UNIT 2: URBANISATION

GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH (Subjunctive)
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu mà đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một
việc gì nhưng không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên
thể không có TO của động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến. THAT phải luôn xuất hiện trong
dạng câu này.
S + Verb (any tense) + that + subject + (should) + V(bare)
1. Những động từ và danh từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advise v. advice n. command v. command n.
demand v. demand n. suggest v. suggestion n.
prefer v. preference n. recommend v. recommendation n.
require requirement n. decree v. decree n.
ask v. order v. order n.
insist v. insistence n. request v. request n.
propose v. proposal n. urge v. urgency n.
Ex: His parents insisted that he (should) find a job and settle down in a big city.
It is recommended that people (should take regular exercise.
She demanded that I should tell her the truth.
The recommendation that all people affected by the storm (should) be evacuated immediately was
approved.
2. Những tính từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advisable urgent imperative essential
necessary obligatory vital fundamental
important mandatory crucial desirable
It + be (any tense) + adjective + that + S + V(bare)
Ex: It is necessary that everyone be here on time.
It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated.
It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
Lưu ý: Nếu bỏ THAT trong công thức trên thì: It be adj for somebody to V_inf.
• It is necessary that everyone be here on time.
→ It is necessary for everyone to be here on time.
• It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated.
→ It is essential for pollution to be controlled and eventually eliminated.
• It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
 → It is vital for no one else to know about the secret government operation.
3. Dùng với một số trường hợp khác
• Câu giả định còn dùng được trong một số câu cảm thán, thường bao hàm các thế lực siêu nhiên.
Ex: God save the queen! (Chúa phù hộ cho nữ hoàng.)
Curse this frog! (Chết tiệt con cóc này?)
• Dùng với một số thành ngữ:
- Come what may: Dù có chuyện gì đi nữa.
Ex: Come what may we will stand by you.
- If need be: Nếu cần
Ex: If need be we can take another road.
• Dùng với “if this be” trong trường hợp muốn nêu ra một giả định từ phía người nói nhưng không thật chắc
chắn lắm về khả năng.
Ex: If this be prevent right, you would be considered innocent.
4. Câu giả định dung với it is time
It is time + (for sb) to do sth: Đã đến lúc ai đó phải làm gì (thời gian không giả định)
Ex: It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
It is time/ high time/ about time + S + simple past (Đã đến lúc – giả định thời gian đến trễ một chút)
Nhận xét: Hight/ about được dùng trước time để thêm vào ý nhấn mạnh.
Ex: It’s high time I left for the airport. = (It is a little bit late).
II. EXERCISE
II. Give the correct form of the words in the following sentences.
1. Since the renovation policy launched in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has experienced the fastest
_____________ process. URBAN
2. There has been a rapid ______________ of rural people to urban areas for jobs and better living.
MIGRATE
3. Urbanization promotes foreign direct ___________ which in turn helps in improving the foreign
exchange reserves of the country. INVEST
4. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ___________ as only a few
people were lucky enough to be able to get access to preferential loans. EFFECT
5. Several international organizations want to invest in social _____________ development for the youth in
Vietnam. HOUSE
6. At the moment, finding solutions for _______ ___ urban development is one of Vietnam's current top
priorities. SUSTAIN
7. Urban _______________ must rely on the rural hinterland for agricultural production. DWELL
8. As the world continues to ___________, sustainable development depends increasingly on the successful
management of urban growth. URBAN
9. A city that grows without these structures in place is at high risk for poverty and _____________.
STABLE
10. The disease is common in developing countries lacking adequate sewage and sanitation
_____________. FACILITATE
11. Some people worry that the city has become ____________. POPULATE
12. Since the number of people aspiring for jobs is more than jobs available, __________ is a natural
outcome of situation. EMPLOY
III. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby ____ after her husband's father.
A. could be named B. be named C. must be named D. ought to be named
2. It was such a beautiful evening that one of us suggested we ____ the meeting outside.
A. could have B. had C. might have D. have
3. I requested that first-year students ____ to change their courses in the first two weeks.
A. would be permitted B. be permitted C. were permitted D. are permitted
4. His advisor recommended that he ____ at least three courses each semester
A. takes B. can take C. should take D. would take
5. It is important that he ____ to the director of the programme.
A. should speak B. speak C. would speak D. speaks
6. It's important that they ____ to take her medicine twice a day.
A. remember B. remembering C. to remember D. remembers
7. I suggest that Frank ____ the instructions carefully before playing that game.
A. reading B. to read C. read D. reads
8. Mrs. Smith demanded that the heater ____ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired B. be repaired C. repair D. to repair
9. It's vital that the United States ____ on improving its public education system.
A. focuses B. focus C. focusing D. focused
10. The monk insisted that the tourists ____ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
A. not entering B. not to enter C. not enter D. don't enter
IV. Choose the correct answer that best completes each of the following sentences.
1. Due to industrialization, many changes were ____ in people's daily lives.
