Working With Geometric Tolerance

GD&T-Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Working with Geometric Tolerance
Copyright © 2012 by Ronen Komerian

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released Ver 1 2017 Copyright © 2012 all rights reserved Ronen komerian
Contents
1.Dimensions and Tolerances Diagram.
2.DRF Diagram.
3.Internal and External Size and geometry
Tolerances diagram
4.Holes and Threads Tolerances
5.Check component conflicts
6.Check Cumulative tolerances
7.Define material
8.Define Note
2 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Assembly 2D / 3D?
Geometric shape Model 2D /3D?
definition?
Where to start?
Functionality
Datum / DRF definition?
definition?
Geometric Tolerance
Plus / minus definition ?
Dimension definition?
logical schematic Dimensions and Tolerances Diagram
Step 3 Step 2 Step 1

Separating the
Set the DRF Identify Part
component and placing START
First procedure Functionality.
it on the drawing page

Define the external Define the internal Define holes and
geometry geometry screws.
Second procedure Third procedure Fourth procedure

Check Cumulative Check component
Define material
tolerances conflicts
Step 10
Define Note END

Assembly/sub assembly/Component Functionality
Step 1- Identification Assembly/sub assembly/Component

Functionality.
* Identify component touch interfaces with other components.
* Identify of external and internal geometry.
* Identify the threads.
* Identify the holes.
Main Assembly Sub assembly Component
Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Shock relief system Triangle Holder
Surface Interface
Hole
Interface
Hole Interface
Beam
Holes
Internal
spring Geometry
Surface Interface External

Hole Interface Geometry
wheel holder
drawing page
Step 2 - Separating the component from the assembly

and placing it on the drawing page.

DRF - Datum Reference Frame
Step 3 - Define a DRF (First procedure )
* First Datum with Geometric Tolerance
* Second Datum with Geometric Tolerance

.
* Third Datum with Geometric Tolerance

.

logical schematic DRF Diagram - First procedure
START
First: c, d
Select a Feature Second: b, ‚ , d
other To establish a Datum feature without size Third: b , ‚ , d
What is the Feature Type?
plane First: d
Second: d
Pattern of First: j+m OR l Third: d
cylinders Second: j+m OR l Offset -planar
First: d
Co-planar Second: d
Pattern First: j+m OR l Third: d
of plane Second: j+m OR l
feature of size
First: c
Center plane
First: d, e Second: b, ‚
(width)
sphere Second: j+ MAYBE Third: b , ‚, j
WITH m OR l
First: g, d
First: d Axis Second: b, ‚, d,
Mathematical t
Second: d (Hole /
Contour j+ MAYBE WITH
Third: d Cylinder)
m OR l
First: d, e
cone
Second: d, h Go Down
Target [None]
YES Secondary
First: t and Tertiary NO
Co-axial Go to START END
Second: t datum
required?

Define DRF
Datum A ? Triangle Holder – define DRF Face 2

Datum B ?
Face 1
Datum C ?
Face 3
4 Holes
2 Holes
Face 6
Face 4
Face 5
Hole

Define DRF
Functionality Method
Mating \ Contact parts
Part A
1) Part A - part B -> 4 Holes – 4 Screw Part B
2) Part A - part C -> Surface – Surface (Contact) Part C
3) Part A - part D-> Holes – Pin
4) Part A - part E -> Surface – Surface (Size)
5) Part A - part F -> Surface – Surface (Contact +Size)

Part D
Part E
Part F

Define DRF
Recognize the main Functionality Features to define the DRF

option 1 ? option 2 ? First\ second
First\ Datum ?
second\third First\
Datum ? second\third
Datum ? First\ second
First\ second Datum ?
Datum ?
option 3 ?
First\ second \third Datum ? First\ second \third Datum ?
First\ second \third Datum ?

Define DRF
the main Functionality Features is option 3
First Datum
First Datum Plane:
Plane
Full contact between the beam and the
surface, using the screws.
Second Datum Plane:

Partial contact between the beam and the
surface, without the screws.
Third Datum Plane:

Without contact, parallel surfaces between
the beam and the surface, serves as a
starting point for measurements.
Second
Datum Plane Third
Datum Plane

Define DRF
ON DRAWING - The planning process

2) Define Flatness
5) Third Datum Plane
1) First Datum Plane
4) Define 6) Define
Perpendicularity Perpendicularity
3) Second
Datum Plane

Define external geometry
Step 4 - Define the external geometry
1) Feature of Size:
1.1 ) Basic Dimension and profile of surface.
1.2 ) Plus \minus Dimension and outer Geometric tolerance to
refine the surface or to Orientation \ Location the Feature.
2) Any Feature :
2.1) Basic Dimension and profile of surface.

