Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Auxetic Polyurethane Foams Method For Determining A Softening Point
Auxetic Polyurethane Foams Method For Determining A Softening Point
Auxetic Polyurethane Foams Method For Determining A Softening Point
Janusz LISIECKI
Air Force Institute of Technology (Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych)
Abstract: The article described selected methods for determining a softening point of
plastics (polymers). The way of determining a softening point of polyurethane foams was
suggested. Moreover, the influence of annealing temperature of an auxetic polyurethane
foam on its volume was presented.
Key words: Vicat method, Martens method, HDT method, negative Poisson’s ratio, auxetic
polyurethane foam, volumetric compression, uniaxial compression, triaxial compression,
mechanical-chemical-thermal process.
Streszczenie: W artykule przedstawiono wybrane metody określania temperatury mięknie-
nia tworzyw sztucznych (polimerów). Zaproponowano sposób określania temperatury
mięknienia pianek poliuretanowych. Przedstawiono wpływ temperatury wygrzewania aukse-
tycznej pianki poliuretanowej na jej objętość.
Słowa kluczowe: metoda Vicata, metoda Martensa, metoda HDT, ujemny współczynnik
Poissona, poliuretanowa pianka auksetyczna, kompresja objętościowa, kompresja
jednoosiowa, kompresja trzyosiowa, proces mechaniczno-chemiczno-termiczny.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
6 Janusz Lisiecki
1. Introduction
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 7
heating rate of 120°C/h). The study is done on rectangular plates or in the form of
discs with the thickness of 3÷6,5 mm.
Martens method (PN-C-89025:1990) is applied to define a heat deflection (or
distortion) temperature of a standardized sample under a constant bending moment
by the simultaneous temperature rising with a constant speed from the temperature
of 23°C till the temperature, in which the sample will be appropriately bent (the
device will indicate the pre-arranged deflection). The sample in the shape of a beam
is given a load of 6,5 N situated on the lever. The load’s location, for obtaining
a proper bending moment, is established by calculating a strength coefficient of
a sample.
Another method constitutes a measurement of a heat deflection
temperature (HDT) (PN-EN ISO 78-1, PN-EN ISO 78-2, ASTM D 648).
A standardized refractory shape is subject to three point bending by a constant
stress and by a certain constant speed of temperature rise. The spacing
between the supports is standardized. There are three methods of determining
a heat deflection temperature depending on the value of a bending stress:
method A, applying the stress of 1,80 MPa, method B, applying the stress of
0,45 MPa, and method C, applying the stress of 8,00 MPa. By a certain
deflection of a sample, the temperature is recorded. In the HDT method, the
initial bending strain caused by deflection of the refractory shape is not
measured. The ratio of a bending strain to the initial value of the bending strain
depends on the modulus of elasticity of the studied plastic in the room
temperature. This method is applied only to comparing heat distortion
temperatures of materials of the similar elastic properties in the room
temperature.
The described methods might not be applied to expanded plastics, to which
the polyurethane foams belong. The method of measuring the softening point
of the polyurethane foam in the way consisting in placing a small sample of
foam in the test tube together with the temperature measuring probe situated
inside the foam, heating with the use of the Bunsen burner and visual
observation [4] is well-known. The temperature, in which the foam’s cells start
to subside was assumed as a softening point. The scheme of the method was
showed in fig. 1.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
8 Janusz Lisiecki
temperature meter
test tube
temperature sensor
foam
Bunsen burner
Fig. 1. Method for measuring a softening point of a polyurethane foam according to [4]
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 9
1
2
4
3
5
In place of a specimen visible on the measuring stand the sample was placed,
which was used to determine a softening point. This sample can be observed in
fig. 3. In order to measure temperature, two out of three thermocouples were
applied.
