PASS with Jennifer 1

What is sampling error:

Practice scenario #1:

A researcher is looking at the relationship between the number of courses students take and their
performance as a student.

Research hypothesis:

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

How would you study the student’s performance as:

Nominal:

Ordinal:

Interval:

Ratio:

Practice scenario #2:

A researcher is looking at if people run faster when they eat fruit or veggies before their run.

Research hypothesis:

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

Variables and what scales of measurement fit under these:

PASS with Jennifer 2

Categorical variables are: Qualitative categories

1) .

2) .

Discrete variables are: Numerical categories

1) .

2) .

3) .

Continuous variables are: Numbers with decimals

1) .

2) .

Scale of measurement MC questions

1. What scale of measurement should be used when ranking students' performances in class?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) ratio

2. What scale of measurement would be used for a yes/no survey?

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

3. Follow up question: Is a survey an experimental method or a non experimental method?

a) Experimental
PASS with Jennifer 3

b) Nonexperimental

4. What scale of measurement should be used for studying what brand of phones students prefer?
a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

5. Weight is a ___ scale of measurement.

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

6. Temperature in kelvin is a ___ scale of measurement.

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

7.Number of cars a person has is:

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

8.GRE scores are:

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio

Draw and label the axis of a graph

PASS with Jennifer 4

Explain the 3 ways of describing a distribution

1)Modality
Draw a:
Unimodal Bimodal Multimodal

2)Symmetry
Draw a:
Symmetrical Positive skew Negative skew

3) Variability
Draw a:
Low variability High variability

Draw and explain the uses for the graphs in terms of scales of measurement
Bar graph Histogram
PASS with Jennifer 5

Application Practice problems

1.A researcher is looking at what brand of shoes is most common in a university. They conduct a survey
with groups: Nike, Adidas, New Balance, and other.
● What scale of measurement is the shoe brand measured on?

● What graph should the researcher use?

2. A researcher is looking at how many kids a group of 100 25year olds have.
● What scale of measurement is this on?

● What graph should the researcher use?

3. A researcher is looking at temperature patterns in Canada. The researcher measures temperature in

celsius.
● What scale of measurement is this on?

● What graph should the researcher use?

4.A researcher is looking at the relationship between student’s percentages and hours studied.
● What scale of measurement is percent grades?

● What scale of measurement is hours studied?

● What graph should the researcher use for both variables?

5. A researcher looks at if first year students go to office hours. The students have to answer a yes/no
question.
● What scale of measurement is this on?

● What graph should the researcher use?

PASS with Jennifer 6

5. Explain this meme: Context: This is what the teacher says about central tendency.

6. Explain this meme

7. Explain this meme

PASS with Jennifer 7

8. Explain this meme

9. Explain this meme

Calculation questions
PASS with Jennifer 8

1.Calculate the mean, median and mode for the following data
Data: 3, 6, 1, 1, 3, 5, 3, 9

2.Calculate the mean, median and mode for the following data
Data: 2, 5, 3, 2, 2

Practice with Z-scores.

Z=2. What percent of people fall above Z=2.

Z= -1. What percent of people fall below Z = -1.

Z = 3. What percent of people fall below Z = 3.

Stats review -MC

1. What is the median in this set of data?
1, 6, 9, 10, 5, 4
a) 4
b) 5
c) 10
d) 5.5
PASS with Jennifer 9

2. What is NOT part of what we measure in central tendency?

a) Mode
b) Median
c) Mean
d) Standard deviation

3. What is the range?

a) The highest score/number minus the lowest score/number
b) The lowest number minus the highest number
c) The highest number divided by the lowest number
d) None of the above

4. What are the measurements in variability?

a) Range
b) Standard deviation
c) Variance
d) All the above

5. When reporting descriptive statistics, what 2 measurements are most often reported together?
a) Mean and standard deviation
b) Median and mode
c) Range and variance
d) None of the above

6. A researcher is studying student's grades. They are looking at how many students at York University
are getting a certain percent grade. What graph would you use to represent this data?
a) Bar graph
b) Histogram
c) A line of best fit
d) None of the above

7. Julian did a survey in a grade 12 class. The survey asked: "Select what pet you have". The survey listed
options: cat, dog, fish, bird, other, none. What graph would you use to represent this data?
a) Bar graph
b) Histogram
c) A line of best fit
d) None of the above

8.The graph below is_______

PASS with Jennifer 10

a) Unimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Multimodal
d) Trimodal

9. Looking at a graph visually is the only way to determine the skew.

a) True
b) False

10. This graph is _______

a) Negatively skewed
b) Positively skewed
c) Symmetrical

11. This graph is ______

a) Negatively skewed
b) Positively skewed
c) Symmetrical

12.Variability measure how______

PASS with Jennifer 11

a) Spread out scores are in a distribution

b) The centre spot
c) Average
d) Central Tendency

13. When calculating variance, what is the denominator?

a) Population =N; Sample = n-1
b) Population = n-1; Sample = N
c) Population = N; Sample = n
d) All of the above are accurate for the denominator

