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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Solve.
1) 13 = -29 + a
A) a = 42 B) a = -42 C) a = 16 D) a = -16
Answer: A

2) -14 = -30 + y
A) y = -44 B) y = 44 C) y = 16 D) y = -16
Answer: C

3) -5x = 30
A) x = 1 B) x = 35 C) x = -6 D) x = -35
Answer: C

4) 2x + 7 = 19
A) x = 10 B) x = 14 C) x = 2 D) x = 6
Answer: D

5) 6x - 2 = 22
A) x = 18 B) x = 22 C) x = 4 D) x = 5
Answer: C

6) -4x + 4 = 1 - 10x
14 1
A) x = - 2 B) x = 2 C) x = - D) x = -
5 2

Answer: D

7) 11x - 5 = 3x + 51
A) x = 10 B) x = 5 C) x = 7 D) x = 8
Answer: C

8) 77 + 4x + 3 = 12x
A) x = 8 B) x = 13 C) x = 11 D) x = 10
Answer: D

9) 8y + 4(6 + y) = 3(y - 4) + 10y

A) y = 10 B) y = -10 C) y = 36 D) y = -36
Answer: C

10) 6x - 1 - 7x + 2 = 5
4
A) x = - 2 B) x = C) x = - 4 D) x = 4
13

Answer: C

11) -6x + 6 + 4x = -3x + 11

A) x = -6 B) no solution C) x = 5 D) any real number
Answer: C

1
 12) 4(x + 7) = 5(x - 3)
13
A) x = 13 B) x = 43 C) x = - D) No solution
9

Answer: B

13) 7x + 3 - 4(x + 1) = -4x - 5

1 4 1
A) x = B) x = -4 C) x = - D) x = -
5 7 8
Answer: C

14) 4(3x - 2) + 25 = 7x - 3
A) x = -4 B) x = -20 C) x = -100 D) x = 4
Answer: A

15) 2 - 5(y + 9) = 9 + 8y
34 2 38
A) y = - B) y = C) y = D) y = - 4
3 13 13

Answer: D

1
16) k=6
2
A) k = 9 B) k = 2 C) k = 8 D) k = 12
Answer: D

y 1 3
17) + =
3 5 4
33
A) y = B) y = 57 C) y = -1 D) y =
57
20 20
Answer: A

x 1
18) - 24 =
3 5
357 365 363 27
A) x = - B) x = C) x = D) x =
5 3 5 5

Answer: C

Solve the equation.

3 x 19
19) + =
5 2 10
13 13 13 13
A) x = - B) x = C) x = D) x = -
2 2 5 5

Answer: C

2
Solve.
1
20) (y + 9) - 5 = 12
4
A) y = 44 B) y = 77 C) y = 59 D) y = 23
Answer: C

3
 3y 7
21) - = -6y
5 2
35 35 7 25
A) y = B) y = C) y = D) y = -
12 66 66 6

Answer: B

1
22) 11 - (y + 4) = -5
2
A) y = 23 B) y = 36 C) y = 28 D) y = 17
Answer: C

15x 1 7x
23) + =
4 2 2
A) x = 16 B) x = 2 C) x = -16 D) x = -2
Answer: D

7x
24) 4 + = 7 - (x + 3)
4
1
A) x = 0 B) x = C) x = 1 D) x = 8
8

Answer: A

5x + 8 5 3x
25) + =-
2 2 5

15 65 15 65
A) x = B) x = - C) x = - D) x = -
31 19 31 31
Answer: D

1 1
26) (x - 27) - (x - 5) = x - 7

9 5
495 405 225 135
A) x = B) x = C) x = D) x =
49 49 49 49

Answer: C

x+6 5 7
27) - =
4 2 2

21 15
A) x = 30 B) x = C) x = 18 D) x =
2 2

Answer: C

x+5 x-1
28) + =2
3 6
4
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 of the place. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 10.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 97;
Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 10.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 17, &c.

Nonius, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for paying respect to Galba’s

statues, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 56.――A Roman who
exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the
flight of Pompey, by observing that eight standards (aquilæ) still
remained in the camp, to which Cicero answered, Recte, si nobis cum
graculis bellum esset.

Nonnius Marcellus, a grammarian, whose treatise de variâ

significatione verborum was edited by Mercer, 8vo, Paris, 1614.

Nonnus, a Greek writer of the fifth century, who wrote an account of the
embassy he had undertaken to Æthiopia, among the Saracens and
other eastern nations. He is also known by his Dionysiaca, a
wonderful collection of heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to,
Antwerp, 1569. His paraphrase on John was edited by Heinsius,
8vo, Leiden, 1627.

Nonus, a Greek physician, whose book de omnium morborum curatione

was edited in 12mo, Strasbourg, 1568.

Nopia, or Cinopia, a town of Bœotia, where Amphiaraus had a temple.

Nōra, now Nour, a place of Phrygia, where Eumenes retired for some
time, &c. Cornelius Nepos.――A town. See: Norax.

Norax, a son of Mercury and Eurythæa, who led a colony of Iberians

into Sardinia, where he founded a town, to which he gave the name
of Nora. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Norba, a town of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34.――Cæsarea, a town of

Spain on the Tagus.

Caius Norbānus, a young and ambitious Roman who opposed Sylla,

and joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he
marched against Sylla, by whom he was defeated, &c.
Plutarch.――A friend and general of Augustus, employed in
Macedonia against the republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c.
Norĭcum, a country of ancient Illyricum, which now forms a part of
modern Bavaria and Austria. It extended between the Danube, and
part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants, who were
once governed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans,
and were at last conquered under Tiberius, and the country became a
dependent province. In the reign of Diocletian, Noricum was divided
into two parts, Ripense and Mediterranean. The iron that was drawn
from Noricum was esteemed excellent, and thence Noricus ensis was
used to express the goodness of a sword. Dionysius Periegetes.—
Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3,
ch. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14,
li. 712.

Northippus, a Greek tragic poet.

Nortia, a name given to the goddess of Fortune among the Etrurians.

Livy, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Nothus, a son of Deucalion.――A surname of Darius king of Persia,

from his illegitimacy.

Notium, a town of Æolia near the Cayster. It was peopled by the

inhabitants of Colophon, who left their ancient habitations because
Notium was more conveniently situated in being on the seashore.
Livy, bk. 37, chs. 26, 38, 39.