Fig. 3. Fixing the thermocouples to sample used to measure a softening point: 1 – sample;
2 – thermocouple 1; 3 – thermocouple 2; 4 – termo-higrometer’s sensor
The polyurethane foam designated with a symbol S364MD, from the company
Eurofoam, was subject to tests. The foam is non-flammable and has a density of
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
10 Janusz Lisiecki
31–35 kg/m3 and 17 cells/cm. The foam was used to cut out the samples with the
dimensions of 50×50×50±0,5 mm, which were placed in metal forms with the
dimensions of 50×50×25 mm. In this way, one dimension of the original sample
was changed by 50% applying uniaxial compression. In every sample, by using a
cannula, the thermocouple was placed inside in the way illustrated in fig. 3. The
second thermocouple was fixed on the upper surface of the form so as to measure
the ambient temperature of the sample.
The measured temperatures became steady after 20 min. It was assumed that
40 min. is enough for the samples to cool below 25°C.
Next, subsequent foam samples were prepared and studies were performed
in two ways, namely:
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 11
1. Foam samples were put in the form and then individually placed in the desiccator
cabinet heated to the temperature of 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C and
190°C.
2. Foam samples were placed in the form, soaked in acetone for 6 min., filtered off
and when the acetone evaporated they were put in the desiccator cabinet
heated to the temperature of 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 165°C, 170°C and
180°C.
In both cases, in compliance with the previous arrangements, every sample
was placed in the desiccator cabinet for 20 min. and then cooled in laboratory
conditions for 40 min. After that, it was taken out of the form and its height was
measured pursuant to the PN-EN-ISO 1923 norm after 0,5, 24, 48 and 96 h of
storing in laboratory conditions in the humidity of 40–50%.
On the basis of these measurements the deformation of every sample was
determined as a difference between its height, measured after the pre-arranged
storing time and the internal height of the form divided by the internal height of the
form.
The dependences of the sample deformation determined after the assumed
storing time on annealing temperature for the first and the second way of
conducting tests was illustrated in fig. 6 and 7.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
12 Janusz Lisiecki
a) b)
Fig. 8. The view of an example of the S364MD foam: a) after placing in the form; b) after
soaking in acetone for 6 min., having the acetone filtered off and evaporated
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 13
a) b)
Fig. 9. Samples of S364MD foam after having held it in the form at a temperature of 180°C
– view after 0,5 h from having removed it from the form; sample (b) was previously
soaked in acetone for 6 min., then filtered off and the acetone evaporated
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
14 Janusz Lisiecki
thermocouple 3
thermocouple 1
thermocouple 2
Fig. 10. Auxetic foam specimen in a metal form with fixed thermocouples before being
placed in the desiccator cabinet
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 15
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
16 Janusz Lisiecki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 17
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
18 Janusz Lisiecki
Table 1 presents the maximum temperatures inside the foam specimen and
on the surface of the form after having taken the samples out of the desiccator
cabinet.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 19
Table 1
Temperatures in a sample during holding
Temperature inside the
Maximum Maximum
foam specimen while
Sample temperature inside temperature on the
removing it from the
No. the foam specimen surface of the form
desiccator cabinet
[°C] [°C] [°C]
327 160 166 166
332 155 157 161
334 153 155 161
328 150 153 161
335 150 153 160
329 140 148 160
333 140 145 152
331 130 134 141
330 120 123 131
Having removed the refractories out of the form their dimensions were
measured and the volume was determined after 0,5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, 144 h,
196 h, 216 h and 264 h. Volume changes in time in relation to form’s volume were
portrayed in fig. 20.
Fig. 20. Dependence of volume change of refractories of S364MD foam in time after
holding. The legend contains sample No. and maximum temperature measured
inside the refractory
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
20 Janusz Lisiecki
From the presented dependence of volume change in time it appears that the
refractory held at a temperature of 165°C shrinks permanently by 5%. The foam
specimens removed from the desiccator cabinet at a temperature in a range of
140÷155°C also shrink, but after taking them out of the form their volume increases
and it remains stable after 100÷150 h. The volume of foam specimens held at a
temperature range of 120÷130°C increases from the moment of taking them out of
the form and stabilizes after 150÷200 h. The volume of the foam specimen removed
from the desiccator cabinet at a temperature of 157°C increases to the form volume
after 170 h and becomes stabilized.
