19th Century Philippines

as Rizal’s context
RIZAL’S LIFE AND WORKS
birth of modern life

birth of many nation-states

around the globe

Spain weakened its

colonized countries
especially Philippines.
 3 ASPECTS
Economic Social; and

Political
 ECONOMIC CONTEXT

The End of the Galleon Trade The opening of the Suez Canal

the rise of the export of the the established monopolies in

crop economy the Philippines
The End of the Galleon Trade
 there were already trades even
before Spaniards came into the
Philippines.
in 1565, Spaniards closed all ports
except Mexico and Manila.
 there were already trades even
before Spaniards came into the
Philippines.
in 1565, Spaniards closed all ports
except Mexico and Manila.

Andres de Urdaneta under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

discovered route from Cebu to Mexico in 1565

after that, Manila – Acapulco Trade or the Galleon Trade

was born
Galleon Trade (1565- 1815) –
“galleon” or “ship”
 Galleon Trade (1565- 1815) –
“galleon” or “ship”
2 galleons were used in trading:
1.) a ship from Acapulco - Manila with some 500,000
pesos worth of goods spending 120 days of travel
2) a ship from Manila - Acapulco with 250,000 pesos
worth of goods spending 90 days of travel.
Galleon Trade (1565- 1815) –
“galleon” or “ship”
Trade goes back and forth between Manila and
Acapulco, Mexico.
The travel serve as the central income-generating
business for Spanish Colonists.
Lists of goods they trade to Mexico are mango de
Manila, tamarind and rice, carabao, cockfighting,
Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks display, tuba
making
 Galleon Trade (1565- 1815) –
“galleon” or “ship”

Lists of goods Mexico trade to Manila are exotic goods

like perfume, porcelain, cotton fabric, and precious
stones. They also trade guava, avocado, papaya,
pineapple, horses, and cattle.
-Manila became a trading hub.

-The Spaniards became scared of

the Chinese who arrived in the
Philippines bringing goods and
workforce that is why, they taxed
them, sent them out of the Parian
and worst is masssacre them.

-September 14, 1815 – end of

Galleon trade.
 ECONOMIC CONTEXT

The End of the Galleon Trade The opening of the Suez Canal

the rise of the export of the the established monopolies in

crop economy the Philippines
OPENING
OF
SUEZ
CANAL
Manila - Acapulco
(90 days)
 Suez canal is an artificial sea-level
waterway in Egypt that connects the
Mediterranean sea to the Red Sea through
the Isthmus of Suez.

the opening of the canal abbreviated the

travel time from Spain to the Philippines to 32
to 40 days.

there was a case wherein there’s a steamer

from Barcelona travelled around the Cape of
Good Hope and reach Manila of more than
three months.
 November 17, 1869 – it was officially
opened under the leadership of French
diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps and was
constructed by the Suez Canal company
between 1859 and 1869.

Enabled the growth of Rizal’s

nationalistic desire and not only goods
were traded but also books, magazines,
and newspaper with liberal ideas from
America and Europe.
 ECONOMIC CONTEXT

The End of the Galleon Trade The opening of the Suez Canal

the rise of the export of the the established monopolies in

crop economy the Philippines
the rise of the export of the
crop economy
ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Philippines developed an export crop
economy
products they export were sugar ( in
Western Visayas), Manila hemp ( in
Southeastern Luzon and Eastern Visayas),
and coffee (in Northeastern Luzon).
ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

it expanded the Chinese population.

it was influenced by North

European and North American
merchants.
 ECONOMIC CONTEXT

The End of the Galleon Trade The opening of the Suez Canal

the rise of the export of the the established monopolies in

crop economy the Philippines
the established monopolies in
the Philippines
monopolies were a
source of wealth during
the 19th century
after 1850, government
monopoly contracts for
the collection of different
revenues were opened
especially to foreigners
1840 - Spanish government legalized the use
of opium and because of this, government
opium importation and sales were created.

Chinese is a major contracts of

monopoly.
There were other monopolies even before
1840's such as spirituous liquors (1712-1864),
betel nut (1764), tobacco (1782-1882), and
explosives (1805-1864).
 Most controversial is tobacco

March 1, 1782 -
Governor- General Jose Basco made
tobacco under government control
which aimed to increase revenue.
 - Since the subsidy of Mexico is not enough,
Governor General Jose Basco issued order to
cultivate tobacco in different provinces such as
Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,
Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque.

-these provinces only produce tobacco and sell

it to the government with pre designated price.
-The government set the -Nobody is allowed to keep
quantity of tobacco tobbaco leaves for personal
plants to be sold to them use and anyone who will not
by each family obey will receive punishment

-The colonial government exported

tobacco to other countries and to
cigarette factories in Manila.
Philippines became a prominent tobacco
monopoly.

