Chapter 2

Units and Measurement

1.Name the fundamental(base) quantities and units according to SI system.

2.Define angle

3.Write the dimensional formulae of following derived quantities.

Area -L2 Work or energy - ML2 T −2
Volume -L3 Power - ML2 T −3
Density -ML−3 Pressure - ML−1 T −2
Velocity- LT −1 Stress - ML−1 T −2
Acceleration - LT −2 Modulus of elasticity- ML−1 T −2
Momentum - MLT −1
Force - MLT −2
4.Write two physical quantities having no unit and dimension
Relative density, strain
5.Write two physical quantities that have unit but no dimension
Plane angle, solid angle, angular displacement
6.Name and state the principle used to check the correctness of an equation.
Principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
For an equation to be correct the dimensions of each terms on both sides of the
equation must be the same
7. Using the method of dimension check whether the equation is dimensionally correct
or not
17.Derive the equation for kinetic energy E of a body of mass m moving
with velocity v

18.Suppose that the period of oscillations of a simple pendulum depends on its mass of
the bob(m),length(l) and acceleration due to gravity(g).Derive the expression for its
time period using the method of dimensions.

𝑙
T=k√
𝑔
20.Find the number of significant figures in following numbers
0.02380 - 4
23.08 - 4
23.80 - 4
2380 -3
43.00 - 4
4300 -2
2
4.700 × 10 -4
−3
4.700 × 10 -4

Chapter 3
Motion in a Straight Line
21.Define instantaneous velocity?
The velocity at an instant is called instantaneous velocity.
𝐝𝐱
v=
𝐝𝐭

22.The speedometer of a vehicle shows …………………..

Instantaneous speed.
23.. Draw the position -time graph of an object moving with

24. The slope of position-time graph gives -------------

Ans: Velocity
The slope of velocity-time graph gives ---------------
Acceleration
The area under velocity -time graph gives --------------
Displacement

25. Define average accelaration

The average acceleration over a time interval is defined as the ratio of change in
velocity to the time interval.
𝐯𝟐 −𝐯𝟏 𝚫𝐯
𝐚⃗ = =
𝐭 𝟐 −𝐭 𝟏 𝚫𝐭

26.Draw the position- time graph of an object moving with

27.Draw the velocity- time graph of a stone thown vertiaccly upwrds and comes back.

28. Is it possible for a body to have zero velocity with a nonzero acceleration. Give an
example.
Yes. When a body is thrown upwards ,at the highest point of projection, its velocity
is zero , but it has an acceleration.
29. (a)Draw the velocity-time graph of a body with uniform aceeleration .
(b) Using the graph obtain (i) Velocity - time relation
(ii) Displacement -tme relation
(iii) Displacement velocity relation

30. An object is under freefall. Draw its (a) Acceleration -time graph
(b) Velocity- time graph
(c) Displacement-time graph
 Chapter 4
Motion in a Plane

31. Differentiate scalar and vector quantities

A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction.
Eg. distance , speed, mass , temperature, time ,work ,power, energy,
pressure, frequency, angular frequency etc.

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction and obeys the triangle law
of addition or the parallelogram law of addition.
Eg. displacement, velocity, acceleration , momentum, force,
angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.

32.When two vectors are said to be equal?

Two vectors A and B are said to be equal if, and only if, they have the
same magnitude and the same direction.

33.What do you mean by null vectors or zero vector?

A vector having zero magnitude and is represented by O or Ō .
Eg: When a body returns to its initial position its displacement will be a zero vector.
34.What are unit vectors?
A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction.
It has no dimension and unit. It is used to specify a direction only.

35.State parallelogram law of vector addition

If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the
adjacent sides of a parallelogram ,then their resultant is given by the diagonal of the
parallelogram.

36.Derive the expression for magnitude of resultant of two vectors by analytical

method. Write the expression for direction of resultant vector.

From the geometry of the figure,

OS 2 = ON 2 + SN 2
OS 2 = (OP + PN) 2 + SN 2
OS 2 = (A + B cos θ ) 2 + (B sin θ ) 2
R 2 = A 2 +2AB cos θ + B 2 cos 2θ +B 2sin2 θ
R 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2AB cos θ
𝐑 = √𝐀𝟐 + 𝐁 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐀𝐁𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

𝑺𝑵
Direction , tan𝜶 =
𝑶𝑵
𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
tan𝛂 =
𝐀+𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
37.What is the trajectory(path) followed by a projectile?
Parabola
38.What are the magnitudes of horizontal and vertical components of velocity?

a) Horizontal component - u cos θ and

vertical component - u sin θ
39.What are the values of these components at the highest point of projection?
At the highest point,
Horizontal component= u cos θ
Vertical component = zero

40. A projectile has an acceleration of ……… in vertical direction and……… acceleration

in horizontal direction 9.8m 𝑠 −2 , zero
41. Derive the equation for Time of flight, Horizontal range and Maximum height of a
projectile.

Time of Flight of a projectile (T)

Consider the motion in vertical direction,
s = ut +½ at2

0 = u sin θ T - ½ gT2
½ gT2 =u sin θ T
2 u sin θ
T=
g
Horizontal range of a projectile (R)
Horizontal range = Horizontal component of velocity x Time of flight
2 u sin θ
R = u cos θ x
g
u2 x 2 sinθ cos θ
R=
g
u2 sin 2θ
R=
g
Maximum height of a projectile (H)
Consider the motion in vertical direction to the highest point
v2 – u2 = 2as
0 - u2 sin 2θ = -2 g H
u2 sin2 θ
H=
2g

42.What is the angle of projection for maximum horizontal range

𝟒𝟓𝟎
43.Derive the relation connecting angular velocity and linear velocity

arc
angle =
radius
Δr
Δθ=
r
Δr=r Δθ
Δr Δθ
=r
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
v=rω

44.Define Centripetal acceleration

A body in uniform circular motion experiences an acceleration , which is directed
towards the centre along its radius .This is s called centripetal acceleration .
45.Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration.

Δv Δr
=
v r
vΔr
Δv=
r
Δv vΔr
=
Δt r Δt
v
a= xr
r
𝐯𝟐
a=
𝐫

Chapter 5
Laws of Motion
46.Two types of inertia ?
▪ A person is standing in a stationary bus and the driver starts the bus suddenly. He
gets thrown backward with a jerk. This is due to his inertia of rest.
▪ A person is standing in a moving bus and if the bus suddenly stops he is thrown
forward. This is due to his inertia of motion.
47.State Newton’s first law of motion (Law of inertia)
Every body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled by some external force to change that state.

48.Newton’s first law of motion describes …………… Inertia

49.Define momentum
Momentum, P of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v, and is
denoted by p. p=mv
50.State Newton’s Second Law f Motion. Write its mathematical expression.

dp
F=
dt
51.Why a seasoned cricketer draws his hands backwards during a catch?
By Newton's second law of motion ,
∆p
F=
∆t
When he draws his hands backwards, the time interval (∆t) to stop the
ball increases .Then force decreases and it does not hurt his hands.
552. Derive of Equation of force from Newton's second law of motion
By Newton's second law of motion ,

53.Define Impulse
Impulse is the the product of force and time duration, which is the change in
momentum of the body.
Impulse = Force × time duration
I=Fxt
Unit = kg m s −1
54. Define Impulsive force.
A large force acting for a short time to produce a finite change in momentum is called
an impulsive force.
Eg: A cricket ball hitting a bat

55. Using Newtons second law of motion arrive at Impulse momentum Principle
Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
By Newton's second law of motion,
dp
F=
dt
F x dt = dp
I = dp
Impulse = change in momentum
56.Eventhough action and reaction are equal and opposite they do not cancel each
other .Why?
Action and reaction forces act on different bodies, not on the same body. So they do not
cancel each other , eventhough they are equal and opposite.

57.State and prove the Law of Conservation of Momentum

When there is no external force acting on a system of particles ,their total momentum
remains constant.
dp
By Newton's second law of motion , F=
dt
When F = 0
dp
=0
dt
dp = 0 ,
p=constant

58.State the law of static friction

The law of static friction may thus be written as , fs ≤ μs N
where μs the coefficient of static friction,
59.State the Law of Kinetic Friction
fk = μk N
where μk the coefficient of kinetic friction,

60.Disadvantages of friction
In a machine with different moving parts, friction opposes relative motion and thereby
dissipates power in the form of heat, etc. Friction produces wear and tear.
61.Advantages of friction
Kinetic friction is made use of by brakes in machines and automobiles.
We are able to walk because of static friction.
The friction between the tyres and the road provides the necessary external force to
accelerate the car.
So friction is a necessary evil
62.Derive the expression for maximum safe speed on a curved level road

But , fs ≤ μs N
mv2
fs =
R
N=mg
mv2
≤ μs mg
R

v 2 ≤ μs Rg
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √𝛍𝐬 𝐑𝐠

63. a) What do you mean by banking of curved roads?

b) Obtain the expression for maximum permissible speed of a vehicle
on a banked road.
c)Write the expression for optimum speed (without considering
frictional force)
a)Raising the outer edge of a curved road above the inner edge is
called banking of curved roads.
b)
N cos θ - f sin θ =mg --------------(1)
mv2
N sin θ + f cos θ = -------------(2)
R

Eqn(1) N cos θ − f sin θ mg

----- = mv2
Eqn(2) N sin θ + f cos θ
R
Rg(μs +tan θ )
vmax = √
1 −μs tan θ
c)If friction is absent, μs = 0
Then Optimum speed, voptimum = √Rg tan θ
 Chapter 6
Work ,Energy and Power
64.Define scalar product or Dot Product two vectors 𝐀 ⃗ and 𝐁
⃗⃗ .
⃗ ⋅B
A ⃗ = AB cosθ
65.If two vectors 𝐀⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ⃗𝐁
⃗ are perpendicular, then their dot product will be…………..
zero
66.Define work.
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in the
direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.
W=F ⃗
⃗ ⋅d
67. 1 horse power,1HP= -----------Watt. 746W

68. The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called-----------

Kinetic energy
69. The energy stored by virtue of the position or configuration of a body(state of
strain) is called-------------
Potential Energy.
70. State and prove the law of conservation of mechanical energy for a freely falling
body.
The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the forces, doing work on it, are
conservative.
At Point A
PE = mgh
KE = 0 (since v=0)
TE= mgh + 0
TE= mgh-----------(1)
At Point B
PE = mg (h-x)
KE = ½ mv 2
KE = ½ m x 2gx =mgx
TE = mg (h-x) + mgx
TE = mgh--------------(2)
At Point C
PE = 0 (Since h=0
KE = ½ mv 2
KE = ½ m x 2gh=mgh
TE = 0 + mgh
TE = mgh--------------(3)
71.A body at a height h above the surface of earth possesses ………………… due to its
position.
Potential energy.
72.A Stretched or compressed spring possesses ………………… due to its state of strain.
potential energy

73.State and prove work-energy theorem

The work-energy theorem can be stated as :The change in kinetic energy of a particle
is equal to the work done on it by the net force.
Proof
For uniformly accelerated motion
v 2 − u 2 = 2 as
1 1
mv 2 − mu2 = mas = Fs
2 2
Kf -Ki = W
Change in KE = Work

74.Derive the expression for potential energy of a spring

Then the spring force F = − kx

The work done by the spring force is
x
W = ∫0 F dx
x
W = − ∫0 kx dx
1
W = − kx 2
2
This work is stored as potential energy of spring
1
PE = kx 2
2
75.Write Einstein’s mass energy relation.
E = m 𝐜𝟐

76.Write the expression for instantaneous power in dot product form

P= F . v
77.Differentiate Elastic and inelastic collisions.Give examples for each.
The collisions in which both linear momentum and kinetic energy are conserved are
called elastic collisions.
Eg: Collision between sub atomic particles
The collisions in which linear momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not
conserved are called inelastic collisions. . Part of the initial kinetic energy is
transformed into other forms of energy such as heat,sound etc..
Eg: Collision between macroscopic objects
 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟕
𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

78.Define centre of mass

The centre of is a hypothetical point where the entire mass of an object may be
assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion.

79.Define vector product or cross product of two vectors 𝐀⃗ and 𝐁

⃗⃗
Vector product of two vectors ⃗A and B
⃗ is defined as
⃗A x B
⃗ = AB 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 n̂

80.If two vectors 𝐀⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁⃗⃗ are parallel, then their cross product will be…………..
zero
𝟖𝟏. . 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲.
⃗⃗ = ω
v ⃗⃗ × r
82.The rotational analogue of force is ----------------
Torque or Moment of force
83.Write the equation for torque or moment of force
𝜏=𝑟xF ⃗⃗
84.Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of ---------------
linear momentum.
85. Write the relation connecting angular momentum and linear momentum.
𝑙 =r×p ⃗
86.The moment of linear momentum is called ---------------
Angular momentum
87.Write the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
𝑑𝑙
𝜏=
𝑑𝑡
88. Deduce the relation connecting torque and angular momentum
𝑙 =𝑟×𝑝
𝑑𝑙 d
Differentiating = (r×p
⃗ )
𝑑𝑡 dt