4. Summary
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Auxetic polyurethane foams – method for determining a softening point 21
References
1. Alderson A., Alderson K., Davies P., Smart G.: A process for the preparation of auxetic
foams, EP 2042252A1, 2009.
2. Bianchi M., Scarpa F.: A method of manufacturing a foam, EP 2319674 A1, 2011,
3. Bianchi M., Scarpa F.: Banse M., Smith C.W., Novel generation of auxetic open cell
foams for curved and arbitrary shapes. “Acta Materialia” 2011, Vol. 59.
4. Chan N., Evans K. E.: Journal of Materials Science, v. 32, no 21 (1997) , pp.5945-5953.
5. Dobosz K., Matysiak A.: Przetwórstwo tworzyw sztucznych. Związek Doskonalenia
Zawodowego, Warszawa 1988.
6. Grima J., Attard D., Gatt R.: A novel process for the manufacture of auxetic foams and
for the conversion of auxetic foam to conventional form. WO/2010/049511, 2010.
7. Grima J.N., Attard A., Gatt R., Cassar N.R.: A novel process for the manufacture of
auxetic foams and for their re- conversion to conventional form. “Advanced Engineering
Materials” 2009, Vol. 11(7).
8. Lakes R.S.: Foam structure with a negative Poisson’s ratio. “Science” 1987, Vol. 235,
No. 27.
9. Lakes R.S., Loureiro M.A.: Scale-up of negative Poisson’s ratio foams,
WO/1999/025530, 1999.
10. Lakes R.S., Witt R.: Making and characterizing negative Poisson’s ratio materials.
“International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education” 2000, Vol. 30, No. 1.
11. Lakes R., Wojciechowski K.W.: Negative compressibility, negative Poisson’s ratio, and
stability. “Physica. Status. Solidi” (b) 2008, Vol. 245, No. 3.
12. Lisiecki J., Błażejewicz T., Kłysz S., Dragan K.: Sposób wytwarzania pianki
auksetycznej. PLP221936, 2013.
13. Sanamia M., Raviralaa N., Alderson K., Alderson K.: Auxetic materials for sports
applications. “Procedia Engineering” 2014, Vol. 72.
14. Stręk A.M.: Production and study of polyether auxetic foam. “Mechanics and Control”
2010, Vol. 29, No. 2.
15. Wang Y. C., Lakes R.S., Butenhoff A., Influence of cell size on re-entrant transformation
of negative Poisson's ratio reticulated polyurethane foams. “Cellular Polymers” 2001,
Vol. 20.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Aviation Advances & Maintenance
Volume 40 • Issue 2 • 2017
DOI 10.1515/afit-2017-0007
1. Wstęp
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 23
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
24 Janusz Lisiecki
miernik temperatury
czujnik temperatury
próbówka
pianka
palnik Bunsena
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 25
2 1
4
3
5
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
26 Janusz Lisiecki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 27
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
28 Janusz Lisiecki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 29
a) b)
Rys. 8. Widok przykładowej próbki pianki S364MD: a) po umieszczeniu w formie; b) po
moczeniu w acetonie przez 6 min, odsączeniu i odparowaniu acetonu
a) b)
Rys. 9. Próbki pianki S364MD po wygrzewaniu w formie w temperaturze 180°C – widok po
0,5 h od wyjęcia z formy; próbka (b) była wcześniej moczona przez 6 min
w acetonie, odsączona i aceton odparowany
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
30 Janusz Lisiecki
termopara 3
termopara 1
termopara 2
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 31
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-327
Rcv~2,0
160
140 w środku
120 10 mm od brzegu
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Czas [min]
Rys. 11. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
165°C w środku kształtki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-332
Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Czas [min]
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
32 Janusz Lisiecki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-
334 Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20 Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Czas [min]
Rys. 13. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
153°C w środku kształtki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-328
Rcv~2,0