Notus, the south wind, called also Auster.

Novæ (tabernæ), the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and adorned
with the shields of the Cimbri. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2,
ch. 66.――The Veteres tabernæ were adorned with those of the
Samnites. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 40.

Novaria, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now Novara, in Milan. Tacitus,

Histories, bk. 1, ch. 70.

Novātus, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, under

a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him, and only fined him a
small sum of money.
Novesium, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called
Nuys, near Cologne. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.

Noviodūnum, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, taken by Julius Cæsar. It is

pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, or, as
others suppose, Nevers. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Noviomagus, or Neomagus, a town of Gaul, now Nizeux, in

Normandy.――Another, called also Nemetes, now
Spire.――Another, in Batavia, now Nimeguen, on the south side of
the Waal.

Novium, a town of Spain, now Noya.

Novius Priscus, a man banished from Rome by Nero, on suspicion that

he was accessary to Piso’s conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15,
ch. 71.――A man who attempted to assassinate the emperor
Claudius.――Two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age
of Horace for their officiousness. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6.

Novum Comum, a town of Insubria on the lake Larinus, of which the

inhabitants were called Novocomenses. Cicero, De Divinatione,
bk. 13, ch. 55.

Nox, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of
Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the
Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parcæ,
Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is
called by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well
as of men, and therefore she was worshipped with great solemnity by
the ancients. She had a famous statue in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. It
was usual to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the
furies. The cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the
approach of day, during the darkness of the night. She is represented
as mounted on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with
stars. The constellations generally went before her as her constant
messengers. Sometimes she is seen holding two children under her
arms, one of which is black, representing death, or rather night, and
the other white, representing sleep or day. Some of the moderns have
described her as a woman veiled in mourning, and crowned with
poppies, and carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. Virgil,
 Æneid, bk. 6, li. 950.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 455.—Pausanias,
bk. 10, ch. 38.—Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 125 & 212.

Nuceria, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. It became a Roman

colony under Augustus, and was called Nuceria Constantia, or
Alfaterna. It now bears the name of Nocera, and contains about
30,000 inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 472.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 41; bk. 27,
ch. 3.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 531.—Tacitus, Annals, bks. 13 &
14.――A town of Umbria at the foot of the Apennines. Strabo.—
Pliny.

Nuithones, a people of Germany, possessing the country now called

Mecklenburg and Pomerania. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

Numa Martius, a man made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He

was son-in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Martius.
Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.

Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, born at Cures, a village of

the Sabines, on the day that Romulus laid the foundation of Rome.
He married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and
at her death he retired into the country to devote himself more freely
to literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon
him to be their new king, and two senators were sent to acquaint him
with the decisions of the senate and of the people. Numa refused
their offers, and it was not but at the repeated solicitations and
prayers of his friends that he was prevailed upon to accept the
royalty. The beginning of his reign was popular, and he dismissed the
300 body-guards which his predecessor had kept around his person,
observing that he did not distrust a people who had compelled him to
reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond of war and military
expeditions, but he applied himself to tame the ferocity of his
subjects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence for the Deity, and to
quell their dissensions by dividing all the citizens into different
classes. He established different orders of priests, and taught the
Romans not to worship the Deity by images; and from his example
no graven or painted statues appeared in the temples or sanctuaries of
Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encouraged the report which was
spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph Egeria, and made use
of her name to give sanction to the laws and institutions which he
 had introduced. He established the college of the vestals, and told the
Romans that the safety of the empire depended upon the preservation
of the sacred ancyle or shield which, as was generally believed, had
dropped down from heaven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, which,
during his whole reign, remained shut, as a mark of peace and
tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which
he had given every possible encouragement to the useful arts, and in
which he had cultivated peace, B.C. 672. Not only the Romans, but
also the neighbouring nations, were eager to pay their last offices to a
monarch whom they revered for his abilities, moderation, and
humanity. He forbade his body to be burnt according to the custom of
the Romans, but he ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum,
with many of the books which he had written. These books were
accidentally found by one of the Romans, about 400 years after his
death, and as they contained nothing new or interesting, but merely
the reasons why he had made innovations in the form of worship and
in the religion of the Romans, they were burnt by order of the senate.
He left behind one daughter called Pompilia, who married Numa
Martius, and became the mother of Ancus Martius, the fourth king of
Rome. Some say that he had also four sons, but this opinion is ill-
founded. Plutarch, Lives.—Varro.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Pliny, bks.
13 & 14, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 809;
bk. 9, li. 562.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, chs. 2 & 17.—
Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2,
ch. 59.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, &c.――One of the Rutulian chiefs killed
in the night by Nisus and Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 454.

Numāna, a town of Picenum in Italy, of which the people were called

Numanates. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Numantia, a town of Spain near the sources of the river Durius,

celebrated for the war of 14 years which, though unprotected by
walls and towers, it bravely maintained against the Romans. The
inhabitants obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till
Scipio Africanus was empowered to finish the war, and to see the
destruction of Numantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000
men, and was bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no more
than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both armies behaved with
uncommon valour, and the courage of the Numantines was soon
changed into despair and fury. Their provisions began to fail, and
 they fed upon the flesh of their horses, and afterwards on that of their
dead companions, and at last were necessitated to draw lots to kill
and devour one another. The melancholy situation of their affairs
obliged some to surrender to the Roman general. Scipio demanded
them to deliver themselves up on the morrow; they refused, and
when a longer time had been granted to their petitions, they retired
and set fire to their houses, and all destroyed themselves, B.C. 133,
so that not even one remained to adorn the triumph of the conqueror.
Some historians, however, deny that, and support that a number of
Numantines delivered themselves into Scipio’s hands, and that 50 of
them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The
fall of Numantia was more glorious than that of Carthage or Corinth,
though inferior to them. The conqueror obtained the surname of
Numantinus. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Appian, Wars in Spain.—
Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Cicero, bk. 1, De Officiis.—Strabo, bk. 3.
—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Plutarch.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 1.

Numantīna, a woman accused under Tiberius of making her husband

insane by enchantments, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Numānus Remŭlus, a Rutulian who accused the Trojans of effeminacy.

He had married the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by
Ascanius during the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 592, &c.

Numēnes, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, born at

Apamea in Syria. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus.

