Characteristics of igneous,

sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
 Igneous rocks

-is derived from the Latin word

-
“Ignis” which means fire,this
rocks are formed when the molten matter are slowly
cooling
-igneous rocks can have many different compositions,
depending on the magma they cool from
2 MAIN TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Intrusive rocks
-also known as “plutonic rocks” are EXAMPLES:
magma’s that cool’s down inside the Pegmatitic Phanaretic
earth’s surface.
-intrusive rocks has a large mineral of
crystals that surface that has a high
amount of crystals are called
phanaretic texture

PEGMATITE GRANITE
 Extrusive rockS
-also called as “volcanic igneous rock” are Aphanitic
formed when the magma erupts above the
earth’s surface and solidifies rapidly.

-extrusive rocks has a small mineral of

crystals,the surface that has a low amount
of crystals are called aphanitic texture which
are not big enough to see.

BASALT
 Other textures of extrusive rocks
Porphyritic Vesicular Frothy
-has a coarse-grained crystals -has frozen bubble -has more frozen bubble
embedded in a fine-grained matrix holes in it holes than vesicular

Andesite Scoria Pumice

Other textures of extrusive rocks
Glassy Fragmental/Brecciated
-has a glass looking rock -coarse grained

Obsidian Tuff
 Igneous rock compositions
Felsic-tends to be light in color it’s Mafic-tends to be dark in color because it’s
composition is higher in silica and low in composition is higher in iron and
iron and magnesium magnesium and lower in silica

Granite Basalt
 Igneous rock compositions
Intermediate-contains silica,iron,and Ultramafic-has a very low silica
magnesium in amounts that are content and are rich in other
intermediate to felsic and mafic minerals
compositions

Andesite Pyroxenite
 Metamorphic rocks
-are characterized as either foliated or non-foliated. Mineral crystals are not aligned in
non-foliated metamorphic rocks. Non-foliated rocks occur when pressure is consistent
or when pressure is relatively low near the surface.

Squished, smeared out, and folded metamorphic rocks are common. Despite these
unpleasant conditions, metamorphic rocks do not melt, or they would become
igneous rocks! Phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble are examples of common
metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been altered by strong heat or pressure
during their formation. One technique to detect if a rock sample is metamorphic is to
look for bands of crystals within it.
 4 types of foliation of foliated rocks
1.Slaty-if the minerals are 2.Phyllitic-if the minerals are barely visible to the
microscopic and appears naked eye , their alignment results in an
foliated it’s Slaty obvious but not very well defined foliation called
Phyllitic

Slate Phyllite
 4 types of foliation of foliated rocks
3.Schistose-when the 4.Gneissic-if the minerals are visible and elongated
bands are visible to the the rock exhibits a coarsely banded appearance
naked eye and have more due to the alignment of minerals this type of
distinct layering it’s texture is Gneissic
Schistose

Schist Gneiss
 Metamorphism-happens when molten rock intrudes other rock.

2 types of metamorphism
1.Contact metamorphism- happens when molten rock intrudes other
rocks and bakes the contact zone where the molten rock touches the
pre-existing rock in which heat and reactive fluids
are the main factors in the transformation of rocks.
Ex. Quartzite, Hornfels, and Marble
2.Regional metamorphism-occurs at convergent boundaries
where tectonic plates are colliding
Ex. Gneiss , Slate , Schist and Phyllite
 Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are formed
from pre-existing rocks or pieces
of once-living organisms.
 3 Main types of sedimentary rocks

1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are

made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-
existing rocks.
 3 Main types of sedimentary rocks
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks
can be found in many places,
from the ocean to deserts to
caves.
 3 Main types of sedimentary rocks
3. Organic sedimentary rocks
form from the accumulation of
plant or animal debris.
EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
EXAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS