes with pressure-sensitive
to provide strength and heat resistance to surgical devices and other adhesive backing
medical equipment. [48]

It is used as a film interface patch for sports and medical applications,

featuring a pressure-sensitive adhesive backing, which is installed in strategic high friction areas of footwear,
insoles, ankle-foot orthosis, and other medical devices to prevent and relieve friction-induced blisters,
calluses and foot ulceration.[49]
Expanded PTFE membranes have been used in trials to assist trabeculectomy surgery to treat glaucoma.[50]
Powdered PTFE is used in pyrotechnic compositions as an oxidizer with powdered metals such as
aluminium and magnesium. Upon ignition, these mixtures form carbonaceous soot and the corresponding
metal fluoride, and release large amounts of heat. They are used in infrared decoy flares and as igniters for
solid-fuel rocket propellants.[51] Aluminium and PTFE is also used in some thermobaric fuel compositions.
Powdered PTFE is used in a suspension with a low-viscosity, azeotropic mixture of siloxane ethers to create
a lubricant for use in twisty puzzles.[52]
In optical radiometry, sheets of PTFE are used as measuring heads in spectroradiometers and broadband
radiometers (e.g., illuminance meters and UV radiometers) due to PTFE's capability to diffuse a transmitting
light nearly perfectly. Moreover, optical properties of PTFE stay constant over a wide range of wavelengths,
from UV down to near infrared. In this region, the ratio of its regular transmittance to diffuse transmittance is
negligibly small, so light transmitted through a diffuser (PTFE sheet) radiates like Lambert's cosine law. Thus
 PTFE enables cosinusoidal angular response for a detector measuring the power of optical radiation at a
surface, e.g. in solar irradiance measurements.
Teflon-coated bullets are coated with PTFE to reduce wear on the rifling of firearms that uncoated projectiles
would cause. PTFE itself does not give a projectile an armor-piercing property.[53]
Its high corrosion resistance makes PTFE useful in laboratory environments, where it is used for lining
containers, as a coating for magnetic stirrers, and as tubing for highly corrosive chemicals such as
hydrofluoric acid, which will dissolve glass containers. It is used in containers for storing fluoroantimonic acid,
a superacid.[54]
PTFE tubes are used in gas-gas heat exchangers in gas cleaning of waste incinerators. Unit power capacity
is typically several megawatts.
PTFE is widely used as a thread seal tape in plumbing applications, largely replacing paste thread dope.
PTFE membrane filters are among the most efficient industrial air filters. PTFE-coated filters are often used
in dust collection systems to collect particulate matter from air streams in applications involving high
temperatures and high particulate loads such as coal-fired power plants, cement production and steel
foundries.[55]
PTFE grafts can be used to bypass stenotic arteries in peripheral vascular disease if a suitable autologous
vein graft is not available.
Many bicycle lubricants and greases contain PTFE and are used on chains and other moving parts
subjected to frictional forces (such as hub bearings).
PTFE is used for some types of dental floss.
PTFE can also be used when placing dental fillings, to isolate the contacts of the adjacent tooth so the
restorative materials will not stick to the adjacent tooth.[56][57]
PTFE sheets are used in the production of butane hash oil due to its non-stick properties and resistance to
non-polar solvents.[58]
PTFE, associated with a slightly textured laminate, makes the plain bearing system of a Dobsonian
telescope.
PTFE is widely used as a non-stick coating for food processing equipment;[59] dough hoppers, mixing bowls,
conveyor systems, rollers, and chutes. PTFE can also be reinforced where abrasion is present – for
equipment processing seeded or grainy dough for example.[60]
PTFE has been experimented with for electroless nickel plating.
PTFE tubing is used for Bowden tubing in 3D printers because its low friction allows the extruder stepper
motor to push filament through it more easily.
PTFE is commonly used in aftermarket add-on mouse feet for gaming mice to reduce friction of the mouse
against the mouse pad, resulting in a smoother glide.
PTFE foils are commonly used with laserprinters everywhere, in their fuser unit, wrapped around the heater
element(s) and as well on the opposite pressure roller to prevent any kind of sticking to it (neither the printed
paper nor toner waste)
PTFE is also used to make body jewellery as it's much safer to wear compared to materials like acrylic, that
release toxics into the body at 26.6°C, unlike PTFE at 650–700°C.
PTFE is used to make bookbinding tools for folding, scoring and separating sheets of paper. These are
typically referred to as Teflon bone folders.
PTFE is commonly used for the tip of desoldering pumps due to its high melting temperature.