Numenia, or Neomenia, a festival observed by the Greeks at the

beginning of every lunar month, in honour of all the gods, but
especially of Apollo or the Sun, who is justly deemed the author of
light, and of whatever distinction is made in the months, seasons,
days, and nights. It was observed with games and public
entertainments which were provided at the expense of rich citizens,
and which were always frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were
offered at Athens during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the
republic. The demigods as well as the heroes of the ancients were
honoured and invoked in the festival.

Numenius, a philosopher, who supposed that Chaos, from which the

world was created, was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He
lived in the second century.
Numentāna via, a road at Rome, which led to mount Sacer through the
gate Viminalis. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 52.

Numeria, a goddess at Rome who presided over numbers. Augustine,

City of God, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Numeriānus Marcus Aurelius, a son of the emperor Carus. He

accompanied his father into the east with the title of Cæsar, and at his
death he succeeded him with his brother Carinus, A.D. 282. His reign
was short. Eight months after his father’s death, he was murdered in
his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in
an expedition. The murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant throne,
continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he found
a proper opportunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of the
body, however, soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sacrificed to
the fury of the soldiers. Numerianus had been admired for his
learning as well as his moderation. He was naturally an eloquent
speaker, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer of his age.――A
friend of the emperor Severus.

Numerius, a man who favoured the escape of Marius to Africa,

&c.――A friend of Pompey taken by Julius Cæsar’s adherents, &c.
Pliny.

Numicia via, one of the great Roman roads, which led from the capital
to the town of Brundusium.

Nŭmīcus, a small river of Latium, near Lavinium, where the dead body
of Æneas was found, and where Anna, Dido’s sister, drowned
herself. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 150, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1,
li. 359.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 358, &c.; Fasti, bk. 3,
li. 643.――A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 1, ltr. 6.

Numĭda, a surname given by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, to one of the

generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose
that it is Pomponius; others, Plotius.

Nŭmĭdia, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom of

Algiers and Bildulgerid. It was bounded on the north by the
Mediterranean sea, south by Gætulia, west by Mauritania, and east
by a part of Libya, which was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants
 were called Nomades, and afterwards Numidæ. It was the kingdom of
Masinissa, which was the occasion of the third Punic war, on account
of the offence which he had received from the Carthaginians.
Jugurtha reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was
conquered, and became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the
first governor. The Numidians were excellent warriors, and in their
expeditions they always endeavoured to engage with the enemy in
the night-time. They rode without saddles or bridles, whence they
have been called infræni. They had their wives in common, as the
rest of the barbarian nations of antiquity. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—
Florus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.
—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 754.

Numidius Quadratus, a governor of Syria under Claudius. Tacitus,

Annals, bk. 12.

Numistro, a town of the Brutii in Italy. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 17.

Nŭmĭtor, a son of Procas king of Alba, who inherited his father’s

kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly
with him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a colleague on the
throne; he expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure
himself, he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter
Ilia to the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual
celibacy. These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became
pregnant, and though the two children whom she brought forth were
exposed in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was preserved,
and Numitor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, and the
tyrannical usurper was put to death. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—
Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 55,
&c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 768.――A son of Phorcus, who fought
with Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 342.――A rich
and dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal, satire 7, li. 74.

Numitōrius, a Roman who defended Virginia, to whom Appius wished

to offer violence. He was made military tribune.――Quintus Pullus,
a general of Fregellæ, &c. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Numonius. See: Vala.

Nuncoreus, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, who made an obelisk,
some ages after brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. Pliny,
bk. 26, ch. 11.――He is called Pheron by Herodotus.

Nundīna, a goddess whom the Romans invoked when they named their
children. This happened the ninth day after their birth, whence the
name of the goddess, Nona dies. Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 1,
ch. 16.

Nundīnæ. See: Feriæ.

Nursæ, a town of Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 744.

Nurscia, a goddess who patronized the Etrurians. Juvenal, satire 10,

li. 74.

Nursia, now Norza, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called

Nursini. Its situation was exposed, and the air considered as
unwholesome. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 416.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7,
li. 716.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 20.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 45.

Nutria, a town of Illyricum. Polybius, bk. 2.

Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus.――A

patronymic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion
and Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy
her company. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 110.

Nyctelia, festivals in honour of Bacchus [See: Nyctelius], observed on

mount Cithæron. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Nyctelius, a surname of Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated in

the night (νυξ nox, τελεω perficio). The words latex Nyctelius
thence signify wine. Seneca, Œdipus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.—
Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.

Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia.――A son of Chthonius.――A

son of Neptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas king of Lesbos, or of
Thebes, according to the more received opinion. He married a nymph
of Crete, called Polyxo or Amalthæa, by whom he had two
daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The first of these disgraced
 herself by her criminal amours with her father, into whose bed she
introduced herself by means of her nurse. When the father knew the
incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter,
who was immediately changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus
made war against Epopeus, who had carried away Antiope, and died
of a wound which he had received in an engagement, leaving his
kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he entreated to continue the
war, and punish Antiope for her immodest conduct. See: Antiope.
Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Hyginus, fables 157 & 204.—Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 590, &c.; bk. 6, li. 110, &c.

Nyctimĕne, a daughter of Nycteus. See: Nycteus.

Nyctĭmus, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. He died without issue, and

left his kingdom to his nephew Arcas the son of Callisto. Pausanias,
bk. 8, ch. 4.

Nymbæum, a lake of Peloponnesus in Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, li. 23.

Nymphæ, certain female deities among the ancients. They were

generally divided into two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs
of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, some presided over woods,
and were called Dryades and Hamadryades; others presided over
mountains, and were called Oreades; some presided over hills and
dales, and were called Napææ, &c. Of the sea nymphs, some were
called Oceanides, Nereides, Naiades, Potamides, Limnades, &c.
These presided not only over the sea, but also over rivers, fountains,
streams, and lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence not only in the
sea, but also on mountains, rocks, in woods or caverns, and their
grottos were beautified by evergreens and delightful and romantic
scenes. The nymphs were immortal, according to the opinion of some
mythologists; others supposed that, like men, they were subject to
mortality, though their life was of long duration. They lived for
several thousand years, according to Hesiod, or, as Plutarch seems
obscurely to intimate, they lived above 9720 years. The number of
the nymphs is not precisely known. They were, according to Hesiod,
above 3000, whose power was extended over the different places of
the earth, and the various functions and occupations of mankind.
They were worshipped by the ancients, though not with so much
solemnity as the superior deities. They had no temples raised to their
 honour, and the only offerings they received were milk, honey, oil,
and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. They were generally
represented as young and beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle,
and sometimes they held a vase, from which they seemed to pour
water. Sometimes they had grass, leaves, and shells, instead of vases.
It was deemed unfortunate to see them naked, and such sight was
generally attended by a delirium, to which Propertius seems to allude
in this verse, wherein he speaks of the innocence and simplicity of
the primitive ages of the world,

Nec fuerat nudas pœna videre Deas.