𝑑𝑙 dr⃗ ⃗
dp
= ×p
⃗ + rx
𝑑𝑡 dt dt

𝑑𝑙
=v ⃗ + r x ⃗⃗F
⃗ × mv
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑙
=0 + 𝜏
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒍
⃗ =
𝝉
𝒅𝒕

89.The time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the ---------
------ acting on it. Torque
90.State and prove the law of conservation of angular momentum
If the total external torque on a system of particles is zero, then the total angular
momentum of the system is conserved i.e, remains constant.
⃗
dL
τ⃗ext =
dt

If external torque, τ⃗ext = 0 ,

⃗
dL
=0
dt
⃗ = constant
L

91. Moment of Inertia is the rotational analogue of ------------

Mass.
92.The rotational analogue of mass is called---------------------
Moment of Inertia
93. Mass is a measure of ------------------ and moment of inertia is a measure of ------------
-------------
Inertia , Rotational inertia
94. Writ the expression for moment of inertia of a particle of mass m rotating about an
axis
I =mr 2
95. Write the equation for rotational kinetic energy.
1
Rotational kE = Iω2
2
96. What do you mean by radius of gyration ?
The radius of gyration can be defined as the distance of a mass point from the axis of
roatation whose mass is equal to the whole mass of the body and whose moment of
inertia is equal to moment of inertia of the whole body about the axis.
I =Mk 2
I
k=√
M
97.A girl rotates on a swivel chairas shown below.
a)what happens to her angular speed when she stretches
her arms
b) what happens to her angular speed when she folds her
arms
c)Name the conservation law applied for your justification

a)When she stretches her arms, the moment of inertia increases and hence the angular
speed decreases.
b)When she folds her arms, the moment of inertia decreases and hence the angular
speed increases.
c) Law of conservation of angular momentum.
 Chapter 8
Gravitation
98.State Kepler’s first law of planetary motion(Law of orbits )
All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.

99.State Kepler’s second law of planetary motion(Law of areas)

The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
⃗⃗
ΔA
i.e, areal velocity is constant
Δt
100.State Kepler’s third law of planetary motion(Law of periods)
The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the
semi- major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
T 2 ∝ a3
101.State Universal Law of Gravitation
𝐦 𝐦
𝐅 = 𝐆 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝐫
102.Define acceleration due to gravity of the Earth
The acceleration gained by a body due to the gravitational force of earth is called
acceleration due to gravity.

103. Obtain the expression for acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth
(or) Obtain the relation connecting g and G.
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R.
The gravitational force between body and earth is given by
GMm
F = 2 -----------(1)
R
F=mg

GMm
mg=
R2
GM
From Eq (1) g=
R2

104. Acceleration due to gravity is independent of------------( mass of the body/mass of

earth). mass of the body
105.Obtain the expression for Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the
surface of the earth.
GM
g = 2 ------------(1)
R
GM
gh = ----------(2)
(R+h)2
GM
gh (R+h)2
= GM
g
R2
gh R2
=
g (R+h)2
2h
g h ≅ g (1 − )
R
106.Derive the expression for acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below the surface
of the earth
4
g = πRρG ---------------(2)
3
4
g d = π(R − d)ρG ---------(3)
3
4
eq(3) gd π(R−d)ρG
3
------ = 4
eq(2) g πRρG
3
gd (R−d)
=
g R
d
g d = g(1 − )
R
107.The acceleration due gravity ---------------(decreases/increases) , as we go above
earth’s surface and ---------------(decreases/increases) ,as we go down below earth’s
surface. Decreases ,Decreases.
108.The acceleration due gravity is ---------------------at the centre of earth. Zero
109.Obtain the expression for gravitational potential energy at a point.
R
W=∫∞ 𝐹dr
R GMm
W =∫∞ dr
r2
−GMm
W=
R
This work is is stored as gravitational PE in the body.
−𝐆𝐌𝐦
U=
𝐑
110.What is escape speed(escape velocity)?
The minimum speed required for an object to reach infinity i.e. to escape from the
earth’s gravitational pull is called escape speed.
111.Derive the expression for escape speed.
1 GMm
m𝑣 2 =
2 R
2 2GM
𝑣 =
R
2GM
ve = √
R
112.𝐄𝐬𝐜ape velocity is independent of ……………(mass of the body/mass of the earth)
Mass of the body.
113.Write thevalue of e𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 (𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲) on the surface of earth .
11.2km/s
114.Moon has no atmosphere. Why?
The escape speed of moon is about 2.38 km/s. which is less than the average speed of
gas molecules of moon. Thus gas molecules escape from surface of moon and it has no
atmosphere.
115.Derive the expression for orbital speed of a satellite
The speed with which a satellites revolves around earth is called orbital speed.
mv2 GMm
=
R R2
2 GM
v =
R
GM
𝑣𝑜 = √
R
116.Write the relation connecting escape velocity and orbital velocity
𝐯𝐞 = √𝟐 𝐯𝐨
Escape Velocity = √2 x Orbital Velocity