And since the government prioritized

tobacco, there has been food storage
especially in rice.

1887 - tobacco monopoly was

abolished.
SOCIAL
BACKGROUND
19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s context
 the social background

The 19th Century Social Structure was

a feudalistic society as a consequence
of encomienda system imposed by the
colonizers legally defined in 1503
EDUCATION IN
THE 19TH CENTURY
With the coming of Spanish colonizers,
the European system of education was
somewhat introduced to the archipelago.
King Philip II leyes de indias (Laws of the
indies) Mandated Spanish authorities in
the Philippine to educate the locals, to
teach them how to read and write and
team Spanish.
 The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
At the beginning of the 19th century,
economic and political changes in
Europe were finally starting to affect
Spain and consequently the
Philippines. Chinese mestizo rose to
prominence between 1741 and 1898
primarily as a land holder and
middleman wholesaler of local produce
and foreign imports, although there
were also mestizos.
 Mestizos
Mestizos Tornatras
De
De Sangley
Espanola
 Mestizos
De Sangley
 Mestizos Mestizos
Tornatras
De Sangley De
Espanola
Mestizos
De
Espanola
 Mestizos
Mestizos Tornatras
De
De Sangley
Espanola
Tornatras
THE RISE OF THE
INQUILO
 THE RISE OF THE
INQUILO
At least in modern Spanish the term inquilo has the same
meaning as the English “tenant”. Contextually, the 19th Century
inquilino system in the Philippines is better understood as a
qualified system of tenancy or the right to use land in exchange
of rent. The 19th Century Educational Environment Spanish
Colonial Educational Aims in the 19th Century
 HiGhest class

Spanish officials – Peninsulares and insulares who

have official government designations starting from
the Governor-General.
• Peninsulares -are Spaniards who were born in
Spain. They held the most important government
jobs and made up the smallest numbers of the
population.
 HiGhest class

• Friars – are members of any of

certain religious orders of men,
especially the four religious orders
(Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans,
and Francicans)
MiDdLe class
Spanish Mestizos – are of mixed Spanish and
indigenous Filipino ancestry

Chinese Mestizos – are a mixed Chinese and

indigenous Filipino ancestry
MiDdLe class
• Criollos – a person of mixed European and black descent,
especially in the Caribbean. Originally, the term creole was
derived from Portuguese crioulo. It meant then, a white
man of European descent, born and raised in a tropical or
semi-tropical colony
• Principlia – (ruling class of native elites gobernadorcillo ,
cabeza de barangay, landowners, merchants, wealthy
native families).
 LOWER CLASS

• Indios - The Indios are the poor

native or poor people having pure
Filipino blood.
Spanish Colonial Educational Aims
in the 19th Century

Promotion of Imposition of
Promotion of
Spanish Spanish
Christianity
Language Culture
Spanish Colonial
Educational System
Curriculum was formal, Organized,
and Religion-oriented
Spanish missionaries were the
teacher or tutors
What were taught: Christian
doctrine, prayers and sacred song
3R’s were only given to brighter
pupils
Education was considered privilege
not a right
Teach catechism to the
natives
Study of the Spanish
language was compulsory
Education for the elite was
controlled by their friars
Educational Decree of 1863
Access to education by the Filipinos was later
liberalized through the enactment of the
Educational Decree of 1863. The Basic Education
Spanish Colonial Curriculum
The schools were parochial or convent schools
There were three grade levels:
Entrada, Acenso, Termino.
 The Curriculum required study of:

. Christian
Doctrine
. History

. Values . Reading and writing

in Spanish (steno)
. CRITICISM ON . COUNTER –
THE EDUCATION
CRITISM ON
. THE
THE STATE OF
EDUCATION
ILLUSTRADOS
 CRITICISM ON
THE EDUCATION

On November 30 1990, the Philippine

Commission reported to the US West
Department about the state of education
throughout the archipelagl the following
among others:
 Under Spanish rule there was a system of primary
schools The Spanish regulations provided that
there should be one male and one female primary
school- teacher for each 5,000 inhabitants.

There were no schoolhouses, no modern furniture,

and there were no good books. The schools were
and are bow held in the residences of the teachers,
or buildings hired by the municipalities and used by
the principals as dwellings.
. CRITICISM ON . COUNTER –
THE EDUCATION
CRITISM ON
. THE
THE STATE OF
EDUCATION
ILLUSTRADOS
 THE
ILLUSTRADOS

As a result of increasing the number of educated Filipinos a new

social class raised that came to be known as the Ilustrados.
Furthermore, with the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 travel to
Spain become quicker, easier and more affordable, and many
Filipinos took advantage of it to continue higher education in
Spain and Europe, mostly in Madrid and Barcelona.
 This new enlightened class of
Filipinos would later lead the
Philippine independence movement,
using the Spanish language as their
main communication method.
. CRITICISM ON . COUNTER –
THE EDUCATION
CRITISM ON
. THE
THE STATE OF
EDUCATION
ILLUSTRADOS
 As a result of increasing the number of educated Filipinos a new
social class raised that came to be known as the Ilustrados.
Furthermore, with the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 travel to Spain
become quicker, easier and more affordable, and many Filipinos took
advantage of it to continue higher education in Spain and Europe,
mostly in Madrid and Barcelona. This new enlightened class of
Filipinos would later lead the Philippine independence movement,
using the Spanish languange as their main communication method.