The nymphs were generally distinguished by an epithet which

denoted the place of their residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were
called Sicelides; those of Corycus, Corycides, &c. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 320; bk. 5, li. 412; bk. 9, li. 651, &c.;
Fasti, bk. 3, li. 769.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Plutarch, de
Defectu Oraculorum.—Orpheus, Argonautica.—Hesiod, Theogony.
—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 12.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14.

Nymphæum, a port of Macedonia. Cæsar, Civil War.――A promontory

of Epirus on the Ionian sea.――A place near the walls of Apollonia,
sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had also an oracle. The place
was also celebrated for the continual flames of fire which seemed to
rise at a distance from the plains. It was there that a sleeping satyr
was once caught and brought to Sylla as he returned from the
Mithridatic war. This monster had the same features as the poets
ascribed to the satyr. He was interrogated by Sylla and by his
interpreters, but his articulations were unintelligible, and the Roman
spurned from him a creature which seemed to partake of the nature of
a beast more than that of a man. Plutarch, Sulla.—Dio Cassius,
bk. 41.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Livy, bk. 42, chs. 36
& 49.――A city of Taurica Chersonesus.――The building at Rome
where the nymphs were worshipped bore also this name, being
adorned with their statues and with fountains and waterfalls, which
afforded an agreeable and refreshing coolness.

Nymphæus, a man who went into Caria at the head of a colony of

Melians, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.
Nymphidius, a favourite of Nero, who said that he was descended from
Caligula. He was raised to the consular dignity, and soon after
disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain by the soldiers, &c.
Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who wrote a history of Alexander’s life

and actions, divided into 24 books. Ælian, bk. 7, de Natura
Animalium.

Nymphodōrus, a writer of Amphipolis.――A Syracusan who wrote a

history of Sicily.

Nympholleptes, or Nymphomănes, possessed by the nymphs. This

name was given to the inhabitants of mount Cithæron, who believed
that they were inspired by the nymphs. Plutarch, Aristeides.

Nymphon, a native of Colophon, &c. Cicero, Letters to his brother

Quintus, bk. 1.

Nypsius, a general of Dionysius the tyrant, who took Syracuse, and put
all the inhabitants to the sword. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Nysa, or Nyssa, a town of Æthiopia, at the south of Egypt, or, according

to others, of Arabia. This city, with another of the same name in
India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who was educated there by the
nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysius, which
seems to be compounded of Διος and ♦ Νυσα, the name of his
father, and that of the place of his education. The god made this place
the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered nations of the
east. Diodorus, in his third and fourth books, has given a prolix
account of the birth of the god at Nysa, and of his education and
heroic actions. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4,
li. 13, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 198.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.—
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 805.――According to some geographers
there were no less than 10 places of the name of Nysa. One of these
was on the coast of Eubœa, famous for its vines, which grew in such
an uncommon manner, that if a twig was planted in the ground in the
morning, it was said immediately to produce grapes, which were full
ripe in the evening.――A city of Thrace.――Another seated on the
top of mount Parnassus, and sacred to Bacchus. Juvenal, satire 7,
li. 63.
 ♦ ‘Νμσα’ replaced with ‘Νυσα’

Nysæus, a surname of Bacchus, because he was worshipped at Nysa.

Propertius, bk. 3, poem 17, li. 22.—A son of Dionysius of Syracuse.
Cornelius Nepos, Dion.

Nysas, a river of Africa, rising in Æthiopia.

Nysisæ portæ, a small island in Africa.

Nysiădes, a name given to the nymphs of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter

entrusted the education of his son Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses,
bk. 3, li. 314, &c.

Nysīros, an island. See: Nisyros.

Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the protecting god of Nysa. Cicero,

Flaccus, ch. 25.

Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great. Plutarch.

 O
Oarses, the original name of Artaxerxes Memnon.

Oarus, a river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mœotis. Herodotus,

bk. 4.

Oăsis, a town about the middle of Libya, at the distance of seven days’
journey from Thebes in Egypt, where the Persian army, sent by
Cambyses to plunder Jupiter Ammon’s temple, was lost in the sands.
There were two other cities of that name very little known. Oasis
became a place of banishment under the lower empire. Strabo,
bk. 17.—Zosimus, bk. 5, ch. 97.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Oaxes, a river of Crete, which received its name from Oaxus the son of
Apollo. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 1, li. 66.

Oaxus, a town of Crete where Etearchus reigned, who founded

Cyrene.――A son of Apollo and the nymph Anchiale.

Obringa, now Ahr, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine above
Rimmagen.

Obultronius, a questor put to death by Galba’s orders, &c. Tacitus.

Ocalea, or Ocalia, a town of Bœotia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A

daughter of Mantineus, who married Abas son of Lynceus and
Hypermnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and Prœtus. Apollodorus,
bk. 2, ch. 2.

Oceia, a woman who presided over the sacred rites of Vesta for 57 years
with the greatest sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, and the
daughter of Domitius succeeded her. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 86.
Oceănĭdes and Oceanītĭdes, sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from
whom they received their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They
were 3000 according to Apollodorus, who mentions the names of
seven of them: Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and
Metis. Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41: Pitho,
Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene,
Idyia, Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plexaure, Perseis, Pluto,
Thoe, Polydora, Melobosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, Ianira,
Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, Calypso, Tyche,
Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphiro, with those mentioned by Apollodorus,
except Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16, whose names are almost all
different from those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference
proceeds from the mutilation of the original text. The Oceanides, like
the rest of the inferior deities, were honoured with libations and
sacrifices. Prayers were offered to them, and they were entreated to
protect sailors from storms and dangerous tempests. The Argonauts,
before they proceeded on their expedition, made an offering of flour,
honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the deities of the sea, and
sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection. When the
sacrifice was made on the sea-shore the blood of the victim was
received in a vessel, but when it was in the open sea, the blood was
permitted to run down into the waters. When the sea was calm, the
sailors generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but if it was agitated
by the winds, and rough, a black bull was deemed the most
acceptable victim. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3.—Horace.—Apollonius,
Argonautica.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.—Hesiod, Theogony,
li. 349.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.