Internal and External Size and geometry Tolerances diagram
– Second procedure
START
FCF- Feature Control Frame
G.T – Geometric Tolerance
Feature of Size Select Any Feature
DRF – Datum Reference Frame
SLOF- size, Locate, Orient, and Form a Feature
* - If necessary
Coordinate Dimension Basic Dimension

method Choosing method input a Basic
a Dimension input a Basic
Dimension
method Dimension
Input a Size Input a Size
Dimension Tolerance
First Option 1) G.T Use: profile of surface.
Define the feature: Full 2) FCF datum Related order:
Input a Geometric Tolerance to SLOF to the DRF: use first, second and third*
Locate And Orient the feature
to DRF
Second Option 1) G.T Use: profile of surface.
Concentric Non Concentric 1) Define the feature: 1.1) FCF datum Related order:
Feature Feature size and Form (Partial without (blank).
SLOF) to the DRF. 2) G.T Use: TOP.
2) Define the location: 2.1) FCF datum Related order:
G.T Use: define the
Locate the feature to use first, second and
TOP, Concentricity G.T Use: TOP feature profile
the DRF third*
Total Runout. and location
Third Option
1) G.T Use: profile of surface.
1) Define the feature:
1.1) FCF datum Related order:
size locate and Form
use first only
(Partial SLOF) to the
YES 2) G.T Use: TOP.
Are there any NO DRF.
2.1) FCF datum Related order:
Go to START more profiles END 2) Define the location:
use first, second and
to configure? Locate the feature to
third*
the DRF

Define external geometry
ON DRAWING - The planning process

5) Define A Basic
Dimension to F.O.S
1) Define
points
4) Define Plus\Minus
Dimension to F.O.S
5) Define Position
Geometric tolerance to a 2) Define all Basic
F.O.S Dimension from the DRF
to the OUTER boundary
3) Define a profile of
Surface between points

Define Internal geometry
Step 5 - Define the internal geometry
1) to Feature of Size:
1.1 ) Basic Dimension and profile of surface.
1.2 ) Plus \minus Dimension and outer Geometric tolerance to
refine the surface or to Orientation \ Location the Feature.
2) to Feature without Size:

2.1) Basic Dimension and profile of surface.

Define Holes and Threads Tolerances
Step 6- Define Holes and Threads

two plates
Hole and Thread Both Hole

Hole and Thread Position + Size Tolerances diagram
Hole and Thread

START OR Stud
Identify Thread Comments
Application
Type and Size (M) use with modifier m
Determine Hole (P) use with Projected p
Diameter Size
Depending the thread
Option 1 Option 1
diameter
Close (Min (MMC) and Max Loose
diameter)
According to B 18.2.8
– 1999 STANDARD
(MM or INCH)
Option 3
Priority to this normal
option
Calculate total T.O.P by the next EQ:

Total T.O.P= Hole at MMC – Dia Thread
Hole and Thread
Option 2 Option 1
Split
Define 30% from Total T.O.P to Hole (M) Define 50% from Total T.O.P to Hole (M)
Total
Define 70% from Total T.O.P to Thread (P) Define 50% from Total T.O.P to Thread (P)
T.O.P
Option 3 Define 40% from Total T.O.P to Hole (M)

Priority to this
option Define 60% from Total T.O.P to Thread (P)
Calculate Hole VC by next EQ: END

Hole VC: Hole at MMC – Dia Thread
Calculate RC by next EQ:
19 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian RC: Hole at LMC + Geo Tol
ASME B18.2.8 – 1999 Standard

Holes and Threads calculation
Step 6- Define two plates Holes and Threads

Go to ASME B18.2.8 - 1999
Hole Dia - Unknown

Hole T.O.P - Unknown
Screw - known
Thread - known
Thread T.O.P - known
Plate Thickness (Projected)- known

Hole and Thread Position + Size Tolerances diagram
Normal Hole Size and Total T.O.P= Hole at MMC –

Thread Type
Tolerance Dia Thread
and Size M8
∅9 - ∅9.22 Total T.O.P = ∅9 – ∅8 = ∅1
6 Split total T.O.P to 40% - 60%