117.Derive the expression for period of a satellite

Period of a satellite is the time required for a satellite to complete one revolution
around the earth in a fixed orbit.
circumference of the orbit
Period T=
𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

2𝜋 𝑅
T=
GM
√
R

𝑹𝟑
T=𝟐𝝅√
𝐆𝐌

Chapter 9
Mechanical Properties of Solids
118.Which is more elastic, steel or rubber? Steel
119.State Hooke’s Law
For small deformations the stress is directly proportional to strain. This is known as
Hooke’s law.
Stress ∝ Strain
𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
=𝒌
𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
The constant k is called Modulus of Elasticity.

120.The stress-strain curve for a metal is given in figure. Mark

1)Elastic limt (or) yield point 2) Fracture point 3) Proportional limit
4)Elastic region 5) Plastic region 6)permanent set
7) yield strength (𝑺𝒚 ) 8) ultimate tensile strength (𝑺𝒖 )

121.Define young’s modulus(Y)

longitudinal stress
Y=
longitudinal strain
122.Define shear modulus or rigidity modulus(G)
Shearing stress
G=
Shearing strain
123.Define bulk modulus(B)
Hydraulic stress
B=
Hydraulic strain

124.Define compressibility(k)
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility.
1
k=
𝐵
▪ The compressibility is the least for solids and the most for gases.
▪ The bulk modulus is the least for gases and the most for solids.

32.Why beams with cross-sectional shape of I is used for construction of bridges?

▪ This sections prevents buckling of beams

▪ This section provides a large load bearing surface and enough depth to prevent
bending.
▪ This shape reduces the weight of the beam without sacrificing the strength This
shape reduces the cost.

Chapter 10
Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
125.The device used to measure Atmospheric Pressure.
Mercury barometer
126.The device used to measure Guage pressure or pressure differences
Open-tube manometer
127.State Pascal’s law for transmission of fluid pressure.
Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a vessel, it is
transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions.

128.Briefly explain the working of hydraulic lift.

F1 F2
= --------------(1)
A1 A2
𝐀
𝐅𝟐 = 𝐅𝟏 𝟐
𝐀 𝟏
129.Obtain the expression for equation of continuity for streamline flow of a fluid.

The mass of liquid flowing out = The mass of liquid flowing in

ρA1 v1 Δt = ρA2 v2 Δt = ρA3 v3 Δt
A1 v1 = A2 v2 = A3 v3
Av = constant
130.The equation of continuity and it is a statement of conservation of ……………. in flow
of incompressible fluids.
mass
131. State and prove Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s principle states that as we move along a streamline, the sum of the pressure
, the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains
a constant.
𝟏
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 𝟐 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐
Proof

The total work done on the fluid is

𝑾 = (𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V-----------------(1)
𝟏
ΔKE =. 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 ) ---------------(2)
𝟐
ΔPE= mg(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )------------------(3)
By work – energy theorem
𝑊 = ΔKE + ΔPE
𝟏
(𝐏𝟏 - 𝐏𝟐 )V = 𝐦(𝐯𝟐𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏𝟐 )+ 𝐦𝐠(𝐡𝟐 -𝐡𝟏 )-------------(4)
𝟐

Divide each term by V to obtain

1
P1 - P2 = ρ(v22 − v12 )+ ρg(h2 -h1 )
2
1 1
P1 + ρv1 + ρgh1 = P2 + ρv22 +
2
ρgh2
2 2
𝟏 𝟐
𝐏 + 𝛒𝐯 + 𝛒𝐠𝐡= constant
𝟐
132.State Torricelli’s law of speed of efflux of fluid
Torricelli’s law states that the speed of efflux of fluid through a small hole at a depth h
of an open tank is equal to the speed of a freely falling body i.e, √2gh
133.Define viscosity
The internal frictional force that acts when there is relative motion between layers of
the liquid is called viscosity