Oceănus, a powerful deity of the sea, son of Cœlus and Terra. He

married Tethys, by whom he had the most principal rivers, such as
the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c., with a number of daughters who
are called from him Oceanides. See: Oceanides. According to
Homer, Oceanus was the ♦father of all the gods, and on that account
he received frequent visits from the rest of the deities. He is generally
represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and sitting
upon the waves of the sea. He often holds a pike in his hand, whilst
ships under sail appear at a distance, or a sea monster stands near
him. Oceanus presided over every part of the sea, and even the rivers
were subjected to his power. The ancients were superstitious in their
worship to Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a deity to
 whose care they entrusted themselves when going on any voyage.
Hesiod, Theogony.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 81, &c.—Apollodorus,
bk. 1.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 20.—Homer, Iliad.

♦ ‘fathers’ replaced with ‘father’

Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Lucania. See: Lucanus.

Ocēlum, a town of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10.

Ocha, a mountain of Eubœa, and the name of Eubœa itself.――A sister

of Ochus, buried alive by his orders.

Ochesius, a general of Ætolia in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Ochus, a surname given to Artaxerxes III., king of Persia. See:

Artaxerxes.――A man of Cyzicus, who was killed by the Argonauts.
Flaccus, bk. 3.――A prince of Persia, who refused to visit his native
country for fear of giving all the women each a piece of gold.
Plutarch.――A river of India, or of Bactriana. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16;
bk. 31, ch. 7.――A king of Persia. He exchanged his name for that
of Darius. See: Darius Nothus.

Ocnus, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, who assisted Æneas against
Turnus. He built a town, which he called Mantua after his mother’s
name. Some suppose that he is the same as Bianor. Virgil, Eclogues,
poem 9; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 198.――A man remarkable for his
industry. He had a wife as remarkable for her profusion; she always
consumed and lavished away whatever the labours of her husband
had earned. He is represented as twisting a cord, which an ass
standing by eats up as soon as he makes it; whence the proverb of the
cord of Ocnus often applied to labour which meets no return, and
which is totally lost. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 21.—Pliny, bk. 35,
ch. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 29.

Ocricŭlum, now Otricoli, a town of Umbria near Rome. Cicero, For

Milo.—Livy, bk. 19, ch. 41.

Ocridion, a king of Rhodes, who was reckoned in the number of the

gods after death. Plutarch, Græcæ Quæstiones, ch. 27.
Ocrīsia, a woman of Corniculum, who was one of the attendants of
Tanaquil the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was throwing into the
flames, as offerings, some of the meats that were served on the table
of Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what Ovid calls obscœni
forma virilis. She informed the queen of it, and when by her orders
she had approached near it, she conceived a son who was called
Servius Tullus, and who, being educated in the king’s family,
afterwards succeeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose that Vulcan
had assumed that form which was presented to the eyes of Ocrisia,
and that the god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. Plutarch,
de Fortuna Romanorum.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 27.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6,
li. 627.

Octacillius, a slave who was manumitted, and who afterwards taught

rhetoric at Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the number of his
pupils. Suetonius, Rhetoricians.—Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 79.

Octāvia, a Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, and celebrated

for her beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and after
his death, Marcus Antony. Her marriage with Antony was a political
step to reconcile her brother and her husband. Antony proved for
some time attentive to her, but he soon after despised her for
Cleopatra, and when she attempted to withdraw him from this
unlawful amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was secretly
rebuked, and totally banished from his presence. This affront was
highly resented by Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to
pacify him by palliating her husband’s behaviour, he resolved to
revenge her cause by arms. After the battle of Actium and the death
of Antony, Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she had received, took
into her house all the children of her husband and treated them with
maternal tenderness. Marcellus her son by her first husband was
married to a niece of Augustus, and publicly intended as a successor
to his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his family into the greatest
grief. Virgil, whom Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself to
pay a melancholy tribute to the memory of a young man whom Rome
regarded as her future father and patron. He was desired to repeat his
composition in the presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia
burst into tears as soon as the poet began; but when he mentioned, Tu
Marcellus eris, she swooned away. This tender and pathetic
encomium upon the merit and the virtues of young Marcellus was
 liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces
for every one of the verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony,
Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder married Lucius
Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had Cnæus Domitius the father
of the emperor Nero, by Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus.
Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as beautiful as her mother,
married Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she had Germanicus
and Claudius, who reigned before Nero. The death of Marcellus
continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died of
melancholy about 10 years before the christian era. Her brother paid
great regard to her memory, by pronouncing himself her funeral
oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her virtues
by their wish to pay her divine honours. Suetonius, Augustus.—
Plutarch, Antonius, &c.――A daughter of the emperor Claudius by
Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of
Agrippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of
her age. She was soon after divorced on pretence of barrenness, and
the emperor married Poppæa, who exercised her enmity upon
Octavia by causing her to be banished into Campania. She was
afterwards recalled at the instance of the people, and Poppæa, who
was resolved on her ruin, caused her again to be banished to an
island, where she was ordered to kill herself by opening her veins.
Her head was cut off and carried to Poppæa. Suetonius in Claudius,
ch. 27; Nero, chs. 7 & 35.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12.

Octāviānus, or Octāvius Cæsar, the nephew of Cæsar the dictator.

After the battle of Actium and the final destruction of the Roman
republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him the title and surname
of Augustus, as more expressive of his greatness and dignity. See:
Augustus.

Octāvius, a Roman officer who brought Perseus king of Macedonia a

prisoner to the consul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guardian
to Ptolemy Eupator the young king of Egypt, where he behaved with
the greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was
before regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent to Rome.――A man
who opposed Metellus in the reduction of Crete by means of
Pompey. He was obliged to retire from the island.――A man who
banished Cinna from Rome, and became remarkable for his probity
and fondness of discipline. He was seized and put to death by order
 of his successful rivals Marius and Cinna.――A Roman who boasted
of being in the number of Cæsar’s murderers. His assertions were
false, yet he was punished as if he had been accessary to the
conspiracy.――A lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied
his general to the tent of the Parthian conqueror, and was killed by
the enemy as he attempted to hinder them from carrying away
Crassus.――A governor of Cilicia. He died in his province, and
Lucullus made applications to succeed him, &c.――A tribune of the
people at Rome, whom Tiberias Gracchus his colleague
deposed.――A commander of the forces of Antony against
Augustus.――An officer who killed himself, &c.――A tribune of
the people, who debauched a woman of Pontus from her husband.
She proved unfaithful to him, upon which he murdered her. He was
condemned under Nero. Tacitus, Annals & Histories.—Plutarch,
Lives.—Florus.—Livy, &c.――A poet in the Augustan age, intimate
with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. Horace,
bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.

