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Amti Gems Junior Level 1 - OCR P50
Amti Gems Junior Level 1 - OCR P50
JQ5
THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER
V.SESHAN
THE ASSOCIATION OF j
MATHEMATICS-TEA^HERS-OF-INDTAi
FROM
THE ASSOCIATION OF
MATHEMATICS TEACHERS OF INDIA
B-19, Vijay Avenue, Old No. 37, New No. 85,
Venkatarangam Street, Triplicane, Chennai - 600005.
Phone: 2844 1523 E-Mail: aniti@vsnl.com
Between Us
Dear Reader.
It is matter of pleasure and satisfaction that one of the promised books has
been ready for use now. The earlier book titled GEMS from the
Mathematics Teacher has been popular which contained selected .Questions
and solutions of all levels from our journal up to 199S. There was a demand
for a similar one beyond that jear with specified group -Junior, Inter and the
like. Accordingly we planned one GEMS-Junior and one GEMS -Inter and
the former is now ready.
The problems were chosen, checked for the solutions and additional
information as hints to plan solving such problems by Sri V.Seshan, who has
a background of Mathematics teaching for the past 5 decades, besides
directly associated with the INMO culture as Regional Coordinator in
Bombay. He is also in demand from several institutions including the
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, to guide their teachers and students for
Olympiad culture. I take this opportunity to thank him on behalf of the
AMT1 for this book production, preparing the manuscripts, correcting
proofs and editing the same.
The prospective users will find the material useful for NMTC. Olympiads. IIT
and the like besides spending leisure time in problem solving. We hope and
trust that the well wishers of The AMTI will make use of this material also.
Suggestions for improvement are always welcome as ultimately Quality
products will stand the tests of time.
Yours sincerely.
(M.MAHADEVAN)
PREFACE
Old No. 17/9, New No.2/9, Second Floor, Sankara Kripa Apartmemts, Subbarayan Nagar,
1“ Street, Kodambakkam,. Chennai - 600024, Tamil Nadu. Ph-044-24849406 (Res.)
Contents
Page
Between Us ....................................... i
Preface
PROBLEMS
Unit 1: Algebra............................................................... 11
Unit 2: Geometry33
SOLUTIONS
Unit 1: Algebra................................................................. 61
Unit 2: Geometry130
(1) Identities:
(a) If a + 6 4- c = 0, a3 + fe3 + c3 = 3abc
(b) If a 4- b 4- c = 0, a4 + bA + c4 = |(a2 4- b? + c2)2
(2) Periodic Function:
A function f is said to be periodic, with period k, if
f(x + k) = f(x) for all x.
(3) Pigeon Hole Principle:
If more than n objects are distributed in n boxes, then,
at least, one box, has more than one object in it.
(4) Polynomial Equations:
1 .♦
2 Gems from the'Math ema tics Teacher (Junior Level)
a0 xn + a^ xn~x + + an = 0
where a0,ai,a2,-- are integers and an 0,
then, p is a divisor of an and q is a divisor of a0 .
(e) A number a is a common root of the polynomial
equations /(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0 if and only if it is
a root of h(x) = 0 where h(x) is the G.C.D of f(x)
and g(x).
(f) A number a is a repeated root of a polynomial
equation of f(x) = 0 if and only if it is a common
root of f'(x) = 0 and /(z) = 0.
(g) If ce, /?, 7 are the roots of the equation
ax3 4- bx2 4- ex + d = 0, then the following relations
hold:
(i) a 4- 0 + 7 =
(ii) a0 + /?7 4- 7a = j
(iii) a07 =
(h) If a, 0,7,6 are the roots of the equation
ax4 + bx3 4- ex2 4- dx + e = 0, then,
(i) a+0+7+6 = =£ (i.e aa = =^)
(ii) a/3 + ay+ a6 +07+136+76 = £ (i.e. aa0 = J)
(iii) a07 4- a06 4- 076 4- 076 =
(iv) a07 = f .
a b c
(36) sin A sin B sin C
= 2R (Sine rule)
fe2 + c2 — a2
cos A =
<? +2ff- fe2 (cosine rule)
cos B =
cosC =
*
2ab
(3?) - y.1*—;
sm(C/2) = ;
cos(B/2) = \JS'S~ ;
cos(C/2) =
tan(-4/2)=;
i.e.,
(47)
The area of the triangle )(s-6)(s-c)
where s = a+^+c, will be real. Thus ‘reality’ of
the area (A) formed by the lengths a,d,c is the
necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the
triangle.
(48) Mean Inequalities:
(i) RMS > A.M > G.M > H.M
10 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level)
M * ^4
(50) Weirstrass’ Inequality:
For positive numbers cq, U2, • • •, an ,
(1 4" Uj)(l + U2) • • • (1 + Un) > 1 4* &i d* di + • • • + an .
