TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH TECHNOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION

ICT Competency Standards for Philippine Pre-Service Teacher Education

TECHNOLOGY
refers to a mix of process and product used in the application of knowledge. It includes tools from pencil
and paper to the latest electronic gadgets and tools for practical tasks.

Information and Communication Technology and Literacy or ICT Literacy

is the use of digital technology, communication tools and/or networks to access, manage, integrate,
evaluate, create, and communicate information in order to function in a knowledge society

Educational Technology
refers to the use of technology in and learning. Educational technology includes both the non-digital (flip
charts, pictures, models, realias, etc.) and digital (electronic tools, hardware, software, and connections,
etc.)

Digital Literacy
is the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create contents using information technologies and
internet. Digital Literacy is the ability to use information and communication, requiring both cognitive
and technical skills.

Online digital tools and Apps

Messenger - It is a telecommunication application software product that specializes in providing a video
chat and video calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices via internet.

Off-line digital tools and Apps

can still be used if there is no internet connection. Among these are Canary Learning, Pocket, Evertone,
ibooks, KA LITE, etc.

Instructional Technology
is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, an evaluation of the
processes and resources for learning.

Software
refers to program control instructions and accompanying documentation stored on disks or tapes when
not being in used in the computer. By extension, the term refers to audo-visual materials.
Multimedia
is a sequential or simultaneous use of a variety of media formats in a given presentation or self-study
program.

Internet
is a massive network of networks, a network infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together
globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as
they are connected to the internet. It is generally defined as a global network connecting millions of
computers.

World Wide Web (WWW)

is also called a Web which is a graphical environment on computer networks that allows you to access,
view and maintain documentations that can include text, data, sound and videos. It is a way of accessing
information over the medium of the internet. It is an information sharing model that is built on top of
the Internet.

Web access
is the ability of the learner to access the internet at any point during the lesson in order to take
advantage of the array of available education resources.

Webquest
is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all information that learners work with comes from
the web. These can be create using various programs, including simple word processing documents that
include links to websites.

Productivity Tools
refers to any type of software associated with computers and related technologies that can be used as
tools for personal, professional or classroom productivity. Examples: Microsoft Office, Apple Works –
word processing, grade and record keeping, web page production, presentation.

Technology Tool
is an instrument used for doing work. It can be anything that help you accomplish your goal with the use
of technology. These technology tools can be classified as:

a. Data/Calculation Tools
Examples: spreadsheets, Excels, Sketchpads, probability constructor.
b. Design Tools
These are used to make models and design, creating and building. Included here are Family Tree
Maker, GollyGee, and Crazy Machines among others.

c. Discussion Tools
There are 4 different approaches that utilize discussion and interaction in the Internet. These are
threaded discussion forum, Blogging, Live chat and Video Teleconferencing, Netiquette and
Safety on the Net.
d. Email Tools
Emails are great communication tools for sending messages, photographs, videos and other files.
It allows you to reach out to others around the world.
Examples:
google mail
Ymail,
Yahoo mail

e. Handheld devices

Handheld devices have become popular among learners. These include Personal Digital
Assistants, global positioning system, (GPS) and geographic Information system (GIS) in the
classroom, Portable electronic keyboards, Digital cameras, Mobile phones, Palm, Handheld
computers.

f. Blog

is an online journal where posted information from both teachers and students are arranged.
There are three kinds of blogs: blogs used for communication, blogs used for instruction, and
blogs used for both.

Wiki
an editable website usually with limited access, allows students to collaboratively create and
post written work or digital files, such as digital photos or videos. Wikipedia is one of the most
widely recognized of all the wikis.

Flipped Classroom
utilizes a reverse instructional delivery, where the teacher is required to use the web resources
as homework or out of class activity as initial instruction of the lesson which will be discussed
during class time.

Podcast
is a video or audio multi-media clip about a single topic typically in the format of the radio talk
show. The two basic functions of a podcast are to retrieve information to disseminate
information.
Google Apps
is a cloud-based teaching tool which is stored in the Google server and is available for students
both at home and in school. It includes the gmail, a free-mail for all; Google calendar – a tool
used for organizational purposes; Google sites that provide options for developing blogs and
wikis; and Google docs is used for sophisticated word processing and editing for the document.

Vlog
is a video blog where each entry is posted as a video instead of the text.