Octodūrus, a village in the modern country of Switzerland, now called

Martigny. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Octogesa, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus, now
called Mequinensa. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 61.

Octolophum, a place of Greece. Livy, bk. 31.

Ocyălus, one of the Phæacians with Alcinous. Homer, Odyssey.

Ocypĕte, one of the Harpies, who infected whatever she touched. The
name signifies swift flying. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 265.—Apollodorus,
bk. 1, ch. 9.――A daughter of Thaumas.――A daughter of Danaus.

Ocy̆roe, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, who had the gift of prophecy.

She was changed into a mare. See: Melanippe. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 638, &c.――A woman, daughter of
Chesias, carried away by Apollo, as she was going to a festival at
Miletus.

Odenātus, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He early inured himself to

bear fatigues, and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he
accustomed himself to the labours of a military life. He was faithful
 to the Romans; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor
king of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause, and
solicited his release by writing a letter to the conqueror and sending
him presents. The king of Persia was offended at the liberty of
Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the presents which were
offered to be thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had the
impudence, as he observed, to pay homage to so great a monarch as
himself, he ordered him to appear before him, on pain of being
devoted to instant destruction, with all his family, if he dared to
refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, and opposed force
to force. He obtained some advantages over the troops of the Persian
monarch, and took his wife prisoner with a great and rich booty.
These services were seen with gratitude by the Romans; and
Gallienus, the then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as his
colleague on the throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his children
and to his wife, the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new
power, resolved to signalize himself more conspicuously by
conquering the northern barbarians, but his exaltation was short, and
he perished by the dagger of one of his relations, whom he had
slightly offended in a domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa,
about the 267th year of the christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his
titles and honours.

Odessus, a seaport town at the west of the Euxine sea in Lower Mœsia,
below the mouths of the Danube. Ovid, bk. 1, Tristia, poem 9, li. 57.

Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. Vitruvius, bk. 5, ch. 9.

Odīnus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who flourished about 70 years

before the christian era, in the northern parts of ancient Germany, or
the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a soldier,
a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credulity
of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could
raise the dead to life, and that he was acquainted with futurity. When
he had extended his power, and increased his fame by conquest and
by persuasion, he resolved to die in a different manner from other
men. He assembled his friends, and with a sharp point of a lance he
made on his body nine different wounds in the form of a circle, and
as he expired he declared he was going into Scythia, where he should
become one of the immortal gods. He further added that he would
 prepare bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen as lived a
virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and who died like heroes in
the field of battle. These injunctions had the desired effect; his
countrymen superstitiously believed him, and always recommended
themselves to his protection whenever they engaged in a battle, and
they entreated him to receive the souls of such as had fallen in war.

Odītes, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus at the nuptials of Pirithous.

Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 457.――A prince killed at the
nuptials of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 97.

Odoācer, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed the western empire of

Rome, and called himself king of Italy, A.D. 476.

Odomanti, a people of Thrace on the eastern banks of the Strymon.

Livy, bk. 45, ch. 4.

Odŏnes, a people of Thrace.

Odry̆sæ, an ancient people of Thrace, between Abdera and the river

Ister. The epithet of Odrysius is often applied to a Thracian. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 490; bk. 13, li. 554.—Statius, Achilleis,
bk. 1, li. 184.—Livy, bk. 39, ch. 53.

Odyssēa, one of Homer’s epic poems, in which he describes in 24 books

the adventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, with
other material circumstances. The whole of the action comprehends
no more than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet.
See: Homerus.

Odyssēum, a promontory of Sicily, at the west of Pachynus.

Œa, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Silius Italicus,
bk. 3, li. 257.――Also a place in Ægina. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 83.

Œagrus, or Œager, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king of

Thrace, and from him mount Hæmus, and also the Hebrus, one of the
rivers of the country, have received the appellation of Œagrius,
though Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the explanation of
Diodorus, by asserting that the Œagrus is a river of Thrace, whose
waters supply the streams of the Hebrus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 414.—
 Apollonius, bk. 1, Argonautica.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 524.—
Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 463.—Diodorus.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Œanthe and Œanthia, a town of Phocis, where Venus had a temple.

Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 38.

Œax, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He was brother to Palamedes,

whom he accompanied to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly
resented on his return to Greece, by raising disturbances in the family
of some of the Grecian princes. Dictys Cretensis.—Apollodorus,
bk. 2.—Hyginus, fable 117.

Œbălia, the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from king

Œbalus, and thence Œbalides puer is applied to Hyacinthus as a
native of the country, and Œbalius sanguis is used to denominate his
blood. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――The
same name is given to Tarentum because built by a Lacedæmonian
colony, whose ancestors were governed by Œbalus. Virgil, Georgics,
bk. 4, li. 125.—Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 451.

Œbălus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who was king of Laconia. He

married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom he had
Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Apollodorus,
bk. 3, ch. 10.――A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, who
reigned in the neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virgil, Æneid,
bk. 7, li. 734.

Œbăres, a satrap of Cyrus, against the Medes. Polyænus, bk. 7.――A

groom of Darius son of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his master
obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his artifice in making his horse
neigh first. See: Darius I. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 85.—Justin, bk. 1,
ch. 10.

Œchălia, a country of Peloponnesus in Laconia, with a small town of the

same name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, while Eurytus was
king over it, from which circumstance it was often called
Eurytopolis.――A small town of Eubœa, where, according to some,
Eurytus reigned, and not in Peloponnesus. Strabo, bks. 8, 9, & 10.—
Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 291.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 9;
Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.—Sophocles, Trachiniæ, li. 74 &
Scholia.
Œclīdes, a patronymic of Amphiaraus son of Œcleus. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 7.

Œcleus. See: Oicleus.

Œcumenius, wrote in the middle of the 10th century a paraphrase of

some of the books of the New Testament in Greek, edited in two
vols., folio, Paris, 1631.

Œdipŏdia, a fountain of Thebes in Bœotia.