134.The viscosity of liquids …………………. with temperature while the viscosity of gases
……………….. in the case of gases.
Decreases, increases

135.State Stokes’ Law

Stokes’ law states that the viscous drag force F on a sphere of radius a moving with
velocity v through a fluid of coefficient of viscosity η is,
F = 6πηav
136.The surface tension of a liquid …………………….. with temperature.
decreases
137.Define angle of contact
The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and solid surface
inside the liquid is termed as angle of contact(θ)
138.Derive the expression for excess pressure inside a spherical drop

W = (Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 x Δr ------------------(1)

Extra surface energy = S x 8πrΔr ------------------(2)
The workdone = extra surface energy
(Pi - Po ) x 4πr 2 xΔr = 8πrΔr S --------------(3)
𝟐𝐒
(𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 ) =
𝐫

139.What is capillary rise? What is the phenomenon responsible for it?

Water rises up in a capillary tube dipped in a liquid in spite of gravity. This is called
capillary rise.
Surfacetesion is responsible for capillary rise.
140.Obtain an expression for capillary rise
The excess pressure on the concave meniscus
2S
(Pi - Po ) =
r
a a
cosθ = , r=
r cosθ
2S
(Pi - Po ) = a
cosθ
2Scosθ
(Pi - Po ) = ----------------(1)
a
Pi - Po = h ρ g----------------(2)
From eq(1) and (2)
2Scosθ
h ρ g=
a
𝟐𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
h=
𝛒 𝐠𝐚

141.How soaps and detergents helps to remove dirts from clothes

The molecules of detergents produce a water-oil interface which reduces the surface
tension (water-oil) and dirt can be removed by running water.

Chapter 11
Thermal Properties of Matter
142.Write the relation connecting temperature on Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scales .
tF −32 t
= C
180 100
143.Write the relation connecting temperature on Kelvin and Celsius scales .
T = t C + 273.15
144.Write Ideal gas equation
𝐏𝐕= 𝛍𝐑𝐓
145.Write the expression for coefficient of linear expansion
Δl
𝛼𝑙 =
𝑙 ΔT
Write the expression for coefficient of area expansion
ΔA
αa =
A ΔT
Write the expression for coefficient of volume expansion
ΔV
αv =
VΔT
146.What is the ratio of 𝛂𝐥 , 𝛂𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛂𝐯
αl : αa : αv = 1: 2: 3
147.Based on the graph given below explain the anomalous expansion of water.
Water exhibits an anomalous behavour; it contracts on heating from 0 °C to 4 °C. When
it is heated after 4 °C ,it expands like other liquids.
This means that water has minimum volume and hence maximum density at 4 °C .
148.Why the bodies of water, such as lakes and ponds, freeze at the top first?
This is due to anomalous expansion of water. water has minimum volume and hence
maximum density at 4 °C .
149.Write the names of following phase trasitions.
Change of state
Solid to Liquid Melting
Liquid to Solid Fusion
Liquid to Gas Vaporisation
Gas to Liquid Condensation
Solid to Gas Sublimation

150.Define Sublimation. Give an example of a substance that sublime.

The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state is
called sublimation.
Eg: Dry ice (solid CO2 ) , Iodine ,Camphor

152.Define Latent Heat

The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the substance is
called latent heat of the substance for the process.
Q
L=
m
SI unit of Latent Heat is J k𝑔−1
153.Why burns from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water?
Steam at 100 °C carries 22.6 × 105 J k𝑔−1 more heat than water at 100 °C. So burns
from steam are usually more serious than those from boiling water.

154.Write different modes of heat transfer. Explain

conduction, convection and radiation

Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body
because of their temperature difference.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in
fluids.
The mechanism for heat transfer which does not require a medium is called radiation.

