ENGINEERING

DATA ANALYSIS
2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP, JD
Chapter 4.2. Normal Distribution
2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP, JD
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Normal Distribution
2. Empirical Rule
3. Standard Normal Distribution
4. Z-table
5. Standard Normal Distribution
Techniques
6. Transformation Formula
 Recall
• Continuous random variable is a variable that takes on any value in a
given interval.
• Continuous probability distribution describes the probabilities of the
possible values of a continuous random variable with an infinite
range through graphical or functional forms only.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Normal Distribution
This is a type of continuous probability distribution commonly
used in the field of statistics specially in data analysis and
management.
It is symmetric, unimodal, and bell-shaped.
It is characterized by its mean (𝜇) and standard deviation (𝜎).
Mean determines the center of the distribution while standard
deviation determines the distribution’s spread.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Empirical Rule
For any normal
distribution,
• 68% fall within 𝜇 − 𝜎 <
𝑥 <𝜇+𝜎
• 95% fall within 𝜇 −
2𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 2𝜎
• 99.7% fall within 𝜇 −
3𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 3𝜎

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Standard Normal Distribution
A special type of normal distribution that has a 𝜇 = 0 and 𝜎 = 1.
The standard normal random variable Z follows this type of
distribution. Cumulative probabilities for z, 𝑃 𝑧 ≤ 𝑎 , are generated
and summarized in a table called z-table.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET
 Standard Normal Distribution
The z-table can be used in finding approximate areas under the
curve of any normal random variable X with mean 𝜇 and standard
deviation 𝜎 by the transformation formula

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Z-table
Characteristics:
1. The first column gives the value of random variable z, up to the
first decimal place.
2. The first row gives the second decimal place of z
3. The numbers inside the table correspond to the total area to the
left of the specified value z

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Example 1
What is the probability of z = 0.32? Use the Z-table.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Example 1
By using the z-table, the total area to the left of z = 0.32 or P =
Z < 0.32 is 0.6255.
Such area also holds true for P = Z ≤ 0.32 .

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Standard Normal Curve Techniques
The following rules holds true for any positive real number z and real
numbers, a and b:
a. 𝐏 = 𝐙 > 𝐳 =𝟏 − (𝐏 = 𝐙 < 𝐳 )

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Standard Normal Curve Techniques
The following rules holds true for any positive real number z and
real numbers, a and b:
b. P= 𝐙 < −𝐳 = P= 𝐙 ≥ 𝐳 = 1-(P= 𝐙 < −𝐳 ) = 1-(P= 𝐙 ≤ 𝐳 )

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Standard Normal Curve Techniques
The following rules holds true for any positive real number z and
real numbers, a and b:
c. P= 𝐙 > −𝐳 = P= 𝐙 ≤ 𝐳 = P= 𝐙 < −𝐳

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Standard Normal Curve Techniques
The following rules holds true for any positive real number z and
real numbers, a and b:
d. P= 𝐚 < 𝐙 < 𝐛 = P= 𝐙 < 𝐛 − P= 𝐙 < 𝐚

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Transformation Formula
Steps:
1. Understand the problem
2. Identify the mean 𝜇 , standard deviation 𝜎 , and the number
selected x.
3. Use the transformation formula to solve for z.
4. Use the aforementioned rules to solve for the probability, with the
aid of z-table.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

 Example 2
X is a normally distributed variable with mean μ = 30 and standard
deviation σ = 4. Find:
a) P(x < 40) [Answer = 0.9938]
b) P(x > 21) [Answer = 0.9878]
c) P(30 < x < 35) [Answer = 0.3944]

Draw the normal curve for each item.

EDA Engr. MKA Mabute 2nd Semester, AY 2022-2023 PLM-CET

REFERENCES
Albacea, Z. VJ. et. al.. 2014. Workbook in Statistics 1. 11th
edition. Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences,
UP Los Baños, College, Laguna