Œdĭpus, a son of Laius king of Thebes and Jocasta. As being descended

from Venus by his father’s side, Œdipus was born to be exposed to
all the dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict upon the
posterity of the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of Œdipus was
informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must
perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelligence awakened
his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never
to approach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were violated in a fit
of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent to
stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child as soon as it came
into the world. The mother had not the courage to obey, yet she gave
the child as soon as born to one of her domestics, with orders to
expose him on the mountains. The servant was moved with pity, but
to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the child, and
suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithæron,
where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus king of
Corinth. The shepherd carried him home; and Peribœa the wife of
Polybus, who had no children, educated him as her own child, with
maternal tenderness. The accomplishments of the infant, who was
named Œdipus, on account of the swelling of his feet (οἰδεω tumeo,
ποδες pedes), soon became the admiration of the age. His
companions envied his strength and his address; and one of them, to
mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child.
This raised his doubts; he asked Peribœa, who, out of tenderness, told
him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with this, he
went to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told not to return
home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the murderer of his father,
and the husband of his mother. This answer of the oracle terrified
him; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he
resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently
attended him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his journey, met in
a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily
ordered Œdipus to make way for him. Œdipus refused, and a contest
ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. As
Œdipus was ignorant of the quality and of the rank of the men whom
he had just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to
Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible monster, which Juno
had sent to lay waste the country [See: ♦ Sphinx], resorted in the
neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted to
explain, without success, the enigmas which he proposed. The
calamity was now become an object of public concern, and as the
successful explanation of an enigma would end in the death of the
Sphynx, Creon, who at the death of Laius had ascended the throne of
Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to him who succeeded in the
attempt. The enigma proposed was this: What animal in the morning
walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon
three? This was left for Œdipus to explain; he came to the monster
and said, that man, in the morning of life, walks upon his hands and
his feet; when he has attained the years of manhood, he walks upon
his two legs; and in the evening, he supports his old age with the
assistance of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true explanation,
dashed his head against a rock and perished. Œdipus ascended the
throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he had two sons,
Polynices and Eteocles, and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone.
Some years after, the Theban territories were visited with a plague;
and the oracle declared that it should cease only when the murderer
of king Laius was banished from Bœotia. As the death of Laius had
never been examined, and the circumstances that attended it never
known, this answer of the oracle was of the greatest concern to the
Thebans; but Œdipus, the friend of his people, resolved to overcome
every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. His researches were
successful, and he was soon proved to be the murderer of his father.
The melancholy discovery was rendered the more alarming when
Œdipus considered, that he had not only murdered his father, but that
he had committed incest with his mother. In the excess of his grief he
put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, and banished himself
from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by his own sons. He
retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came near
Colonus, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies. He
 remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place,
and to become the source of prosperity to the country in which his
bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus king
of the country, to inform him of the resolution of Œdipus. When
Theseus arrived, Œdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that
the gods had called him to die in the place where he stood; and to
show the truth of this he walked, himself, without the assistance of a
guide, to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth
opened, and Œdipus disappeared. Some suppose that Œdipus had not
children by Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as
she knew the incest which had been committed. His tomb was near
the Areopagus, in the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets
represent him in hell, as suffering the punishment which crimes like
his seemed to deserve. According to some, the four children which
he had were by Euriganea the daughter of Periphas, whom he
married after the death of Jocasta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—
Hyginus, fable 66, &c.—Euripides, Phœnician Women, &c.—
Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus & Colonus, Antigone, &c.—Hesiod,
Theogony, li. 1.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, ch. 270.—Pausanias,
bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 8, li. 642.—Seneca, Œdipus.
—Pindar, Olympian, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Athenæus, bks. 6
& 10.

♦ ‘Sphynx’ replaced with ‘Sphinx’ to match listing

Œme, a daughter of Danaus by Crino. Apollodorus.

Œnanthes, a favourite of young Ptolemy king of Egypt.

Œne, a small town of Argolis. The people were called Œneadæ.

Œnea, a river of Assyria. Ammianus.

Œneus, a king of Calydon in Ætolia, son of Parthaon, or Portheus, and

Euryte. He married Althæa the daughter of Thestius, by whom he
had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althæa’s death,
he married Peribœa the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had
Tydeus. In a general sacrifice, which Œneus made to all the gods
upon reaping the rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and the
goddess, to revenge this unpardonable neglect, incited his neighbours
 to take up arms against him, and, besides, she sent a wild boar to lay
waste the country of Calydonia. The animal was at last killed by
Meleager and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated
chase, known by the name of the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some
time after, Meleager died, and Œneus was driven from his kingdom
by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomedes, however, his grandson,
soon restored him to his throne; but the continual misfortunes to
which he was exposed rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself
from Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in-law Andremon. He
died as he was going to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of
Diomedes, in a town of Argolis, which from him received the name
of Œnoe. It is reported that Œneus received a visit from Bacchus, and
that he suffered the god to enjoy the favours of Althæa, and to
become the father of Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that the
wine of which he was the patron should be called among the Greeks
by the name of Œneus (οἰνος). Hyginus, fable 129.—Apollodorus,
bk. 1, ch. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 539.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—
Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 510.

Œniadæ, a town of Acarnania. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 24; bk. 38, ch. 11.

Œnĭdes, a patronymic of Meleager son of Œneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses,

bk. 8, fable 10.

Œnoe, a nymph who married Sicinus, the son of Thoas king of Lemnos.
From her the island of Sicinus had been called Œnoe.――Two
villages of Attica were also called Œnoe. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 74.—
Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――A city of Argolis, where Œneus fled when
driven from Calydon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.――A town of Elis in
the Peloponnesus. Strabo.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pausanias,
bk. 1, &c.

Œnŏmaus, a son of Mars, by Sterope the daughter of Atlas. He was king

of Pisa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia, by Evarete daughter of
Acrisius, or Eurythoa the daughter of Danaus. He was informed by
the oracle that he should perish by the hands of his son-in-law,
therefore as he could skilfully drive a chariot he determined to marry
his daughter only to him who could outrun him, on condition that all
who entered the list should agree to lay down their life, if conquered.
Many had already perished, when Pelops son of Tantalus proposed
 himself. He previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus,
by promising him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippodamia, if he
proved victorious. Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot, whose
axletree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to the Corinthian
isthmus, and Œnomaus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia, and
became king of Pisa. As he expired, Œnomaus entreated Pelops to
revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had
been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax,
Alcathous, Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias,
Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aristomachus, Æolius,
Eurythrus, and Chronius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Diodorus,
bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 11, &c.—Apollonius
Rhodius, bk. 1.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 20.—Ovid, Ibis,
li. 367; Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 8; Heroides, poem 8, li. 70.