COUNTER – CRITISM ON THE

STATE OF EDUCATION
POLITICAL
Landscape
. LIBERALISM
. IMPACT OF THE

.
BOURBON REFORMS
CADIZ
CONSTITUION
LIBERALISM ?
WHAT IS
Worldview founded on the ideals and
equality.

Includes a wide range of political

philosophies that considers individual
liberty to the most significant political
goal, and underscore individual rights and
equality of opportunity
they believe that government is
necessary to protect individuals
from being abused by others
though they are also aware that
the government itself can pose a
threat to liberty.
WHERE DID THE IDEA OF
LIBERALISM BEGIN?
FRENCH REVOLUTION
-The French revolution ( 1789 – 1799 )

-Started a political revolution in Europe and

consequently in some other parts of the globe

-Having their battle cry ‘ Liberty, Equality and

Fraternity’

-This revolution became a period of fundamental

change in the political history of France
The French governmental structure was change
from absolute monarchy ( with feudal privileges for
the rich and clergy ) into a more liberal
government system founded on the principles of
citizenships and inalienable rights

As an eventual repercussion of the French revolution,

Spain later experienced a stormy century of political
disturbance, which included “numerous changes and
parliaments and constitution
Struggles between liberals and conservative

And the liberals in Spain considered the

Catholic as an enemy of reforms.

So in the 19thcentury this movement against

the catholic church called anti-clericalism, had
gained some strength
Radical modifications in government form
were also introduced by liberals in Spain
and these political changes had their
repercussions in the Philippines
•When the Philippines was opened to world
trade in the 19th century, liberal ideas from
America carried ships and people from foreign
ports started to penetrate the country and sway
the illustrados.
• furthermore, the opening of the Suez canal
eased the importation of books, magazines,
and newspaper with liberal ideas from the
West;

•Eventually impacted the thoughts of local

reformist, such as Jose Rizal.
•This increase in
communication and
collaboration encouraged more
liberal Spaniards and
Europeans to visit the
Philippines and interact with
the locals.
•The Philippines' experience with liberalism
started with the government of the first liberal
Governor-General Carlos Maria De la Torre.

•Liberal reforms from Spain's new government

were extended to Spain's colonies, including the
Philippines, after the 1868 coup that removed
Queen Isabela II from power.
 -He held the position from 1869 – 1871

-widely considered to be the most beloved

of the Spanish Governors ever assigned in
the country

-the rule of General De la Torre was

essential in the dawn of national
consciousness of the locals.

Gov, Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre

“First liberal Governor General in the
-he provided Jose Rizal and others a
Philippines.”
preview of democratic rule and way of life
- He encouraged freedom and abolished
censorship

- recognized the freedom of speech and the

press, which were guaranteed by the Spanish
Constitution

- Other Filipino Priest were encouraged to

pursue their dreams replacing the friars with
Filipino clergy and among the priest was Father
Jose Burgos

- His greatest achievement was the peaceful Gov, Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre
“First liberal Governor General in the
solution to the land problem in Cavite Philippines.”

·Solved without bloodshed

the Impact of
bourbon reforms
• Spanish Bourbon King Philip V ( 1700-1746)
advocated a century long effort to reform and modify
the Spanish empire.
• endeavored to curtail contraband commerce,
reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict the
church’s power,
• reform the state finances to fill dwindling royal
coffers,
• and found tighter administrative and political
control within the empire.
Effect of Bourbon Reforms
in the Philippines
Bourbon reform policies were advantageous to
the Philippines which was under the Spain from
1565 to 1898
but the Philippines was far away from the Spain, it
was hard for Bourbon advocates to check if
reform policies were properly implemented in
Spanish colony in the Far East.
It impacted the way the colony was run by Spanish
administrators but only to a limited extend.
 IS IT EFFECTIVE?

the policies lacked some ideological coherence (balance the

crown’s several commercial, administrative, fiscal and military
aims)
it was seen as a complex much so that the Spanish reformers
sometimes promoted distinctively different kinds of policies
for provinces in its desired empire.
Furthermore, there were instances when European conflicts
forced Charles IV to go from one policy to another by the mid-
1790s to meet the needs of financing Spain’s wars.
Effect of Bourbon Reforms
in the Philippines

