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Solution Manual For Physical Geography 11th Edition Petersen Sack Gabler 1305652649 9781305652644
Solution Manual For Physical Geography 11th Edition Petersen Sack Gabler 1305652649 9781305652644
Solution Manual For Physical Geography 11th Edition Petersen Sack Gabler 1305652649 9781305652644
Solution Manual:
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geography-11th-edition-petersen-sack-gabler-1305652649-
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Chapter 2
Representations of Earth
Chapter Objectives
This chapter should enable your students to…
• 2.1 Explain the ways that Earth and its regions, places, and locations can be
represented on a variety of visual media - maps, aerial photographs, and other
imagery.
• 2.2 Assess the nature and useful applications of maps and map-like presentations
of the planet, or parts of Earth, citing some examples.
• 2.3 Find and describe the locations of places using coordinate systems, use
topographic maps to find elevations, and understand the three types of map scales.
• 2.4 Demonstrate knowledge of techniques that support geographic investigations,
including mapping, spatial analysis, global positioning systems (GPS), geographic
information systems (GIS), and remote sensing.
• 2.5 Evaluate the advantages and limitations of different kinds of representations
of Earth and its areas.
• 2.6 Understand how the proper techniques, images, and maps can be used to best
advantage in solving geographic problems.
Chapter Outline
I. Chapter Preview
II. Maps and Location on Earth
A. Earth’s Shape and Size
B. Globes and Great Circles
C. Latitude and Longitude
1. Measuring Latitude
2. Measuring Longitude
3. Decimal Degrees
III. The Geographic Grid
A. Parallels and Meridians
B. Longitude and Time
C. The International Date Line
D. The U.S. Public Lands Survey System
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
E. Global Navigational Satellite Systems
IV. Maps and Map Projections
A. Advantages of Maps
B. Limitations of Maps
C. Map Projections
1. Planar Projections
2. Conic Projections
3. Cylindrical Projections
D. Properties of Map Projections
1. Shape
2. Area
3. Distance
4. Direction
5. Compromise Projections
E. Map Basics
1. Legend
2. Scale
3. Direction
F. Thematic Maps
1. Discrete and Continuous Data
G. Topographic Maps
V. Modern Mapmaking
A. Geographic Information Systems
1. What a GIS Does
2. Data and Attribute Entry
3. Registration, Display, and Analysis
4. Digital Elevation Models
5. Visualization Models
B. Geographic Information System in the Workplace
VI. Remote Sensing of the Environment
A. Digital and Photographic Images
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
B. Remote Sensing Systems
1. Passive Systems
2. Active Remote Sensing Systems
VII. Multispectral Remote Sensing
Chapter Summary
• The Earth can be represented using a variety of tools: maps, remote sensing
(aerial photography), vertical exaggeration, and geographical information systems
(GIS).
• The purpose of a map is to communicate spatial and locational information. Maps
are an essential resource for navigation, community planning, surveying, history,
meteorology, geology, political science, and many other career fields.
• Computer technology has revolutionized cartography (the science and profession
of mapmaking) and digital imagery. Today, nearly all maps are developed and
produced using computer technologies.
• All maps transform Earth into a flat object (map) by a process referred to as map
projections. Map projections distort Earth by its shape, size, or a combination of
size and shape. There are many examples of map projections, each having their
advantages and limitations.
• Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the general term for satellite-
based technologies that are used for determining locations on Earth. Global
Positioning System (GPS), originally created for military applications, is now
widely used in the United States. Today, GPS and GNNS are being adapted to
many uses, from surveying and mapping to aircraft and marine navigation.
• Geographic information system (GIS) is a versatile computer-based system that is
capable of storing different types of data in layers. GIS is extremely useful to
geographers as they work to address problems that require large amounts of
spatial data from a variety of sources.
• As technology has improved over the past decades, GIS and remote sensing
systems such as near-infrared, thermal infrared, Radar, Lidar, and Sonar are
playing an increasing role in shaping the decisions of businesses, governments,
and citizens.
Lecture Suggestions
• Visit
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f.html for
visual examples of map projections.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Visit http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-air-
photos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-resources/9309 for a tutorial
from Natural Resources Canada that provides information on the types of
remote sensing used today.
Key Terms
cartography conformal map
oblate spheroid equal-area map
navigation equidistance
great circle azimuthal projection
hemisphere gnomonic projection
small circle compromise projection
coordinate system legend
equator map scale verbal
latitude scale graphic (bar)
sextant scale
prime meridian representative fraction (RF) scale
longitude magnetic declination
decimal degrees azimuth
geographic grid bearing
parallel thematic map
meridian discrete data
time zone continuous data
solar noon isoline
International Date Line topographic contour line
U.S Public Lands Survey System contour interval
principal meridian profile
base line gradient
township geographic information system (GIS)
section digital map layers
Global Navigational Satellite Systems digital elevation model (DEM)
global positioning system (GPS) draping
map projection vertical exaggeration
planar projection visualization models
conic projection remote sensing
cylindrical projection aerial photograph
Mercator projection digital image
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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