Define 0.4 hole T.O.P with m
Define 0.6 Thread T.O.P with p
j ∅0.4m A B C
j ∅0.6p6 A B C
Hole VC = 9 – 0.4 = ∅8.6
Hole RC = 9.22 + 0.66 = ∅9.88

Two Holes Position + Size Tolerances diagram
Two Holes Identify Screw

Comments
START (M) use with modifier m
Application Type
Determine Hole
Diameter Size
Depending the Screw
diameter
Close (Min (MMC) and Max Loose
diameter)
According to B 18.2.8
– 1999 STANDARD
(MM or INCH)
normal
Calculate total T.O.P by the next EQ:

Total T.O.P= Hole at MMC – Dia Thread
Split Split The Total T.O.P

Total Define 50% from Total T.O.P to Up Hole (M)
Two Hole T.O.P Define 50% from Total T.O.P to Down Hole (M)
END
Calculate Hole VC by next EQ:
Hole VC: Hole at MMC – Dia Thread
Calculate RC by next EQ:
RC: Hole at LMC + Geo Tol

Check Cumulative tolerances
RK 003 - pulley
- +
DIS – min and max
1 RULE NUMBER 1
RK 001 - Ring
MOVE T0 MAXIMUM MINIMUM
RK 002 - Shaft
RIGHAT (+) (+) max (+) (+) min
Contact between 
Contact between
RK 002 – Shaft and RK 001 – Ring and
RK 003 - pulley RK 002 - Shaft LEFT (-) (-) min (-) (-) max

1.8 – 1.9
22.4-23.1
3
6.7– 7.4 35.3– 36.6
2
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
(+) (+) max (+) (+) min tolerance
part number rev description from/to
(-) (-) min (-) (-) max
RK 003 - pulley A right side of the pully to left side of the pully (-) 22.4 (-) 23.1 0.7
RK 003 - pulley+RK 001
A left side of the pully to right side of the ring (+) 36.6 (+) 35.3 1.3
ring
RK 001 ring A right side of the ring to left side of the ring (-) 1.8 (-) 1.9 0.1
SUB TOTAL 12.4 10.3 2.1

ANSWER 12.4 10.3 TOL
comment: Design by Ronen Komerian OPTMIZED?
YES
NO

Pg 5-6
Check component conflicts
Conflicts - Wrong design
n12.1+0.2
n12-0.1
Check:
1. Diameters: Pins, axis, Rods, Pipes.
2. Width: Plates, Slots.
3. Length:
4. Cumulative tolerances: Accumulated tolerances, Lengths,
Width, Geometric tolerances

Define material
When we come to define raw material

We must take into account the following factors:
1. Functionality.
2. Strength.
3. hardness.
4. Coupling between different metals - Galvanic cells.
5. Production method: welding, machining, injection molding, casting.
6. Product weight.
7. Difficulty in production.
8. Ability to connect the component with the other components.
9. Component working environment (corrosion, environmental conditions, vibration).
10. Coating ability.
11. The ability to hardening the material.
12. The ability to polish the material. Study case:
13. Material Cost.
14. Manufacturing cost
15. Inventorie
16. Delivery time
In general, external software can be used to select materials, such as CES software

Define Note
Some examples
1. drawing per ASME Y14.5-2009

2. Surface texture per ANSI B46.1-1985
3. WELDING per ANSI Y14.3-1978
4. “New drawing” – replace drawing number xxx-yyy-000
5. Radius r=0.5 chamfer -> 0.1x0.1
6. This dimension will be adjusted according to drawing
number xxx-yyy-000
7. Coaching and plating per ASME…
8. put in the insert approximately 0.7 mm below the surface

THE END

Appendices - DRF Diagram - First procedure
Axis
(Hole / Cylinder)
First: g feature of size - Axis Example Axis
(Hole / Cylinder)
First: d
20 40
∅7 +0.2 20 ∅7
40
g 0.05
A
A
B d 0.3
d 0.3 A B
B
d 0.3 A B
Axis Axis
20
20
(Hole / Cylinder) (Hole / Cylinder)