If ai are fractions (< 1), then
(1 — Ul)(l — U2) • • • (1 — Un) < 1 — (al 4“ U2 4" ■ • ■ 4" Un) •
11
12 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level)
x, if x > 0
—x, if x <
(AMTI-2001)
1.98: In solving a quadratic equation, one student copied
the equation wrongly making an error only in the constant
term and obtained 8,2 as roots. Another student also
copied the equation wrongly making an error only in the
coefficient of the first degree term and obtained -9,-1 as
roots, find the correct equation. (AMTI-2001)
Problems: Algebra 25
2.05: Prove that the product of the first 1000 positive even
integers differs from the product of the first 1000 positive
odd integers by a multiple of 2001. (RMO-2001)
2.06: Determine the least positive value taken by the
expression a3 + b3 + c3 — 3abc as abc vary over all positive
integers. Find also all triples (a, b, c) for which this least
value is attained. (INMO:2002)
2.07: Do there exist three distinct positive numbers a, b, c
such that a, b, c, b + c —a, c+a — b, a + b — c and a + b + c
form a seven term arithmetic progression in some order?
(INMO:2002)
2.08: Show that there are no integers a, b, c for which
a2 + b2 - 8c = 6, (AMTI-2004:F)
2.09: The polynomial ax3 + bx2 + ex + d has integral
coefficients a, b,c,d. If ad is odd and be is even, show
that at least one root of the polynomial is irrational.
(AMTI-2004:F)
2.10: Let f be a function from N to R satisfying
(a) /(I) = 1
(b) /(l) + 2/(2) + 3/(3) + • • • + n/(n) = n(n + l)/(n).
Find /(2004). (AMTI-2004:F)
2.11: Let aj, a2, «3 • • • o,m be a sequence of real’ numbers.
The sum of K - successive terms is called a K- sum. For
example, ar 4- or+i + flr+2 + • • • + Up+jt-i is a K - sum. In
a finite sequence of real numbers, every 7-sum is negative
and every 11-sum is positive. Find the largest number of
terms in such a sequence. Try to construct such a sequence
also- (AMTI-2004:F)
Problems: Algebra 27
70
140
1470
2.13: Rahim wants to arrange a party of a certain number
of people such that two of participants (whose dates of
birth he knows) of the party will have birthdays in the
same month. Find the maximum number of people to be
invited for the party. (AMTI-2003)
2.14: If x = 9+4 \/5 and xy = 1, prove that = 322
(AMTI-2003)
2.15: In a kilometer race, A beats B by 1 minute and
beats C by 375 meters. If B beats C by 30 seconds, find
the time taken by C to run 1km. (AMTI-2003)
2.16: If a + b + c = 0, find (AMTI-2003)
2.17: At the end of the year 2002, Ram was half old as his
grandpa. The sum of the years in which they were born is
3854. What is the age of Ram at the end of the year 2003?
(AMTI-2003)
2.18:1 multiplied a natural number by 18 and another
natural number by 21 and then added the products. Show
that 2004 could be the sum of these products but 2005 or
2006 cannot be natural numbers. (AMTI-2003)
2.19: One hundred and twenty students take an
examination which is marked out of a total 100 (with no
28 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level)
2.24: If Sn = 1 - 2 + 3- 4 + 5- 6 + 7- 8 + • • •
(up to n terms), find S2002 - S2003 + S2004 • (AMTI-2003)
2.25: The sum of all five digit numbers that can be formed
using the digits 1,2,3,4 and 5 (repetition of digits not
allowed) is x. Find x. (AMTI-2003)
2.26: If y 0, find the number pairs (a;, ?/) such that
x + y + ? = 5 and (^ + W) J = T (AMTI-2003)
Problems: Algebra 29
2.29: Find all pairs (x,y) where (x,y) are integers such
that z3 + U3 = y3 . (AMTI-2003:F)
2.30: If the quadratic ax2+bx + c takes rational values for
more than two rational vales of x, then, show that a, b, c
are all rational numbers. (AMTI-2003:F)
2.31: Let A consist of 16 elements of the set
{1,2,3, • • • 106} so that two elements of A differ by
6,9,12,15,18 or 21. Prove that two elements of Ax should
differ by 3. (AMTI-2003:F)
2.32: (22,48),(61,76),(29,34) are some pairs of distinct two
digit numbers whose product ends with 6. How many such
pairs are possible? (AMTI-2005)
2.33: The digits 1,2,3,4 are used to generate 256 different
4 digit numbers. Find the sum of all these 256 numbers.
(AMTI-2005)
aba+x
0
aca+y
1 1 1
—I----- 1— = 0.
a x y
2.47: Let 1 < < a2 • • • < 051 < flua • Prove that among
the 50 consecutive differences (ai — = 2,3,4 • • • 51,
some value must occur at least 12 times. (AMTI:2006:F)
32 Gems from the Mathematics Teacher (Junior Level)
★★★★*
UNIT 2: GEOMETRY
(including construction geometry and trigonometry)
L/C CD
W LM~CB'
Prove that ABCD is a square. (INMO 2004)
3.60: In the figure P, M, Q and R are collinear points
and PM = MQ = MS. Also SR2 = PR • QR. Prove
AQSR = Z.MSP. (AMTI-2005)
*****
UNIT 3: NUMBER SYSTEM
4.01: Find the smallest positive number from the numbers
below 10 - 3vTl,3x/ll - 10, 18 -5VT3, 51 - 10\/26,
10x/26 - 51 (AMTI-1998)
4.02: Evaluate: 2\/6 (AMTI-1998)
4.03: Find the largest integer n for which n200 < 5300
(AMTI-1998)