154.Heat is transferred to the earth from the sun through empty space as …………………
Radiation.
155.State Newton’s law of cooling
Newton’s Law of Cooling says that the rate of loss of heat(rate of cooling) of a body is
proportional the difference of temperature of the body and the surroundings.
𝐝𝐐
− = 𝐤(𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏 )
𝐝𝐭
 Chapter 12
Thermodynamics

156.State Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that ‘two systems in thermal equilibrium with a
third system separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other’.
i. e, If TA = TC and TB = TC then TA = TB
157..State first law of Thermodynamics
The heat supplied to the system is partly used to increase the internal energy of the
system and the rest is used to do work on the environment .
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
158.First law of thermodynamics is in accordance with law of conservation
of----------------------.
Energy
159.Derive the relation connecting 𝐂𝐩 and 𝐂𝐯 or Derve Mayer’s relation
Molar specific heat capacity at constant volume,
ΔU
Cv = ---------(1)
ΔT

Molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure

ΔU ΔV
Cp = + (P ) ------------(2)
ΔT ΔT p
PV = RT
ΔV
P ( ) =R
ΔT p
ΔU
Cp = + R
ΔT
Substituting from eq(1) Cp = Cv +R
𝐂𝐩 − 𝐂𝐯 = 𝐑
160.Write the e quation of statefor an ideal gas
PV=μRT
161.Different thermodynamic processes

162.Write the equation of state for an isothermal process.

PV = constant
163.Write the equation of state for an adiabatic process.
PV γ = constant
164.Derive the expression for work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal process.
v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV= μRT
μR T
P=
V
v μR T
W =∫v 2 dV
1 V
v 1
W =μ R T ∫v 2 dV
1 V
v
W = μR T [ln V]v21
V2
W = μRT ln [ ]
V1
165.Derive the expression for workdone by an Ideal gas during an adiabatic process
v
W =∫v 2 P dV
1
PV γ = k
k
P= γ =k V −γ
V
v
W= k ∫v 2 V −γ dV
1

v2
V−γ+1
W = k[ ]
−γ+1 v
1
k 1−γ
W= [v − v11−γ ]
1−γ 2
1
W= [ P2 V2 − P1 V1 ]
1−γ
166.Workdone in an isochoric process is ----------- Zero
167.Work done by the gas in an Isobaric process
Δ W=P ΔV
W = P (V2 − V1 )
168.State Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics
No process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and
the complete conversion of the heat into work.
169.State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics
No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a
hotter object.

170.Draw P-V diagram for a Carnot cycle .Also write different thermodynamic processes
involved in a Carnot cycle. Write the expression for efficiency

The four processes involved in carnot cycle

are
1.Isothermal Expansion
2. Adiabatic Expansion
3. Isothermal Compression
4. Adiabatic Compression

𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 𝐓𝟐
𝛈= or 𝛈=𝟏−
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟏
 Chapter 13
Kinetic Theory

171.Write any four postulates of kinetic theory of an Ideal Gas

• A given amount of gas is a collection of a large number of molecules that are in
random motion.
• At ordinary pressure and temperature, the average distance between molecules
is very large compared to the size of a molecule (2 Å).
• The interaction between the molecules is negligible.
• The molecules make elastic collisions with each other and also with the walls of
the container .
• As the collisions are elastic , total kinetic energy and total momentum are
conserved .
• The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.
172.Write the expression for pressure of an ideal gas
1 ̅̅̅2
P= nmv
3
173.Define degrees of freedom of a gas molecule?
The total number of independent ways in which a system can possess energy is called
degree of freedom.

174.State law of equipartition of energy

In equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, with
𝟏
each mode having an average energy equal to 𝐤 𝐁 T
𝟐

175.Define mean free path of a gas molecule.

The mean free path 𝑙 is the average distance covered by a molecule between two
successive collisions.
𝟏
𝒍= 𝟐
√𝟐𝐧𝛑𝐝

Chapter 14
Oscillations
Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory.
176.Define Simple Harmonic Motion(SHM)
Simple harmonic motion is the motion executed by a particle subject to a force, which is
proportional to the displacement of the particle and is directed towards the mean
position.

9177Write a mathematical expression for an SHM. Explain the terms.

x (t) = A cos (ωt + 𝛟)
178.Write the expression for
velocity in SHM, v = ω√A2 − x 2
acceleration in SHM a =– 𝛚𝟐 x -------------(3)
1
kinetic energy in SHM K = mω2 (A2 − x 2 ) ----------------(5)
2
1
potential energy in SHM , U = mω2 x 2 ----------------(6)
2
𝟏
total energy in SHM E = m𝛚𝟐 𝐀𝟐
𝟐

179.Draw the variation of potential energy , kinetic energy k and the total energy e with
time t for a linear harmonic oscillator

180.Give examples of systems executing simple harmonic motion

▪ Oscillations due to a Spring
▪ Oscillations of a simple pendulum
181.What is a seconds pendulum? Write the length of seconds pendulum
A simple pendulum of period T = 2 second is called a seconds pendulum.
Length of seconds pendulum , L =0.994≈ 1m

