University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

EEE3091F TEST 1 TOTAL MARKS: 50

DATE: 05 APRIL 2022 TIME: 1½ HOURS

Instructions: Answer all questions in the answer booklet. A formula sheet is provided, and a calculator is
allowed.
TOTAL MARKS: 50
QUESTION 1 [10 MARKS]
A stator lamination and one of the phase windings of a three-phase AC machine is shown in Figure 1.
The machine has 12 slots, which accommodate a double-layer winding. Answer the following
questions:

Figure 1: Cross section of stator lamination

1.1. Determine the number of poles of the machine. Justify your answer. [2]
4 poles [1]
By inspecting the axis of each coil, it’s easy to see 4 sets of alternating N-S poles [1]
or by identifying slot/pole/phase = 1, thus P= 12slots/(1x3)=4 poles

1.2. Is this a full-pitched or short-pitched winding? Determine the coil pitch in electrical degrees.
[2]
Span of Full pitch coils = 12 slots/4 poles = 3 slots
Since coil pitch = 3 slots, the coils are full-pitched [1]
3
𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = × 180° = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° (𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄) [1]
3
 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

1.3. Determine the number of slots per pole per phase. [1]

12
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑛 = 4×3 = 𝟏 [1]; Can also be seen directly from Fig. 1

1.4. Determine the slot angle in electrical degrees. [1]

360°𝑚𝑑 °𝑒𝑑 360°

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝛼 = . 𝑝 [°𝑚𝑑] = . 2 = 𝟔𝟎°𝒆𝒅 [1]
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 12
Or
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ °𝑒𝑑 180°
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝛼 = = = 𝟔𝟎°𝒆𝒅
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 3

1.5. Determine the distribution factor, Kd. [1]

𝑛𝛼 (1)(60°)
sin sin
2 2
𝑘𝑑 = 𝛼 = 60° =𝟏 [1]
𝑛 sin 1 sin
2 2

1.6. Determine the pitch factor, Kp. [1]

𝛾 = 180° − 180° = 0°𝑒𝑑, 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐾𝑝 ) = cos(𝛾⁄2) = 𝟏 [1]

1.7. Explain why a distributed winding is generally preferred to a concentrated winding. [2]

• Large portion of stator is utilized, coils can be fully-pitched or short-pitched (flexibility)

• MMF distribution is stepped in shape and better resembles a sinusoidal MMF distribution. This
provides smoother torque and less speed pulsations.
• Distributed windings make better use of the rotor/stator structure and reduce harmonics.

QUESTION 2 [10 MARKS]

A three-phase, 8-pole winding of the double-layer type is to be installed on a 72-slot stator. Each coil
is short-pitched by 2 slots and there are 6 turns in each coil. All coils in each phase are connected in
series, and the three phases are connected in wye A magnetic field is established in the airgap of this
machine such that the flux per pole is 0.06 Wb, and the speed of rotation of the magnetic field is
900rpm. Determine the following:
2.1. The pitch factor, Kp. [2]
72
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = = 9 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 [½]
8
7
𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 7 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 = × 180 = 140°
9
The coil is shorted-pitch by 2 slots, ∴ 𝛾 = 180° − 140° = 40°𝑒𝑑 [½]
𝛾
𝐾𝑝 = cos 2 = cos(20) = 0.9396 [1]

2.2. The distribution factor, Kd. [2]

 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

9 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑛 = 3 = 3 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 [½]
180
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝛼) = 9
= 20° 𝑒𝑑 [½]
𝛼 20
sin(𝑛× ) sin (3× °)
2 2
𝐾𝑑 = 𝛼 = 20 = 0.9598 [1]
𝑛×sin( ) 3 sin ( °)
2 2

2.3. The frequency of induced emf in the stator windings. [1]

𝑁𝑠 𝑃 900×8
𝑓= = = 60𝐻𝑧 [1]
120 120

2.4. The rms value of the induced emf measured between two stator terminals (i.e. line-to-line
voltage). [3]
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒, ∅ = 0.06 𝑊𝑏
72 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠 6 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑁𝑝ℎ = 3 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 × = 144 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 [1]
1 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑦𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐸𝐿𝐿 = √3 𝐸𝑝ℎ [1]

𝐸𝐿𝐿 = 4.44 √3 𝑓∅𝑁𝑝ℎ 𝐾𝑤 = √3 × 4.44 × 50 × 144 × 0.06 × 0.9396 × 0.9598

𝐸𝐿𝐿 = 3595.3 𝑉 [𝟏]

2.5. How would the magnitude of the induced emf change when each coil on the stator is now fully-
pitched? [2]
For a fully-pitched winding, 𝐾𝑝 = 1 [1]

Therefore, the induced voltage will increase by a factor of 1/𝐾𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 [1]

Or new value of 𝐸𝐿𝐿 = 3826.4 𝑉

QUESTION 3 [15 MARKS]

3.1. On the same axes, draw the torque vs speed characteristics of a class D and class A induction
machine. Compare the operating speed and efficiency of the two machines in an application
that requires the same full-load torque. Please explain your answer. [5]
[2] for the sketch
 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

For a constant load torque, class D motor operates with a lower speed than class A motor [1]
Therefore, class D motor operates with bigger slip than class A motor as shown’ [1]
Since IM efficiency is approximately equal to (1-s), class A motor operates with a much higher
efficiency. [1]

The information given on the name plate of an induction machine is as follows:

𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 17𝑘𝑊; 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 300𝑊; 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑤𝑦𝑒; 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 4; 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 50𝐻𝑧

Measurement shows that the average per-phase resistance of the stator windings is 𝟎. 𝟐. The
induction machine rotor speed at rated condition (𝐼𝐿𝐿 = 28.13𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 380𝑉) is 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟓𝒓𝒑𝒎.
At rated condition, determine the following for this machine, when it operates in generator mode.
(Note: In generator mode, rotor speed 𝑛 is greater than synchronous speed 𝑛𝑠 ).