A. kept B. got C. maintained D. made
2. Urbanization is happening at such a brisk rate that the government is planning entire new cities in ____ of
large new urban populations.
A. expectation B. anticipation C. danger D. view
3. The rapid ____ of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem and thus slums are
developed in these places.
A. increase B. rushes C. inflows D. poverty
4. The increase in population in urban places ____ water and sanitation facilities, which results ____
environmental pollution and health hazards.
A. destroys - from B. breaks - into C. pressurizes - in D. decreases - on
5. Slums are urban areas that are ____ populated with substandard housing and very poor living conditions.
A. thinly B. thickly C. crowdedly D. heavily
6. Unemployment and poverty force people to ____ in anti-social activities.
A. include B. engage C. take D. oppose
7. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water bodies, water pollution often results ____ of
epidemics.
A. breakout B. outbreaks C. out breakings D. breaking outs
8. Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is more ____ available to people in
cities than in villages.
A. readily B. willingly C. extremely D. comparatively
9. The public authority of Ho Chi Minh City is going to be ____ problems of urban planning and
management.
A. come up with B. addressed with C. contented with D. got into
10. Vietnam is facing numerous challenges caused by rapid urbanization, leaving burdens on its technical
and social ____.
A. appliance B. facilities C. equipment D. infrastructure
11. Vietnam needs to ____ its urbanization opportunities to become a middle income country.
A. get B. seize C. make use D. exploit
12. Drastic measures to boost housing development should be ____ to prevent properly market ____
becoming a boom.
A. initiated - from B. launched - for C. complemented - against D. conducted - to
13. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ineffective as only a few
people were lucky enough to get ____ to preferential loans.
A. entrance B. method C. access D. approach
14. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to ____ to the countryside.
A. distribute B. relocate C. apply D. reach
15. In the absence of adequate medical services, congestion and poor sanitation in big cities may cause
health ____.
A. danger B. disadvantages C. demerits D. hazards
16. The United Nations estimates that 1.1 billion people have no access to fresh water and 2.4 billion lack
access to adequate ____.
A. sanitation B. facilities C. equipment D. congestion
17. In order to deal with problems including waste and water treatment and public transportation, developing
smart cities will be the ____ such challenges.
A. means of coping with B. key to meeting
C. approach to obtaining D. remedy for getting into
18. The government of Vietnam has given ____ to developing the digital industry, smart tourism, and
agriculture by 2020.
A. preference B. priority C. advantage D. discrimination
19. There is a heavy ____ on private transport that has led to the congestion of roads and increasing
commuting time and pollution
A. base B. independence C. reliance D. lean
20. It is impolite that you ____ there when he gets off the plane.
A. be not standing B. been not standing C. not be standing D. not been standing
21. They hope to ____ a cure for the disease.
A. catch up on B. come up with C. fill up with D. go out with
22. Although it was more than an hour late, the superstar finally showed up and ____ the attention of the
audience,
A. grabbed B. held C. paid D. took
23. Don't worry. We're in good time; there's ____ to hurry.
A. impossible B. no need C. no purpose D. unnecessary
24. Overpopulation in urban areas tends to create unfavorable conditions, which may result in ____ of food
in developing countries,
A. damages B. failures C. shortage D. supplies
25. Urbanization can bring social health and benefit; ____, it also has its drawback.
A. by the way B. furthermore C. however D. moreover
VIII. Indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges.
1. Liz is telling Andrew about her first novel.
Liz. "Guess what? My first novel has just been published.” – Andrew. “____”
A. It's my pleasure. B. Congratulations!
C. Better luck next time! D. It's very kind of you.
2. Mrs. Smith and her students are visiting the zoo.
Mike. "Can I feed the gorilla, Mrs. Smith?" – Mrs. Smith. “____. The sign says 'No feeding the animals'.”
A. Of course you can B. I don't think it works.
C. I'm sure about that. D. I'm afraid not
3. Hung was invited to Hoa's party. He wants to thank her for the lovely party.
Hung: "Thank you very much for a lovely party." – Hoa: “____”
A. Thanks. B. Have a good day! C. You are welcome. D. Cheers.
4. Tom: "I'm sorry, I won't be able to come". - Mary: “____.”
A. Great! B. Oh, that's annoying
C. Well, never mind D. Sounds likes fun
5. Tom: "Can you make it at 3 p.m on Friday for our meeting?" - Tony: “____”
A. OK, that's fine. B. That's not true. I met him three days ago.
C. Very well, thanks. D. You have a point there, but I don't think so.
6. Student: "Could you help me to fax this report?" - Librarian: “____’
A. Sorry I have no idea. B. It's very kind of you to say so.
C. What rubbish! I don't think it's helpful. D. Certainly. What's the fax number?
7. John was in Hanoi and wanted to send a parcel to his parents. He asked a local passer-by the way to the
post-office. Choose the most suitable response to fill in the blank in the following exchange.
- John: "Can you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?" - Passer-by: “____”
A. Not way, sorry. B. Just round the corner over there.
C. Look it up in a dictionary! D. There's no traffic near here.
8. Lora has just bought a new skirt that she likes very much. Choose the most suitable response to fill in the
blank in the following exchange.
- Jane: "You look great in that red skirt, Lora!" - Lora: “____”
A. No, I don't think so. B. Oh, you don't like it, do you?
C. Thanks I bought it at Macy's. D. Thanks, my mum bought it.