Chapter 15
Waves
182.Write the characteristics of transverse waves
▪ In transverse waves, the constituents of the medium oscillate perpendicular to
the direction of wave propagation.
▪ They travel in the form of crests and troughs.
▪ Transverse waves can be propagated only in solids and strings, and not in fluids.
▪ E.g, Waves on a stretched string,
183.Write the characteristics of longitudinal waves
▪ In longitudinal waves the constituents of the medium oscillate along the direction
of wave propagation.
▪ They travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions.
▪ Longitudinal waves can propagate in all elastic media,i.e,solids,liquids nd gases.
▪ E.g, sound waves, vibrations in a spring.

184.Write the displacement relation for a progressive wave travelling along the
negative direction of the x-axis
y (x, t ) = a sin (kx +ωt + 𝛟)
185.Write the expression for speed of a transverse wave on stretched string.
𝑻 𝑚
v=√ μ = linear mass density or mass per unit length=
𝛍 𝑙
T=tension on string
Write the expression for speed of longitudinal wave in a fluid
𝑩
v=√ B= the bulk modulus of medium
𝛒
ρ = the density of the medium
Write the expression for speed of a longitudinal wave in a solid bar
𝒀
v=√ Y =Young’s modulus. ρ=density of the medium,
𝛒
Write Newtons Formula for speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas
𝑷
v=√ P= Pressure of gas , ρ = density of gas
𝛒
Write Laplace correction to Newton’s formula for speed of a longitudinal
wave in an ideal gas
𝜸𝐏
v=√ P= Pressure of gas, ρ = density of gas
𝛒
𝐶𝑃
γ=
𝐶𝑉
186.What are standing waves?
The interference of two identical waves moving in opposite directions produces
standing waves.
187.Draw standing waves in a stretched string and mark nodes and antinodes.

188. are nodes and antinodes .

The positions of zero amplitude in a staning wave are called nodes.
The positions of maximum amplitude are called antinodes.

189.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a stretched string fixed
at both the ends. Also obtain the frequencies of harmonics .
Fundamental mode or the first harmonic
𝜆
L=
2

v
𝜈1 = ----------(1)
2L

The second harmonic

𝜆
L=2
2
v
𝜈 2 = 2 -------------(2)
2L
𝜈2 = 2𝜈1
The Third Harmonic
The third harmonic is the oscillation mode with n = 3.

𝜆
L=3
2
v
𝜈3 = 3 --------------(3)
2L
𝜈3 = 3𝑣1
𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
Thus all harmonics are possible in a stretched string fixed at both the ends.

190.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in a closed pipe. Also obtain
the frequencies of harmonics . Eg-Resonance column
Fundamental mode or the first harmonic

𝜆
L=
4
v
𝜈1 = ------------(1)
4L

The Third Harmonic

𝜆
L=3
4

v
𝜈3 = 3 --------------(2)
4L
𝜈3 = 3𝜈1

The Fifth Harmonic

𝜆
L=5
4
v
𝜈5 = 5 -------------(3)
4L
𝜈5 = 5𝜈1

𝜈1 : 𝜈3 : 𝜈5 = 1: 3: 5
Thus only odd harmonics are possible in a closed pipe.
191.Draw the different modes of standing waves produced in an open pipe. Also obtain
the frequencies of harmonics .
Example for open pipe -Flute

Fundamental Mode or The First Harmonic

𝜆
L=
2

v
𝜈1 = ------------(1)
2L
The Second Harmonic

𝜆
L=2
2
v
𝜈2 = 2 ------------(2)
2L
𝜈2 = 2𝜈1

The Third Harmonic

𝜆
L=3
2

v
𝜈3 = 3 ------------(3)
2L
𝜈3 = 3𝜈1
𝜈1 : 𝜈2 : 𝜈3 = 1: 2: 3
Thus all harmonics are possible in an open pipe.
192.Why open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments?
All harmonics are possible in an open pipe, but in a cloed pipe only odd harmonics are
possible. So open pipes are preferred over closed pipes in musical instruments.

193.What are beats?

The waxing and waning (periodinc wavering) of sound intensity when two waves of
nearly same frequencies and amplitudes travelling in the same direction, are
superimposed on each other is called beats.
If 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 are the frequencies of superposing waves, the beat frequency
𝝂𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝝂𝟏 − 𝝂𝟐

Seema Elizabeth
MARM Govt HSS Santhipuram
Thrissur