DATA COLLECTION &

DATA SOURCING
DATA COLLECTION
VARIABLES AND DATA

WHAT IS DATA?
a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,
observations or even just descriptions of things.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/data.html

WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DATA AND INFORMATION?
VARIABLES AND DATA

OBSERVATION

A single member of a collection of items that we want to study

Each row in the data set

VARIABLES
A characteristic of the subject or individual
Each column in the data set

DATA SET
Consists of all the values we chose to observe
Expressed as "m x n", or "observation x variable”
VARIABLES AND DATA

OBSERVATION
VARIABLES AND DATA

VARIABLE

OBSERVATION
VARIABLES AND DATA

DATA SET

VARIABLE

OBSERVATION
VARIABLES AND DATA
VARIABLES AND DATA

UNIVARIATE BIVARIATE MULTIVARIATE

1 variable 2 variables 3 or more variables
VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

TYPES OF DATA

CATEGORICAL DATA NUMERICAL DATA

TIME SERIES DATA CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA

VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

CATEGORICAL DATA NUMERICAL DATA

- Qualitative data - Quantitative Data
- For labeling - For measurement
- Have nonnumerical values - Can be solved mathematically
- Cannot be solved mathematically

Coding
- Values of the categorical variable
are represented using numbers
Discrete
- A variable with a countable
number of distinct values
- integers, whole numbers
- Ex.: -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3

Binary Continuous
- Coding only has 2 values - A numerical value that can have
- Arbitrary; the choice is equivalent any value within an interval
- Any value within a range
VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

EXERCISE: CATEGORICAL VS NUMERICAL?

1 = MScM Age:
1 3
2 = BSBA
5 8 6
3 = EM
6 3 4
4 = BSA
7 10 15
2 12 9

Age: Rating:
2 4 5 = very good
1 = 5 to 10 years old
2 = 11 to 15 years old 4 = good
3 = 16 to 20 years old 3 = just okay
2 = poor
1 = very poor
VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

EXERCISE: DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS?

Age Shoe size Height

Population Temperature
VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

TIME-SERIES
DATA
- Represents a different
equally spaced point
in time
- Came from the same
unit; Different periods
of time
VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES OF DATA

CROSS-
SECTIONAL
DATA

- Each observation
represents a different
individual unit the
same point in time
- Came from different
units; At only one
period of time
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL ORDINAL
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT

INTERVAL RATIO
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL MEASUREMENT
- Weakest and easiest to recognize
- The same as qualitative, categorical, classification
- Codes are used as arbitrary placeholders who no numerical
meaning and are only mere categories

Permissible Mathematical Operations:

- Counting
- Mode
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

ORDINAL MEASUREMENT

- Ordinal data connote a

ranking of data value
- There is no clear meaning to
the distance between the
numerical values
- Can be treated as nominal, but
not vice versa
- Typically used for educational
attainment, age brackets,
income, etc.

Permissible Mathematical Operations:

- Descriptive Statistics (mean, median, mode, etc.)
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

INTERVAL MEASUREMENT

- A rank and has meaningful intervals between scale points.

(Some intervals represent distances).
- There is no meaningful zero.
- Example: likert scale

Permissible Mathematical Operations:

- Descriptive Statistics (mean, median, mode, etc.)
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
RATIO MEASUREMENT
- Strongest level of measurements
- Possess a meaningful zero that represents the absence of
the quantity being measured and becomes an absolute
reference point
- Does not restrict the data to only positive
- Zero does not have to be an observable data. It is
important to understand what the zero represents
Permissible Mathematical Operations:
- Descriptive Statistics (mean, median, mode, etc.)
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
SAMPLING CONCEPTS

Sample Population

POPULATION SAMPLE
All of the items that we are interested in. Involves looking only at some items
May be finite or infinite selected from population; Selected
members of a group

SAMPLE CENSUS
A subset of the population that we will An examination of all the items in a
actually analyze defined population; Every member of
the group
SAMPLING CONCEPTS
SITUATIONS WHERE A
SAMPLE IS PREFERRED

INIFINITE POPULATION ACCURACY

TIMELY RESULTS DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

COST SENSITIVE INFORMATION

SAMPLING CONCEPTS

SITUATIONS WHERE A
CENSUS IS PREFERRED

SMALL POPULATION LARGE SAMPLE SIZE

DATABASE EXIST LEGAL REQUIREMENT

SAMPLING CONCEPTS

PARAMETERS STATISTICS

- A measurement or - A numerical value

characteristic of the population calculated from a sample

- A population of N items (if - A population of N items

finite) (if finite)

- μ = population mean - x̄ = sample mean

- π = population proportion - p = sample proportion

SAMPLING CONCEPTS

TARGET POPULATION SAMPLING FRAME

- Contains all the individuals in - The group from which we

which we are interested. take the sample.