40 40
10
A
Second: j+ MAYBE Second:
WITH m OR l b, ‚, t, d
A d 0.14 A B
Pt - Y X - Y
Pt - X
∅10 ∅10 +0.2
d 0.3 A ‚ ∅0.1m A B
∅10 +0.2
j ∅0.1m A d 0.14 A B
X - Y b ∅0.3 A
B B
B OR
Center plane
First: c feature of size – Center plane
Second
(width) :bOR ‚
Center plane Example (width)
+0.5 40 +0.5
40
∅7 +0.2 ∅7 +0.2
c 0.05 b 0.1m A
B OR
A c 0.05
b 0.1 A +0.2 ‚ 0.1m A
20 +0.2 20
j 0.3 A B A
j 0.3 A B
B B
Center plane Center plane
Third bOR ‚ Third : j
(width) (width)
40 +0.5 b ∅0.1m A
∅7 +0.2
+0.2
b 0.3m A B ∅50 -0.4
+0.2
20
B
20
OR A
C
B c 0.05
‚ 0.3m A B
c 0.05
b 0.1 A A
C
j 0.4 A Bm
∅50 -0.4
m
C j ∅0.3m A Bm Cm
plane First: cOR d feature without size plane Second : b OR ‚ OR d

Example
A
A 20 +0.2
20 40 40 +0.5
c 0.12
c 0.12
OR
d 0.12
b 0.3 A ‚ 0.3 A d 0.3 A
d 0.3 A
A OR
B B B
plane Third : b OR ‚ OR d b 0.4 A B
A 20 +0.2
40 +0.5 C
‚ 0.4 A B OR
c 0.12
C
b 0.3 A NOTE
d 0.4 A B This tolerance comes
With a 40 basic dimension
B
C
Co-planar First: d Co-planar Second : d

feature without size Example
d 0.1 A d 0.25 A B
54
54
2X d 0.15 2X d 0.1 A c 0.05
A B A
Co-planar Third : d d 0.25 A B
b 0.1 A
54
2X d 0.2 A B c 0.05
C A

Outer feature Example

Pattern of
First: j+m OR l +0.3
cylinders
85 d 0.4 A 18
d 0.2 A
+0.3
12X ∅12.5
60
j ∅0.2m
d 0.4 A B +0.3
Pattern of 85 18
Second: j+m OR l
cylinders
d 0.2
A
60
+0.3
12X ∅12.5
j ∅0.2m A

Check Cumulative tolerances
Rules:
Mov,,,,,,
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
(+) (+) max (+) (+) min tolerance
part number rev description from/to
(-) (-) min (-) (-) max
SUB TOTAL
ANSWER TOL
comment OPTMIZED?
YES
NO

Location Version management
version Date updating
1 19.7.2017 Release version 1

Working With Geometric Tolerance

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GD&T-Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Working with Geometric Tolerance

Copyright © 2012 by Ronen Komerian

2 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 3 Step 2 Step 1

Step 4 Step 5 Step 6

Step 9 Step 8 Step 7

Define Note END

4 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 1- Identification Assembly/sub assembly/Component

Surface Interface External

Step 2 - Separating the component from the assembly

6 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 3 - Define a DRF (First procedure )

* First Datum with Geometric Tolerance

* Second Datum with Geometric Tolerance

* Third Datum with Geometric Tolerance

7 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

8 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Datum A ? Triangle Holder – define DRF Face 2

9 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

3) Part A - part D-> Holes – Pin

4) Part A - part E -> Surface – Surface (Size)

5) Part A - part F -> Surface – Surface (Contact +Size)

10 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Recognize the main Functionality Features to define the DRF

First\ second \third Datum ? First\ second \third Datum ?

First\ second \third Datum ?

11 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

the main Functionality Features is option 3

Second Datum Plane:

Third Datum Plane:

12 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

ON DRAWING - The planning process

13 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 4 - Define the external geometry

14 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Coordinate Dimension Basic Dimension

15 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

ON DRAWING - The planning process

16 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 5 - Define the internal geometry

2) to Feature without Size:

17 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 6- Define Holes and Threads

18 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Hole and Thread

Calculate total T.O.P by the next EQ:

Option 3 Define 40% from Total T.O.P to Hole (M)

Calculate Hole VC by next EQ: END

20 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Step 6- Define two plates Holes and Threads

Hole Dia - Unknown

Plate Thickness (Projected)- known

Normal Hole Size and Total T.O.P= Hole at MMC –

6 Split total T.O.P to 40% - 60%

Hole VC = 9 – 0.4 = ∅8.6

Hole RC = 9.22 + 0.66 = ∅9.88

22 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian

Two Holes Identify Screw

Calculate total T.O.P by the next EQ:

Split Split The Total T.O.P

23 Copyright © 2017 all rights reserved Ronen komerian