Facebook
is a popular social networking site used by students and adults worldwide to present information
on themselves and to the world.

Roles of Technology for Teaching and Learning

3 Domains of Educational Technology

1. Technology as a Tutor - Together with the teacher, technology can support the teacher to
teach another person or technology when programmed by the teacher can be a tutor on its
own.
2. . Technology as a Teaching Tool - Like a tutor, technology is a teaching tool, but can never
replace a teacher. It is like any other tool, it is being used to facilitate and lighten the work of
the teacher.

3. Technology as a learning tool - While the teacher utilizes technology as the tool for teaching,
likewise it is an effective tool for learning. As a learning it makes learning easy and effective.

A. For Teachers and teaching

technology has opened wider avenues in management of resources and management of
learning and it has moderninzed the teaching-learning environment in schools.

examples of myriad of roles that technology can do for teachers and teaching.
1. Technology provides enormous support to the teacher as the facilitator of learning - It
transforms a passive classroom to an active and interactive one, with audio-visual aids,
charts and models, smart classrooms, e-learning classrooms which motivate and
increase attention level of learners.

2. Technology has modernized the teaching-learning environment - the teachers are

assisted and supplemented with appropriately structured instructional materials for
daily activities. There are varied available technology driven resources which can be
utilized for remedial lesson or activities.
 3. Technology improves teaching-learning process and ways of teaching - This will make
the act of teaching more efficient and effective. There are arrays of teaching methods
and strategies that can use technology which are found compatible with learning styles.

4.Technology opens new fields in educational researches - The areas of teaching teasting
and evaluation are enhanced by technologies for teaching and learning. Current
educational researches will no longer find difficulty in interpreting tests, assessment and
other evaluation results.

5.Technology adds to the competence of teachers and inculcates scientific outlook -

Through the utilization of theories of learning and intelligence which are explained in
references uploaded in the net, the teachers are encouraged to imbibe these
information with speed and accuracy.

6. Technology supports teacher professional development - With the demand of

continuing professional development for teachers, the availability of technology
provides alternative way of attending professional development online.

B. For Learners and Learning

1. Support learners to learn how to learn on their own. All teachers fully understand
that subject matter or content is a means to achieve the learning outcomes.

Categories of Knowledge
Egbert (2009)
Declarative knowledge
consists of the discrete pieces of information that answers the questions what, who,
when, when, and where. It is often learned through memorization of facts, drills, and
practice.

Structural knowledge
consists of facts or pieces of declarative knowledge put together to attain some form of
meaning.

Procedural knowledge
is knowledge in action or the knowledge of how to do something. It is based on facts
but learned through the process of procedural knowledge.

B. For Learners and Learning

2. Technology enhances learner’s communication skills through social interactions. This
is commonly described as the transmittal of information from one person to another as
single individual or groups of individual.
Basic Communication Patterns
Egbert (2009)

Point to point two-way or one-to-one

e.g. internet, chat, phone conversation or even face-to-face conversation.

One-to-many outbound like a lecture, or television-There is no social interaction.

Many-to-many like group discussion, buzz session, heads together-This kind of

interaction provides opportunities for social interaction.
.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
occurs in two ways where the participants ask for clarification, argue, challenge each
other and work towards common understanding. Social interaction through
communication occurs through technology (directly between two persons via e-mail, a
cellphone, or other devices)It can also occur around technology like students discussing
about a problem posed by a software program

3. Technology upgrades learners’ higher-order-thinking skills: critical thinking, problem

solving and creativity.
Twenty-first century learning requires the development of higher-order-thinking skills.
Technology has a great role to play in the development and enhancement of these skills.

Ways that teachers can do to develop critical thinking

A. Ask the right questions
Most often teachers ask questions to find out if the students can simply repeat the
information from the lesson.
Necessary questions like what, who, when, and where does not develop critical thinking.

Critical thinking questions should ask for clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth,
breadth and logic.

Clarity:
Here are some examples…Can you give examples of…

Accuracy:
What pieces of evidence support your claim?

Precision:
Exactly how much…

Breadth:
What do you think will the other group say about the issue?
b. Use critical thinking tasks with appropriate level of challenge

Teachers should be mindful of the readiness of the students. Students who have higher
ability may find the task to easy, thus getting bored early, while those who have low
ability may find the task too difficult. Thus, there is a need to have activities appropriate
for the learners.