Œnon, a part of Locris on the bay of Corinth.

Œnōna, an ancient name of the island Ægina. It is also called Œnopia.

Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 46.――Two villages of Attica are also called
Œnona, or rather Œnoe.――A town of Troas, the birthplace of the
nymph Œnone. Strabo, bk. 13.

Œnōne, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of the river Cebrenus in

Phrygia. As she had received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to
Paris, whom she married before he was discovered to be the son of
Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended with the most
serious consequences, and the total ruin of his country, and that he
should have recourse to her medicinal knowledge at the hour of
death. All these predictions were fulfilled; and Paris, when he had
received the fatal wound, ordered his body to be carried to Œnone, in
hopes of being cured by her assistance. He expired as he came into
her presence; and Œnone was so struck at the sight of his dead body,
that she bathed it with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She
was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this son perished by the hand
of his father when he attempted, at the instigation of Œnone, to
persuade him to withdraw his affection from Helen. Dictys Cretensis.
—Ovid, de Remedia Amoris li. 457; Heroides, poem 5.—Lucan,
bk. 9.
Œnŏpia, one of the ancient names of the island Ægina. Ovid,
Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 473.

Œnopĭdes, a mathematician of Chios. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Œnopion, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, according to others, by

Bacchus. He married Helice, by whom he had a daughter called
Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became enamoured. The
father, unwilling to give his daughter to such a lover, and afraid of
provoking him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, and at
last put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some suppose that this
violence was offered to Orion after he had dishonoured Merope.
Œnopion received the island of Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had
conquered most of the islands of the Ægean sea, and his tomb was
still seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more
probability, that he reigned not at Chios, but at Ægina, which from
him was called Œnopia. Plutarch, Theseus.—Apollodorus, bk. 1,
ch. 4.—Diodorus.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Apollonius Rhodius,
bk. 3.

Œnōtri, the inhabitants of Œnotria.

Œnōtria, a part of Italy, which was afterwards called Lucania. It

received this name from Œnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled
there with a colony of Arcadians. The Œnotrians afterwards spread
themselves into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the country of the
Sabines, according to some writers. The name of Œnotria is
sometimes applied to Italy. That part of Italy where Œnotrus settled,
was before inhabited by the Ausones. Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
bk. 8, ch. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 536;
bk. 7, li. 85.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 220.

Œnotrĭdes, two small islands on the coast of Lucania, where some of the
Romans were banished by the emperors. They were called Ischia and
Pontia.

Œnōtrus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He passed into Magna Græcia

with a colony, and gave the name of Œnotria to that part of the
country where he settled. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 11.
—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.
Œnūsæ, small islands near Chios. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.—Thucydides,
bk. 8.――Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus, near Messenia.
Mela, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Œonus, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta, where he accompanied

Hercules; and as the hero had promised Licymnius to bring back his
son, he burnt his body and presented the ashes to the afflicted father.
From this circumstance arose a custom of burning the dead among
the Greeks. Scholia, Homer, Iliad.――A small river of Laconia.
Livy, bk. 34, ch. 28.

Œnoe, an island of Bœotia formed by the Asopus. Herodotus, bk. 9,

ch. 50.

Œta, now Banina, a celebrated mountain between Thessaly and

Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given
occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars arose
behind it. Mount Œta, properly speaking, is a long chain of
mountains which runs from the straits of Thermopylæ and the gulf of
Malia, in a western direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence to
the bay of Ambracia. The straits or passes of mount Œta are called
the straits of Thermopylæ, from the hot baths and mineral waters
which are in the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25
feet in breadth. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Catullus, poem 66, li. 54.—
Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20, &c.—Ovid,
Heroides, poem 9; Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 216; bk. 9, li. 204, &c.
—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8.—Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 5.—Seneca, Medea.
—Lucan, bk. 3, &c.――A small town at the foot of mount Œta near
Thermopylæ.

Œty̆lus, or Œty̆lum, a town of Laconia, which received its name from

Œtylus, one of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there.
Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

Ofellus, a man whom, though unpolished, Horace represents as a

character exemplary for wisdom, economy, and moderation. Horace,
bk. 2, satire 2, li. 2.

Ofi, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 28.

Ogdolăpis, a navigable river flowing from the Alps. Strabo, bk. 6.

Ogdōrus, a king of Egypt.

Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east of Corsica, famous for wine,
and now called Monte Christo. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Ogmius, a name of Hercules among the Gauls. Lucian, Hercules.

Ogoa, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under whose temple, as was

supposed, the sea passed. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Ogulnia lex, by Quintus and Cnæus Ogulnius, tribunes of the people,

A.U.C. 453. It increased the number of pontifices and augurs from
four to nine. The addition was made to both orders from plebeian
families.――A Roman lady as poor as she was lascivious. Juvenal,
satire 6, li. 351.

Ogy̆ges, a celebrated monarch, the most ancient of those that reigned in

Greece. He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune, and
married Thebe the daughter of Jupiter. He reigned in Bœotia, which
from him is sometimes called Ogygia, and his power was also
extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was of Egyptian or
Phœnician extraction; but his origin, as well as the age in which he
lived, and the duration of his reign, are so obscure and unknown, that
the epithet of Ogygian is often applied to everything of dark
antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so
inundated the territories of Attica, that they remained waste for near
200 years. This, though it is very uncertain, is supposed to have
happened about 1764 years before the christian era, and previous to
the deluge of Deucalion. According to some writers, it was owing to
the overflowing of one of the rivers of the country. The reign of
Ogyges was also marked by an uncommon appearance in the
heavens, and, as it is reported, the planet Venus changed her colour,
diameter, figure, and her course. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 3, ch. 1.—
Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 18, &c.

Ogy̆gia, a name of one of the gates of Thebes in Bœotia. Lucan, bk. 1,

li. 675.――One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, changed
into stones. Apollodorus.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.――An ancient
name of Bœotia, from Ogyges, who reigned there.――The island of
Calypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna Græcia,
where Ulysses was shipwrecked. The situation, and even the