Safety
While PTFE is stable at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate at temperatures of about 260 °C (500 °F), it
decomposes above 350 °C (662 °F), and pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F).[61] The main
decomposition products are fluorocarbon gases and a sublimate, including tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and
difluorocarbene radicals (RCF2).[61]
An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it is unlikely that these products would be generated in
amounts significant to health at temperatures below 250 °C (482 °F).[33] Above those temperatures the
degradation by-products can be lethal to birds,[62] and can cause flu-like symptoms in humans (polymer fume
fever),[63] although in humans those symptoms disappear within a day or two of being moved to fresh air.[64]

Most cases of polymer fume fever in humans occur due to smoking PTFE-contaminated tobacco,[64] although
cases have occurred in people who have welded near PTFE components.[64] PTFE-coated cookware is unlikely to
reach dangerous temperatures with normal use, as meat is usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and
450 °F), and most cooking oils (except refined safflower and avocado oils) start to smoke before a temperature of
260 °C (500 °F) is reached. A 1973 study by DuPont's Haskell Laboratory found that a 4-hour exposure to the
fumes emitted by PTFE cookware heated to 280 °C (536 °F) was lethal for parakeets, although that was a higher
temperature than the 260 °C (500 °F) required for fumes from pyrolyzed butter to be lethal to the birds.[65]

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical formerly used in the manufacture of PTFE products such as non-stick
coated cookware, can be carcinogenic for people who are exposed to it (see Ecotoxicity).[66] Concerning levels of
PFOA have been found in the blood of people who work in or live near factories where the chemical is used, and
in people regularly exposed to PFOA-containing products such as some ski waxes and stain-resistant fabric
coatings, but non-stick cookware was not found to be a major source of exposure, as the PFOA is burned off
during the manufacturing process and not present in the finished product.[64] Non-stick coated cookware has
not been manufactured using PFOA since 2013,[67] and PFOA is no longer being made in the United States.[66]

Ecotoxicity

Trifluoroacetate

Sodium trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate can both be generated when PTFE
undergoes thermolysis, as well as producing longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14)
carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. These products can accumulate in evaporative wetlands and
have been found in the roots and seeds of wetland plant species, but has not been observed to have an adverse
impact on plant health or germination success.[64]

PFOA

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) has been used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of PTFE,
although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use.

PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment.[68] PFOA has been detected in the blood of many individuals of
the general US population in the low and sub-parts per billion range, and levels are higher in chemical plant
employees and surrounding subpopulations. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been
estimated to be in every American person’s blood stream in the parts per billion range, though those
concentrations have decreased by 70% for PFOA and 84% for PFOS between 1999 and 2014, which coincides
with the end of the production and phase out of PFOA and PFOS in the US.[69][70] The general population has
been exposed to PFOA through massive dumping of C8 waste into the ocean and near the Ohio River
Valley.[71][72][73] PFOA has been detected in industrial waste, stain-resistant carpets, carpet cleaning liquids,
house dust, microwave popcorn bags, water, food and PTFE cookware.

As a result of a class-action lawsuit and community settlement with DuPont, three epidemiologists conducted
studies on the population surrounding a chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels greater than in the
general population. The studies concluded that there was an association between PFOA exposure and six health
outcomes: kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, hypercholesterolemia (high
cholesterol), and pregnancy-induced hypertension.[74]

Overall, PTFE cookware is considered a minor exposure pathway to PFOA.[75]

GenX

As a result of the lawsuits concerning the PFOA class-action lawsuit, DuPont began to use GenX, a similarly
fluorinated compound, as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers, such
as Teflon-brand PTFE.[76][77] However, in lab tests on rats, GenX has been shown to cause many of the same
health problems as PFOA.[78][79]

The chemicals are manufactured by Chemours, a corporate spin-off of DuPont, in Fayetteville, North
Carolina.[80] While PFOA was phased out by 2014, Chemours was found to be discharging GenX into the Cape
Fear River in 2017, with the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) ordering Chemours
to halt discharges of all fluorinated compounds on September 5, 2017.

Similar polymers
The Teflon trade name is also used for other polymers with similar
compositions:

Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA)

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)

These retain the useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but
are also more easily formable. For example, FEP is softer than PTFE and
melts at 533 K (260 °C; 500 °F); it is also highly transparent and resistant to Teflon is also used as the trade
sunlight.[81] name for a polymer with similar
properties, perfluoroalkoxy polymer
See also resin (PFA).

BS 4994, PTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate chemical

process plant equipment
Dark Waters, a film about litigation related to PFOA
The Devil We Know, documentary on PFOA's health and environmental effects
ETFE
Gore-Tex waterproof fabric
Magnesium/Teflon/Viton, pyrolant thermite composition
Polymer adsorption
Superhydrophobic coating
Surface treatment of PTFE

Notes
a. Dielectric. Bulk resistivity.[2]

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Further reading
Ellis, D.A.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G. (2001).
"Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment".
Nature. 412 (6844): 321–324. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..321E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.4
12..321E). doi:10.1038/35085548 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35085548). PMID 11460160 (https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/11460160). S2CID 4405763 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4405763).

External links
Plasma Processes and Adhesive Bonding of Polytetrafluoroethylene (https://web.archive.org/web/20090227
022541/http://www.plasmatechsystems.com/about/pubs/Plasma%20Processes%20Polytetrafluoroethylene.p
df)
 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) (Properties) | Fluorotherm.com (https://web.archive.org/web/2010030509014
9/http://fluorotherm.com/Properties-PTFE.asp)

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