Read the passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each question below.

The movement of people towards cities has accelerated in the past 40 years, particularly in the
less- developed regions, and the share of the global population living in urban areas has increased
from one third in 1960 to 47% (2.8 billion people) in 1999. The world's urban population is now
growing by 60 million persons per year, about three times the increase in the rural population.
Increasing urbanisation results about equally from births in urban areas and from the continued
movement of people from the rural surround. These forces are also feeding the sprawl of urban areas
as formerly rural peri-urban settlements become incorporated into nearby cities and as secondary
cities, linked by commerce to larger urban centres, grow larger.
The proportion of people in developing countries who live in cities has almost doubled since
1960 (from less than 22% to more than 40%), while in more-developed regions the urban share has
grown from 61% to 76%. There is a significant association between this population movement from
rural to urban areas and declines in average family size.
Asia and Africa remain the least urbanised of the developing regions (less than 38% each). Latin
America and the Caribbean is more than 75% urban, a level almost equal to those in Europe, Northern
America and Japan (all are between 75 and 79%).
Urbanisation is projected to continue well into the next century. By 2030, it is expected that
nearly 5 billion (61%) of the world's 8.1 billion people will live in cities. The less-developed regions
will be more than 57% urban. Latin America and the Caribbean will actually have a greater percentage
of inhabitants living in cities than Europe will.
Globally, the number of cities with 10 million or more inhabitants is increasing rapidly, and
most of these new ‘megacities’ are in the less-developed regions. In 1960, only New York and Tokyo
had more than 10 million people. By 1999, there were 17 cities of more than 10 million people around
the world, 13 of these were in less- developed regions. It is projected that there will be 26 megacities
by 2015, 22 in less- developed regions (18 will be in Asia); more than 10% of the world's population
will live in these cities, up from just 1.7% in megacities in 1950.
(Text adapted from http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/modl3t01s009.html)
1. What percentage of the world population living in urban areas in 1960?
A. About 33% B. 47% C. 60% D. 38%
2. According to paragraph 2, what contributes to increasing urbanisation?
A. old people in the cities B. births in urban areas
C. people moving from rural areas D. B and C
3. What was the urban share of developed countries in 1960?
A. 61% B. 76% C. 40% D. 22%
4. The word ‘declines’ in paragraph 3 most closely means .
A. gaps B. decreases C. expansions D. moves
5. As in paragraph 4, what is the percentage of urbanisation in Latin America and the Caribbean?
A. more than 75% B. less than 79% C. more than 57% D. less than 38%
6. The word ‘megacities’ in the last paragraph means .
A. new found cities B. cities in Asia
C. cities in less developed countries D. cities with 10 million people or more
7. How many cities in less developed regions had more than 10 million inhabitants in
1999? A. 17 B. 10 C. 18 D. 13

8. Which is NOT true about the projection of urbanisation by 2030?

A. Europe will have more inhabitants living in cities than the Caribbean.
B. More than 57% of the population in less developed countries will live in cities.
C. 5 billion of the world population will live in cities.
D. Latin America will have more urban inhabitants than Europe.
9. This article was probably written around when?
A. Before 2015 B. In 2015 C. 40 years ago D. In 1960
10. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. Urbanisation in Asia B. Problems in urbanised areas
C. Births in urban areas D. Global trends towards urbanisation