- Ex: A population of the those - Ex.: Names of the people

living in Metro Manila living in Metro Manila
SAMPLING METHODS

RANDOM SAMPLING NON-RANDOM

METHODS SAMPLING METHOD
1. Simple Random Sample 1. Judgment Sample (and
2. Systematic Sample quota sample)

3. Stratified Sample 2. Convenience Sample

4. Cluster Sample 3. Focus Groups

SAMPLING METHODS
RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD

Simple Random Sample

- Every item in the population of N items has the same chance of
being chosen in the sample of n items
- Relies on a random number to be picked

Sampling without replacement

Once an item has been selected to be included in the sample, it cannot be
considered for the sample again

Sampling with replacement

The same random number could show up more than once
Can be done if the population is inifinite, or at least 20 times as large as the sample
or sample is less than 5% of the population.
SAMPLING METHODS
RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD

Systematic Sample
- Choosing every kth item from a sequence or list, starting from a
randomly chosen entry among the first k item.
SAMPLING METHODS
RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD

Stratified Sample
- Within each stratum, a simple random sample of the desired
size could be taken.
SAMPLING METHODS
RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD

Cluster Sample
- Taken from strata consisting of
geographical regions
- Useful when:
- Population frame and
stratum characteristics are
not readily available
- It is too expensive to obtain
simple or stratified sample
- The cost of obtaining data
increases sharply with
distance
- Some of loss of reliability is
acceptable
SAMPLING METHODS
NON- RANDOM SAMPLING METHOD

Judgment Sample
- Relies on the expertise of the sampler to choose items that are
representative of the population

Convenience Sample
- Use a sample that happens to be available

Focus Groups
- A panel of individuals chosen to be representative of a wider
population, formed for open-ended discussion and idea gathering
about an issue
SAMPLING METHODS

RANDOM SAMPLING NON-RANDOM

METHODS SAMPLING METHOD
1. Simple Random Sample 1. Judgment Sample (and
2. Systematic Sample quota sample)

3. Stratified Sample 2. Convenience Sample

4. Cluster Sample 3. Focus Groups

DATA SOURCING
TWO MAIN SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE

TWO MAIN SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY SOURCE
raw information; the information gathered from the first source in a
controlled or an uncontrolled situation.

Pros Cons
It is particularly customized to
It is costly to get hold of
your analysis needs.

The specimen ought to be

arbitrary and a stratified random
sample is frequently sensible.
TWO MAIN SOURCES OF DATA

SECONDARY SOURCE

the data acquired from optional sources like magazines, books,

documents, journals, reports, the web and more.

Inner Sources External Sources

data that exists and is stored the data that is gathered by other individuals or
in your organization associations from your association’s outer
environment

▪ Statement of the profit ▪ Universities

and loss
▪ Balance sheets
▪ Sales figures
▪ Inventory records
▪ Previous marketing
studies
▪ Government sources
▪ Foundations
▪ Media, including telecast, print and Internet
▪ Trade, business and expert affiliations
▪ Corporate filings
▪ Commercial information administrations, which
are organizations that find the data for you
WEB DATA SOURCES

JSTOR Digital GALE Virtual

EBSCO Host
Library Reference Library
offers a variety of full- includes books, online resource for
text and popular primary sources, research and education
databases from and current issues
leading information of almost 2,000
providers. journals.
WEB DATA SOURCES
Philippine
e-Journals
online bibliographic
database and repository
of academic journals of
different academic
disciplines from different
colleges, universities, and
professional organizations
in the Philippines
Euromonitor
Science Direct
Passport
global market research extensive full-text
database providing insight database of authoritative
on industries, economies, titles from core scientific
and consumers worldwide literature. It also includes
to analyse market context over 600 peer-reviewed
and identify future trends Open Access journals
impacting businesses
globally
WEB DATA SOURCES

MyLegalWhiz eSCRA Encyclopedia

Britannica

subscription-based, online library of the combination of the

cloud-enabled legal annotated Supreme Encyclopædia Britannica
knowledge and Court Reports with the plus Merriam-Webster’s
research assistance complete decisions from Collegiate Dictionary and
platform. 1901 to the present. Thesaurus, magazines and
periodicals, and many
other research tools.
SURVEY TYPES

MAIL TELEPHONE

INTERVIEWS WEB
SURVEY TYPES

MAIL
• Requires a well-targeted and
current making list
• Expect low response rates and
nonresponse bias
• To encourage participation, a
cover letter should explain the
uses of the survey data
• Plan for follow-up mailings
SURVEY TYPES

TELEPHONE
• Random dealing yields
low response and is
poorly targeted
• Nonresponse bias
SURVEY TYPES

INTERVIEWS

• Expensive and time-consuming

• Results are high-quality
• There is added cost in training
interviewers
• Interviewers can obtain
information on complex or
sensitive topics
SURVEY TYPES

WEB
• Subject to nonresponse bias
• Works best on targeted to a
well-defined interest group
on a question of self-interest
SURVEY GUIDELINES

PLANNING DESIGN QUALITY

PILOT TEST BUY-IN EXPERTISE

DESIGNING A
QUESTIONNAIRE
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
TYPES
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
LAYOUT

Layout must not be crowded

Questions should be numbered

Divide the survey into sections

if the topics fall naturally into
distinct areas

Keep the questionnaire as short as

possible
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
LAYOUT

Begin with short, clear, instructions

• State the purpose
• Assure anonymity
• Explain how to submit the complete survey
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
LAYOUT

Include an escape option

DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
LAYOUT

Allow respondents bypass sections that are no relevant to them

DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
CONTENT

STEP 1: Define the study’s statement of the problem and research

objectives and questions.

STEP 2: Choose an appropriate type of questionnaire.

STEP 3: Decide on the question content. Align these questions with

the statement of the problem and research objectives and questions.

STEP 4: Develop the question wording. Remember:

• The questions must not contradict each other.
• The questions must be consistently positively stated to avoid
reverse coding.
• Use wording and response scales that match the reading ability
and knowledge level of intended respondents

STEP 5: Put questions into a meaningful order and format.

STEP 6: Check the length of questionnaire. Adjust accordingly.

DATA SCREENING

OUTRAGEOUS REPLIES ON
MULTIPLE RESPONSES
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS

RANGE ANSWERS INCONSISTENT REPLIES