CREATIVITY
is characterized as involving the ability to think flexibly, fluently, originally, and
elaborately.

Flexibly - able to use many points of view

Fluently - able to generate many ideas

Originally - implies being able to generate new ideas

Elaborately - able to add details

7creativestrategies
Substitute - find something else to replace to do what it does.

Combine - Blend two things that do not usually go together

Adapt - look for other ways this can be used

Modify/Magnify/Minify - make a change, enlarge, decrease

Put to another use - find other uses

Eliminate - reduce, remove

Reverse - turn upside down, inside out, front-side back.

ICT POLICIES AND ISSUES: IMPLICATIONS TO TEACHING AND

LEARNING

Policy - a course of action adopted and pursued by a government, party, ruler,

statesman. It is any course of action adopted as expedient or advantageous. It is a plan
of action to guide decisions and achieve outcomes. (Oxford Dictionary)
ICT Policies includes principles and guidelines in the use of ICT which covers 3 areas:

- telecommunications (telephone)
- broadcasting (radio & television)
- Internet
1. Information Technology
- includes the use of computers which has become indispensable in modern societies to
process data and save time and effort. Required in this category includes computer
hardware and peripherals, software and for the user, computer literacy

2. Telecommunication Technologies
- include telephones (with fax) and the broadcasting of radio and television often
through satellites, Telephone system, radio and TV broadcasting are needed in this
category

3. Networking Technologies
- the best known of networking technologies is Internet, but has extended to mobile
phone technology, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) satellite communications and
other forms of communications are still in their infancy. In addition to Internet, this
category also includes mobile telephone, cable, DSL, satellite and other broadband
connectivity

the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) has formulated

a roadmap to guide all agencies in the utilization, regulation, and enhancement of ICT.
Each project has corresponding policy and guidelines:

The ICT for Education (ICT4E) is a program under the DICT that supports all the efforts of
the education sector in incorporating the use of ICT as well as in determining and gaining
access to the infrastructure (hardware, software, telecommunications facilities and
others) which are necessary to use and deploy learning technologies at all levels of
education.

2 sets of issues in ICT policy which are crucial to the modern society:

- Access
- Civil liberties

Issue #1: Freedom of Expression and Censorship

Issue #2: Privacy and Security
Privacy policies are an issue. Most commercial sites have privacy policy. When someone
uses a site and clicks “I agree button”, it is as if you have turned over privacy information
to any authority that may access it.

Types of Privacy:
1. Personal privacy- the right of individuals not to have their home, private life or
personal life interfered with.
2. Privacy of communication - refers to the protection from interference with
communication over the phone or internet.
3. Information privacy - is related to the use of computers and communications system
which are able to hold and process information about large numbers of people at a high
speed.

Issue #3: Surveillance and Data Retention

The use of electronic communications has enhanced the development of indirect
surveillance.

Indirect surveillance- there is no direct contact between the agent and the subject of
surveillance but the evidence of activities can be traced.

Dataveillance - is the new and powerful form of indirect surveillance.

Issue #4: E-pollutants from E-waste

Large amount of e-waste is generated by ICT. These are in particular, terminal equipment
used for computing (PCs, laptops), broadcasting (television and radio sets), telephony
(fixed and mobile phones), and peripherals (fax machines, printers and scanners).

Safety Issues on the Use of ICT including e-Safety Rules

Network Management

1. Safety in the Use of Network in School

- Make sure that no one should log on as another user
- Require all users to always log off when they have finished working.
- Maintain equipment to ensure health and safety.
- Provide students with access to content and resources through guided e- learning.
- Set up a clear disaster recovery system in place for critical data that include secure, and
remote back up of critical data.
- Secure wireless network to appropriate standards suitable for educational use.

2. Password Policy
- Only authorized users will have individual passwords. Users are not permitted to
disclose their passwords, unless they got permission from the owner or from the
management. The equipment that keeps the personal information shall be locked when
unattended to prevent unauthorized access

HACKING-means breaking into a computer system to access data.

MALWARE-is the name given to any software that could harm a computer system,
interfere with a user's data, or make the computer perform actions without the owner's
knowledge or permission.

Examples of Malware
Spyware - spys on you

Adware - pops up adverts all the time

Root kits - allows a hacker full access to your computer