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Czas [min]
Rys. 14. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
150°C w środku kształtki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 33
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-
335 Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20 Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Czas [min]
Rys. 15. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
150°C w środku kształtki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-329
Rcv~2,0
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 165oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Czas [min]
Rys. 16. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
140°C w środku kształtki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
34 Janusz Lisiecki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-
333 Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20 Nastawa suszarki 157oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Czas [min]
Rys. 17. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
140°C w środku kształtki
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-
331 Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 145oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Czas [min]
Rys. 18. Przebiegi zmian temperatury w próbce nagrzewanej do osiągnięcia temperatury
130°C w środku kształtki
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 35
200
Temperatura [oC]
180 S364MD-
330 Rcv~2
160
140 w środku
10 mm od brzegu
120
na zewnątrz
100
80
60
40
20
Nastawa suszarki 135oC
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Czas [min]
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
36 Janusz Lisiecki
Rys. 20. Zależność zmiany objętości kształtek pianki S364MD w czasie po wygrzewaniu.
W legendzie zapisano nr próbki i maksymalną temperaturę zmierzoną w środku
kształtki
4. Podsumowanie
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
Poliuretanowe pianki auksetyczne – metoda określania temperatury mięknienia 37
Literatura
1. Alderson A., Alderson K., Davies P., Smart G.: A process for the preparation of auxetic
foams, EP 2042252A1, 2009.
2. Bianchi M., Scarpa F.: A method of manufacturing a foam, EP 2319674 A1, 2011,
3. Bianchi M., Scarpa F.: Banse M., Smith C.W., Novel generation of auxetic open cell
foams for curved and arbitrary shapes. “Acta Materialia” 2011, Vol. 59.
4. Chan N., Evans K. E.: Journal of Materials Science, v. 32, no 21 (1997).
5. Dobosz K., Matysiak A.: Przetwórstwo tworzyw sztucznych. Związek Doskonalenia
Zawodowego, Warszawa 1988.
6. Grima J., Attard D., Gatt R.: A novel process for the manufacture of auxetic foams and
for the conversion of auxetic foam to conventional form. WO/2010/049511, 2010.
7. Grima J.N., Attard A., Gatt R., Cassar N.R.: A novel process for the manufacture of
auxetic foams and for their re- conversion to conventional form. “Advanced Engineering
Materials” 2009, Vol. 11(7).
8. Lakes R.S.: Foam structure with a negative Poisson’s ratio. “Science” 1987, Vol. 235,
No. 27.
9. Lakes R.S., Loureiro M.A.: Scale-up of negative Poisson’s ratio foams,
WO/1999/025530, 1999.
10. Lakes R.S., Witt R.: Making and characterizing negative Poisson’s ratio materials.
“International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education” 2000, Vol. 30, No. 1.
11. Lakes R., Wojciechowski K.W.: Negative compressibility, negative Poisson’s ratio, and
stability. “Physica. Status. Solidi” (b) 2008, Vol. 245, No. 3.
12. Lisiecki J., Błażejewicz T., Kłysz S., Dragan K.: Sposób wytwarzania pianki
auksetycznej. PLP221936, 2013.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM
38 Janusz Lisiecki
13. Sanamia M., Raviralaa N., Alderson K., Alderson K.: Auxetic materials for sports
applications. “Procedia Engineering” 2014, Vol. 72.
14. Stręk A.M.: Production and study of polyether auxetic foam. “Mechanics and Control”
2010, Vol. 29, No. 2.
15. Wang Y. C., Lakes R.S., Butenhoff A., Influence of cell size on re-entrant transformation
of negative Poisson's ratio reticulated polyurethane foams. “Cellular Polymers” 2001,
Vol. 20.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 1/16/18 12:51 PM