3.2 – 3.9 (See answers below)

 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

QUESTION 4 [15 MARKS]

A 3-phase, 208V, 60 Hz, 4-pole, wye-connected induction motor has the following equivalent circuit
parameters:

𝑅1 = 0.12 Ω, 𝑅2′ = 0.1Ω, 𝑋1 = 𝑋2′ = 0.25Ω, 𝑋𝑚 = 10Ω

4.1. Explain why an induction machine is designed to operate with a low value of slip. [2]
The amount of power lost in the rotor resistance is directly dependent on the slip and is given by the
relationship 𝑷𝟐−𝒄𝒖 = 𝒔𝑷𝒂𝒈 . This shows that the higher the slip greater the rotor copper losses, hence
the poorer the motor efficiency. [2]

Also give full marks if student explains in terms of the ideal efficiency 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1 − 𝑠.

4.2. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit and determine its parameters. [3]

[1] mark for the diagram

 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

The Thevenin voltage source is:

𝑋𝑚 10 208
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 1/2 𝑉1 = [0.122+(0.25+10)2]1/2 × = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝑽 [1]
2
[𝑅1 +(𝑋1 +𝑋𝑚 )2 ] √3

The Thevenin impedance is

𝑗𝑋𝑚 (𝑅1 +𝑗𝑋1 ) 𝑗10(0.12+𝑗0.25)
𝑍𝑡ℎ = 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑗𝑋𝑡ℎ = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓Ω [1]
1 +𝑗(𝑋1 +𝑋𝑚 ) 0.12+𝑗10.25

If the machine is connected to a 3-phase, 208V, 60 Hz supply and is operating at 1710rpm, determine
the following:

4.3. Operating slip. [1]

1800−1710
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 (𝑠) = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 [1]
1800

4.4. Stator current. [3]

Using the IEEE recommended equivalent circuit,

𝑅2′ 0.1
𝑍1 = (𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 ) + 𝑗𝑋𝑚 //( + 𝑗𝑋2′ ) = (0.12 + 𝑗0.25) + 𝑗10//( + 𝑗0.25)
𝑠 0.05
𝑍1 = 2.131∠23.55°Ω [𝟏]
208
𝑉1 =
= 120.08𝑉 [𝟏]
√3
𝑉1 120.08
𝐼1 = = = 56.349∠ − 23.55°𝑨
𝑍1 2.131∠23.55°
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼1 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟗𝑨 [𝟏]
4.5. Power factor [1]
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = cos 23.55 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝒍𝒂𝒈 [𝟏]
4.6. Developed torque [3]
Method 1:
𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼2′ =
𝑅′
𝑍𝑡ℎ + 𝑠2 + 𝑗𝑋2′
 University of Cape Town Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment EEE3091F

𝑉𝑡ℎ 117.152
𝐼2′ = =
𝑅2′ 1
√((0.114 + 2)2 + (0.245 + 0.25)2 )
((𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑠 )^2 + (𝑋𝑡ℎ + 𝑋2′ )^2)2

𝐼2′ = 53.958𝐴 [𝟏]

120(60)
𝑁𝑠 = = 1800
𝑝
1800
𝜔𝑠 = × 2𝜋 = 188.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec [𝟏]
60
3 ′ 2 2
𝑅 ′ 3 × 53.9582 × 2
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑣 = . (𝐼 ) . = = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝑵𝒎 [1]
𝜔𝑠 2 𝑠 188.5

Method 2:
𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝑎𝑔 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃1−𝑐𝑢 = √3. 𝑉𝐿𝐿 . 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 3. 𝐼1 2 . 𝑅1

𝑃𝑎𝑔 = √3 × 208 × 56.349 × cos 23.55 − 3 × 56.3492 × 0.12 = 17466.78𝑊 [𝟏]

120(60)
𝑁𝑠 = = 1800
𝑝
1800
𝜔𝑠 = × 2𝜋 = 188.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec [𝟏]
60
𝑃𝑎𝑔 17466.78
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑣 = = = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝑵𝒎 [𝟏]
𝜔𝑠 188.5

Method 3:
𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝑎𝑔 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃1−𝑐𝑢 = √3. 𝑉𝐿𝐿 . 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ − 3. 𝐼1 2 . 𝑅1

𝑃𝑎𝑔 = √3 × 208 × 56.349 × cos 23.55 − 3 × 56.3492 × 0.12 = 17466.78𝑊 [𝟏]

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = (1 − 𝑠)𝑃𝑎𝑔 = (1 − 0.05)17466.78 = 16593.44𝑊
1710
𝜔𝑚 = × 2𝜋 = 179.07 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec [1]
60
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 16593.44
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 𝜔𝑚
= 179.07
= 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝑵𝒎 [𝟏]

4.7. The speed at which this machine develops maximum torque. [2]
𝑅2′
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √[𝑅2 ′ 2 =0.197 [𝟏]
𝑡ℎ +(𝑋𝑡ℎ +𝑋2 )

𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑛 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠 = (1 − 0.197)1800 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝒓𝒑𝒎 [𝟏]