ENGINEERING

DATA ANALYSIS
2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP, JD
Chapter 5 – Sampling
and Sampling
Distributions
2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP, JD
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Random Sampling and Techniques
2. Probability Sampling and
Techniques
3. Sampling Distributions
4. Sampling Distribution of Means
5. Sampling Distribution of Variance
6. Data Display and Graphical
Method
 Recall
Samples are objects taken from a given population.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a part of the universe/population.
Data gathered from the sample are summarized using statistical
concepts to determine their characteristics so that these may be
generalized to the entire universe.

In Random Sampling, on the other hand, the researcher chooses the

samples randomly.

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 Sampling
Methods of sampling
1. Probability sampling – methods whereby some mechanism of
random selection is used.
2. Non-probability sampling – methods whereby the elements of a
sample are taken depending on some personal feelings of the
researcher

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 Random Sampling Techniques
1. Draw-lots method
2. Use of table of random numbers
3. Use of random number generator

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 Probability Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
(SRS)
2. Stratified Random Sampling
(StRS)
3. Systematic Sampling (SS)
4. Cluster Sampling (CS)

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Probability Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
- assigns equal chances of selection to all possible samples of size
n that may be formed from the universe.
- two types: With replacement and without replacement

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Probability Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Random Sampling (StRS)
- considers the mutually exclusive subdivisions (strata) that may
exist or may be constructed from the universe. For greater efficiency,
units within stratum should be as homogenous as possible while the
units belonging to different strata should be as heterogenous as
possible.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Probability Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling (SS)
- allows selecting one unit at random and choosing additional
units using a fixed skipping pattern until the desired number of sample
is obtained. Skipping pattern (k) is determined by dividing N by n.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Probability Sampling Techniques
4. Cluster Sampling (CS)
- divides the universe into groups called clusters. Sample clusters
will be randomly selected and all units within the sampled clusters will
be considered.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Sampling Distribution
- A probability distribution based on the samples selected for a
certain random variable in consideration

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 Sampling Distribution
TYPES
1. With replacement
2. Without replacement

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 Sampling Distribution

With replacement Without replacement

(SWR) (SWOR)
Number of possible samples 𝑁𝑛 NCn
Probability of selecting each 1/𝑁 𝑛 1/(NCn)
sample
Sample mean 𝜇𝑛 = 𝜇𝑁 𝜇𝑛 = 𝜇𝑁
Sample variance 𝜎 2 𝜎2𝑁 𝑁 − 𝑛
2 𝑁
𝜎 𝑛= 𝜎2𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑁−1

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Sampling Distribution
Standard Error of the sample mean
- square root of the variance or equal to the standard deviation
of the sample mean.
- If all the sample means are very close to each other, then the
standard error will be small.
- The smaller the standard error, the greater the precision of the
sample mean.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Sampling Distribution
Theorems relating the sample distribution to the population
distribution
Theorem 1. Let a random variable X be normally distributed with
mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 . The sampling distribution of the sample
mean (X bar) obtained from a random sample of size n is normal with
𝜇𝑛 = 𝜇𝑁
𝜎 2𝑁
𝜎 2𝑛 =
𝑛

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Sampling Distribution
Theorems relating the sample distribution to the population distribution
Theorem 2. (CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM) Let a continuous random variable X
have a distribution G, that is non-normal with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 . The
sampling distribution of the sample mean (X bar) approaches the normal
distribution with 𝝁𝒏 = 𝝁𝑵 and 𝝈𝟐 = 𝝈𝟐 𝑵 as the sample size n is increased
𝒏 𝒏
without bounds. (sufficiently large when n≥25)

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 Data Display
1. Textual
2. Tabular
3. Graphical

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 Graphical Method
TYPES OF GRAPH
1. Bar graph
2. Line graph
3. Pie chart
4. Venn Diagram
5. Histogram
6. Scatter plot
7. Gantt Charts

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 Graphical Method
1. Bar graphs
- simplest and most straightforward way to compare various
categories
- Any type of data

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 Graphical Method
2. Line graphs
- illustrate trends in data over a period of time or a particular
correlation.
- Time-related data

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Graphical Method
3. Pie chart
- simplest and most efficient visual
tool for comparing parts of a whole.
- percentage-related data

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Graphical Method
4. Venn Diagram
- illustrates all possible logical relationships between a designated
collection of sets
- any type of data with common values

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Graphical Method
5. Histogram
- a special type of graph that presents
numeric data and its distribution.
- any type of data

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 Graphical Method
6. Scatter plot/ Best-fit
- Once multiple dots are plotted, trends can be spotted and samples
can be compared, depending on how many colors are featured in the
chart.
- any engineering data for comparison

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 Graphical Method
7. Gantt Chart
- special types of bar graphs used to diagram projects and schedules.
The use of colored bars of varying lengths reflect not only a project’s
start and end dates, but also important events, tasks, milestones and
their timeframes.
- any schedule curve for project management

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Graphical Method

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

REFERENCES
Albacea, Z. VJ. et. al.. 2014. Workbook in Statistics 1. 11th
edition. Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences,
UP Los Baños, College, Laguna