While the historians are questioning

it’s effectiveness and impacts it at
least gave the people, especially the
natives in the Philippines the idea that
the colonization could be done without
much intervention from the Catholic
Church
 THE CADIZ
CONSTITUTION
During the Napoleonic of Spain a liberal constitution
was promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812

Drafted by elected representatives, the Cadiz

Constitution was put in practice in almost all the areas
of the Hispanic Monarchy still under control of the
Spanish crown

First constitution in Europe to deal with national

sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty as coming from
the people and not from the king.
CADIZ CONSTITUTION in PH context
The first delegates from the Philippines were Pedro Perez
de Tagle and Jose Manual Coretto who took their office
in Madrid.
The Cadiz Constitution, which was formally implemented
in Manila soon after
-established the principles of universal male suffrage
-national sovereignty
constitutional monarchy
-and freedom of the press
-and advocated land reform and free enterprise.
Unlike the French constitution it was applied or
includes everyone from overseas like the Italian
Kingdom and even the Philippines
the Philippines promulgated a liberal constitution in
the Mediterranean port of Cadiz which became
possible because the city was protected the British
Navy

This constitution was very influential as it was a liberal

constitution, which vested sovereignty in the people,
recognized the equality of all men and individual
liberty of the citizen and granted the right of suffrage
 z al ’s lif e
Ri
in h is
soc iety
Rizal not only know valuable information about his
society but also had a quality of mind that helped
him to use the information in a way that he could
think about what was going on in the world

•Sociologist call this quality of mind

“sociological imagination”
- people can view their inner life and
career in terms of larger historical
forces
Rizal had this quality-he knew his
place in the greater scheme of things

- he understood the societal forces

shaping his life, and thus able to
respond in ways that benefitted
others.
 Political
Structure
19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context
KING OF SPAIN

Viceroy of
Mexico

Philippines
 But when Mexico regained it’s freedom in
1891 the King of Spain ruled the Philippines
through a Governor- General in the
Philippines

KING OF SPAIN KING OF SPAIN

Viceroy of
Mexico
Governor-
Philippines General
Political Condition
GOVERNOR GENERAL
Ø he is the chief executive in the whole
archipelago
Ø he is the head of state and church
Ø commander-in-chief of the military
Ø he had the power of cumplace
Residencia

this was a special court that investigates the

performance of a Governor General who was
about to be replaced
The residencia, of which the incoming Governor
General was usually a member, submitted a
report of its findings to the king
 Visitador General

the council of indies in Spain sends

Spanish official called the Visitador-
General to observe in the country

he directly reported his findings to the

King
 Royal Audencia

highest court in the land during the

Spanish times
served as an advisory body to the
Governor-General and check the
reports of his abuses
Provincial Government
ALCALDE MAYOR

- head in the provincial level

- performed judicial functions in his
capacity as the highest judicial official in
the province
- he had power like the Governor
General but is limited in the province
Municipal Government
Gobernardorcillo ( Little Government)
- it was the chief executive and chief justice of the town
- had the power like Governor General but was limited in
the town or pueblo only
- position given to Filipinos
- main duty are efficient governance and tax collection
- had a power of Indulto de Comercio which the
Gobernadorcillo to engage into trading
BARRIO GOVERNMENT
Cabeza de Barangay/ Head of Barangay

- he is the head of the barangay

- Filipino was allowed to assume the
position of Cabeza de barangay and as
well as Gobernadorcillo only
References

Galicia, R., Sobmerano, E. T., & Palencia, M. (2018b). The Life and Work of
Jose Rizal (1st ed.).

Manebog, J., Paragas, R., Barrientos, Ma. O., & Francisco, R. (2018a). Life
and Works of Rizal (1st ed.).

Nery, I., & Sion, P. J. (n.d.-b). Chapter 2 19th Century Philippines as Rizal's
Context. Studocu.com. Add a little bit of body textument/university-of-
rizal-system/life-and-work s-of-rizal/chapter-2-19th-century-philippines-
as -rizals-context/20835348
 Philippine Normal University. (2023). CHAPTER 2: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE
19THCENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT. Coursehero.com.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/69719438/CHAPTER-2-RIZALdoc/

PrancilisoGennRod. (2023, August 22). The 19th Century Philippines as RizaL’s

Context.pptx. Www.slideshare.net.
https://www.slideshare.net/PrancilisoGennRod/the-19th-century-philippines-
as-rizals-contextpptx
MEMBERS

Nichole N. Laceda Clarence Joy. M Sheryn Mae T.

BSBA HRM 2A Lecaros Lastra
BSBA HRM 2A BSBA HRM 2A