United States Youth Council

The United States Youth Council (USYC) was a nonprofit coalition of organizations which served youth
and young adults in the United States. It was founded in 1945 by the National Social Welfare Assembly as
that organization's youth division, but became independent in the early 1960s. In 1967, The New York
Times revealed that the USYC had received more than 90 percent of its funds from the Central Intelligence
Agency, leading many of the organization's largest members to quit. USYC continued to receive funding
from the United States government before disbanding in 1986.

Founding
The USYC was founded in 1945 by the National Social Welfare Assembly, a coalition of social service
agencies. Originally named the "Young Adult Council of the NSWA" (YAC), the organization had 16
members, including American Youth Hostels, Camp Fire Girls, 4-H, American Unitarian Youth, National
Catholic Welfare Conference, National Students Assembly, YMCA and YWCA.[1]

YAC's structure was staff-driven. It was led by an executive director who was a full-time staff members of
NSWA, and most of its funding came from the NSWA as well. International travel was often funded by
outside sources, such as the Rockefeller Foundation. YAC nevertheless maintained a chairman who, under
the organization's bylaws, was required to be under the age of 30. The organization also maintained council
of representatives from each participating member. As late as 1967, 60 percent of WAY's budget was
financed by contributions from the foundation.[1]

History
In 1948, the World Assembly of Youth (WAY) was formed as a non-communist alternative to the World
Federation of Democratic Youth.[2] WAY's inaugural convention was in August 1948. Prior to the meeting,
the Young Adult Council ejected most of its members with ties to political parties or trade unions. The YAC
played a significant role in drafting the WAY constitution and electing its first leaders, and became the U.S.
affiliate of WAY.[1]

WAY struggled financially in its early years. YAC provided most of WAY's funding through a grant from
the Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs, a front organization established and funded by the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). YAC provided $301,000 to WAY from the foundation. Although WAY
was troubled by its dependence on the Americans (and one American donor), the organization had no
choice but to accept the money. YAC's executive director, Bernice Bridges, knew that the source of the
funds was the U.S. government. But this fact did not appear to concern her or her superiors in NSWA.[1]

In 1963, YAC changed its name to the United States Youth Council.[1]

USYC, too, continued its reliance on CIA money. At the height of its strength in the middle to late 1960s,
the U.S. Youth Council had 37 member organizations, including the College Democrats of America,
Collegiate Council for the United Nations, National Federation of Catholic Youth, National Student
Association, Students for a Democratic Society, YMCA, Young Christian Workers, Young Democrats of
America, Young Republicans, and the Youth Division of the NAACP.[3] At various times, it worked closely
with the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and the
A. Philip Randolph Institute.
In 1967, The New York Times revealed that the CIA had supplied 90 percent of the organization's funds,
and was surreptitiously controlling its agenda.[3][4] Presidents and vice-presidents of USYC were aware of
the source of the funds: They were given a top-secret security clearance by the CIA and required to sign a
20-year confidentiality agreement to keep the intelligence agency's involvement a secret.[1] The revelations
caused a number of the U.S. Youth Council's largest members to withdraw.[5]

USYC's council conducted an investigation which was largely inconclusive. The study found that some
officers had clearly signed secrecy agreements, but the council was unable to prove that all presidents and
vice-presidents had done so. The National Student Association and the University Christian Movement
claimed the study was a whitewash, and withdrew from the USYC. In response, the USYC resolved not to
accept any more funding from the Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs.[1]

The loss of government financing nearly bankrupted the USYC. In December 1967, the United States
Department of State stepped in to provide funding to keep the organization afloat. In time, financing was
shifted to the United States Information Agency (USIA), which continued to fund its work openly.[6]

The ongoing revelations of CIA funding led USYC and NSWA to sever their relationship in 1969.[1]

USYC withdrew from WAY in 1976 after several years of tension over policies, programs, funding and
anti-American feeling by delegates from under-developed countries. USYC became increasingly
conservative and isolated within the American and international youth movement for the remainder of the
1970s and through the 1980s. In some respects, this enabled the organization to continue to receive funding
from the Reagan administration.[1]

In 1981, the United Nations announced that 1985 would be an International Youth Year (IYY). USYC
attempted to take the lead in planning for U.S. participation in the IYY. Competition with a rival body, the
U.S. Committee on International Youth Year, led to a congressional investigation. In 1985, Congress passed
the Zorinsky amendment (U.S.C. 1461-1a), which barred programs funded by the USIA from operating
domestically or conducting propaganda campaigns against domestic audiences. The law also required the
IYY committees to be representative and open to all youth organizations. USYC refused to open the
executive positions on its IYY committee to other groups, and American participation in the IYY
collapsed.[1][6]

USIA withdrew its funding for the USYC in 1986, and the organization folded.[1]

Notable leaders
Jed Johnson, Jr. - president, 1962–1964
Ronald E. Robinson - president, 1983-1985[7]
David Ridenour - executive director, 1970s?
Hunter R. Schone - Youth President 2009–Present

Notes
1. Maunders, "Controlling Youth for Democracy: The United States Youth Council and the
World Assembly of Youth", Commonwealth Youth and Development, 2003.
2. Altbach, "The International Student Movement", Comparative Education Review, October
1964; "First Group Here for Youth Session", The New York Times, July 26, 1951.
3. Reed, "Youth Council to Investigate Charge of C.I.A. Link", The New York Times, March 6,
1967.
 4. Sheehan, "Foundations Linked to C.I.A. Are Found to Subsidize 4 Other Youth
Organizations", The New York Times, February 16, 1967.
5. "Student Group Cuts Ties With U.S. Youth Council", The New York Times, February 22,
1967.
6. Gailey and Weaver, "Switch on Youth Year", The New York Times, August 12, 1982.
7. Gurvis, Where Have All the Flower Children Gone?, 2006.

References
Altbach, Philip G. "The International Student Movement." Comparative Education Review.
8:2 (October 1964).
"First Group Here for Youth Session." The New York Times. July 26, 1951.
Gailey, Phil and Weaver, Jr., Warren. "Switch on Youth Year." The New York Times. August
12, 1982.
Gurvis, Sandra. Where Have All the Flower Children Gone? Oxford, Miss.: University Press
of Mississippi, 2006. ISBN 1-57806-314-0
Maunders, David. "Controlling Youth for Democracy: The United States Youth Council and
the World Assembly of Youth." Commonwealth Youth and Development. 1:2 (2003).
Reed, Roy. "Youth Council to Investigate Charge of C.I.A. Link." The New York Times.
March 6, 1967.
Sheehan, Neil. "Foundations Linked to C.I.A. Are Found to Subsidize 4 Other Youth
Organizations." The New York Times. February 16, 1967.
"Student Group Cuts Ties With U.S. Youth Council." The New York Times. February 22,
1967.

External links
United States Youth Council Records, 1950-1980. Social Welfare History Archives, Elmer L.
Andersen Library, University of Minnesota. (http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/sw0062.xm
l)

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