14. What does standard deviation measure:

a) The number that appears the most in a set of data
b) The average score people received
c) The spread of scores in terms of the average distance from the mean
d) It shows modality

15. What does range tell us:

a) A number
b) Information about values in the middle of the data
c) How far scores are from the mean, squared
d) Difference between the max and min values of scores

16. Under what circumstances should you use a grouped frequency distribution instead of a regular
frequency distribution?
a) When you have categorical variables
b) When you have a small number of variables
c) When you have a small number of categorical variables
d) When you have a large number of values and/or the variable is continuous

17. How do you identify the mode from a frequency distribution?

a) Modality
b) Range
c) Variance
d) It is not possible to identify the mode from a frequency of distribution

18. Can a distribution have more than one mean, median, and mode?
a) Can have more than 1 median and mean, but only 1 mode
b) It can have more than one mode, and it can only have 1 median and mean
c) Max 2 modes, and only 1 median and mean
d) A distribution can have more than one mean, median, and mode

19. In a code book, the column is the ______

a) Variables
PASS with Jennifer 12

b) Participants
c) Both a and b
d) None

20. For the data below determine whether the distribution of scores is unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal.
Treat the data as though they represent a discrete variable, measured on an interval scale of measurement.
1, 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 15, 55, 14, 14, 14
a) Unimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Multimodal
d) Trimodal

21. For the data below determine whether the distribution of scores is unimodal, bimodal, or
multimodal. Treat the data as though they represent a discrete variable, measured on an
interval scale of measurement. 91, 91, 19, 17, 15, 97, 98, 98, 17
a) Unimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Multimodal
d) Trimodal

22. For the data below determine the symmetry or asymmetry of the distribution of scores
6, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 6, 15, 15, 16, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 25
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Symmetrical

23. Is it possible for mode, median, and mean to have the same value? EX: Mode: 8, Median: 8, Mean: 8
a) Yes, in a symmetrical distribution
b) Yes, in a negative skew
c) Yes, in a positive skew
d) Never

24. the _____ is the most affected by individual values of scores in the distribution
a) Median
b) Mode
c) Mean
d) All of the measures of central tendency are affected by individual values of scores equally

25. When examining her research, Kathy notices that she inputted participant number 11's score on the
test incorrectly. She had inputted the score as 80%, when the person actually got 65%. What will happen
to the mean?
a) decrease
b) Increase
c) Stay the exact same
PASS with Jennifer 13

26. If the variance for a sample is computed and it is found to be rather small (i.e.,
has a small value), the numbers in the sample are:
a) tightly clustered at one extreme of the distribution
b) tightly clustered around the mean
c) spread out around the mean
d) close to the extremes of the distribution

27. In the previous question, the variability for the sample would be
a) High
b) Low

28. This graph’s mode(s) are:

a) 12 pm
b) 4pm
c) 12pm & 7pm
d) 10pm
e) None of the above

Follow up: What's the modality of the above graph?

29. The above graphs median is:

a) 4pm
b) 4.5pm
c) 10am
d) 7pm

30. The above graph have ______ modality

a) Multimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Unimodal
d) N/a

30. This graph’s modality is:

PASS with Jennifer 14

a) Multimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Unimodal
d) N/a

(Tuesday May 23’s lecture)

31.What is a Z-score?
a) The exact same as standard deviation
b) Is a value that specifies the exact location of a score, X, in a distribution
c) Another word for mean/ average
d) None of the above

32. The mean of a data set that studies how much sleep university students get is 7. Rob sleeps 5 hours
per night. If you calculated the Z-score for Rob’s score (5), would it be positive or negative?
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Not enough information to tell

33. The mean IQ score for a group of people is 105. The standard deviation is 15. What is the Z-score for
someone with an IQ of 93?
a) 80
b) -4
c) -0.8
d) 0.8
e) None of the above

34. The mean IQ score for a group of people is 105. The standard deviation is 15. What is the Z-score for
someone with an IQ of 135?
a) 2
b) -2
c) 12
d) 4
e) None of the above

35. IQ scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16. Albert Einstein reportedly had an IQ of
160. What is the Z-score for Einstein’s IQ?
a) 35
b) 3
PASS with Jennifer 15

c) 37.5
d) -5
e) None of the above 3.75

36. A score of 144 on a test with a mean of 128 and a standard deviation of 34. What is the Z-score for
the 144 score?
a) 0.47
b) -0.47
c) 10
d) -4
e) None of the above

37. A score of 90 on a test with a mean of 86 and a standard deviation of 18. What is the Z-score for the
90 score?
a) 12
b) 16
c) -0.8
d) 0.22
e) None of the above

38. A score of 15 on a test with a mean of 18 and a standard deviation of 5. What is the Z-score for the 15
score?
a) .05
b) 0.8
c) -0.2
d) 2
e) None of the above -0.6