Lecture 9 - Toxic and Hazardous Substances

Toxic and Hazardous
Waste
Ralf Ruffel Abarca, PhD
Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
short-term acute hazards such as acute
toxicity by ingestion, inhalation or skin
Hazardous absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye
Substances contact hazard or the risk of fire or explosion;
long-term environmental hazards, including

chronic toxicity upon repeated exposure,
carcinogenicity which may in some cases result
from acute exposure but with a long latent period,
resistance to detoxification process such as
biodegradation, the potential to pollute
underground or surface waters, or aesthetically
objectionable properties such as offensive odors.
substances that are without any safe commercial,
industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are
Hazardous shipped, transported or brought from the country
of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit
Waste through any part of the territory of the
Philippines,
by-products, side-products, process residues,

spent reaction media, contaminated plant or
equipment or other substances from
manufacturing operations and as consumer
discards of manufactured products which present
unreasonable risk and/or injury to health and
safety and to the environment. (RA 6969)
hazardous waste is a waste with properties
Hazardous that make it dangerous or capable of having a
harmful effect on human health or the
Waste environment (EPA).
Example:
Drain Cleaners, oil paint, motor oil, antifreeze,
fuel, poisons, pesticides, herbicides and
rodenticides, fluorescent lamps, lamp ballasts,
smoke detectors, medical waste, cleaning
chemicals, and consumer electronics
Hazardous
Waste
Waste that is either solid, liquid, an oxidizing
substance or an ignitable compressed gas, which,
Hazardous under certain conditions may be readily combustible
or may cause or contribute to fire through friction,
Waste absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical

changes and when ignited, burns so vigorously and
persistently that it creates a danger;
Example:
Gasoline, oil-based paints, lacquer, paint stripper,
thinners, and other solvents are in this category.
Flammable /
Ignitable https://www.swa.org/183/Household-Hazardous-Waste-Symbols
Hazardous Can detonate or explode through exposure to
heat, impact, or pressure.
Waste
Example:
Fire works, commercial explosives, military
explosives, home made explosive devices, small
and large ammunition and pressurized gas
vessels, and cylinders.
Explosive
https://www.swa.org/183/Household-Hazardous-Waste-Symbols
Hazardous Waste substances capable of incineration or
burning, but excluding explosive or highly
Waste inflammable material.
Example:
combustible fibres, hay, straw, hair, feathers,
down, wood shavings, turnings, all types of paper
products, soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings,
rubber trimmings and buffing, metal fines, and
any mixture of the above items, or any other
Combustible salvageable combustible waste material
May generate excess heat, noxious fumes,
Hazardous violent reactions, or explosions when mixed
Waste with some other substances.
Example:
Pool chlorine and permanganate water treatment
chemicals.
Reactive
Substances or wastes which, by chemical action,
will cause severe damage when in contact with
Hazardous living tissue, or, in the case of leakage, will
materially damage, or even destroy, other goods
Waste or the means of transport; they may also cause
other hazards.
Example:
Drain cleaners, muriatic (pool) acid, oven
cleaners, battery acid, and chlorine
Corrosive
Waste contaminated with blood and other
bodily fluids, cultures and stocks of infectious
Hazardous agents from laboratory work, or waste from
patients with infections.
Waste May cause disease in humans and animals.
Example:
discarded diagnostic samples, blood, biomedical
waste, body fluids, waste from autopsies and
infected animals from laboratories, swabs,
bandages and disposable medical devices and
used syringes.
Infectious
Capable of causing injury or death through
Hazardous ingestion, inhalation, or absorption. Some
toxins can cause cancer, genetic mutations,
Waste or fetal harm.
Example:
Pesticides, paint remover, and thinner, silver
polish, flea powders, pet shampoos, and insect
sprays.
Toxic / Poisonous
UN Class Code Characteristics
1 H1 Explosive
Basel 3
4.1
H3 Flammable liquids
H4.1 Flammable solids
4.2 H4.2 Substances or wastes liable to spontaneous
Convention 4.3
combustion
H4.3 Substances or wastes which, in contact with water emit
Regulates the transboundary movements of flammable gases
hazardous wastes and other wastes and 5.1 H5.1 Oxidizing
obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes
are managed and disposed of in an
5.2 H5.2 Organic Peroxides
environmentally sound manner. 6.1 H6.1 Poisonous (Acute)
6.2 H6.2 Infectious substances
8 H8 Corrosives
9 H10 Liberation of toxic gases in contact with air or water
9 H11 Toxic (Delayed or chronic)
9 H12 Ecotoxic
9 H13 Capable, by any means, after disposal, of yielding
another material, e.g., leachate, which possesses any of
the characteristics listed above.
Class Waste Number
A: Wastes with cyanide
Wastes with cyanide A101
DAO 92-29 B: Acid wastes
Sulfuric acid B201
“Hazardous Waste Hydrochloric acid B202
Management” Nitric acid B203
Phosphoric acid B204
Hydrofluoric acid B205
Clarify the definition of hazardous waste and
provide technical standards and Mixture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid B206
requirements for hazardous waste Other inorganic acid B207
generators, transporters, and Organic acid B208
premises/facilities involved in the treatment, Other acid wastes B299
storage, recycle, reprocess, and disposal of C: Alkali wastes
hazardous wastes in the country. Caustic soda C301
Potash C302
Alkaline cleaners C303
Ammonium hydroxide C304
Lime slurries C305
Other alkali wastes C399
Class Waste Number
D: Wastes with inorganic chemicals
Selenium and its compounds D401
DAO 92-29 Arsenic and its compounds D402
Barium and its compounds D403
“Hazardous Waste Cadmium and its compounds D404
Management” Chromium compounds D405
Lead compounds D406
Mercury and mercury compounds D407
provide technical standards and Other wastes with inorganic chemicals D499
requirements for hazardous waste E: Reactive chemical wastes
generators, transporters, and Oxidizing agents E501
premises/facilities involved in the treatment, Reducing agents E502
storage, recycle, reprocess, and disposal of Explosive and unstable chemicals E503
hazardous wastes in the country. Highly reactive chemicals E599
F: Inks/Dyes/Pigments/Paint/Latex/Adhesives/Organic Sludge
Aqueous based F601
Solvent based F602
Inorganic pigments F603
Ink formulation F610
Class Waste Number
F: Inks/Dyes/Pigments/Paint/Latex/Adhesives/Organic Sludge
Other mixed F699
DAO 92-29 G: Waste organic solvent
Halogenated organic solvents G703
“Hazardous Waste Non-halogenated organic solvents G704
Management” H: Putrescible/Organic Wastes
Animal/abattoir waste H801
Grease trap wastes from industrial or commercial H802
provide technical standards and premises
requirements for hazardous waste I: Oil
generators, transporters, and Waste oils I101
premises/facilities involved in the treatment, J: Containers
storage, recycle, reprocess, and disposal of Containers previously containing toxic chemical J201
hazardous wastes in the country. substances
K: Immobilized Wastes
Solidified wastes and polymerized wastes K301
Chemically fixed wastes K302
Encapsulated wastes K303
Class Waste Number
L: Organic Chemicals
Wastes with specific non- halogenated toxic organic L401
DAO 92-29 chemicals
Ozone depleting substances L402
“Hazardous Waste PCB wastes L406
Management” M: Miscellaneous Wastes
Pathogenic or infectious wastes M501
Friable asbestos wastes M502
provide technical standards and Pharmaceuticals and drugs M503
requirements for hazardous waste Pesticides M504
generators, transporters, and POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) pesticides M505
premises/facilities involved in the treatment,
storage, recycle, reprocess, and disposal of
hazardous wastes in the country.
Industries are the biggest hazardous waste
Hazardous generators, but they are also responsible for
managing their waste
Source
• Chemical Manufacturing
• Petroleum and coal product manufacturing
• Mining quarrying and dredging activities
• Pulp and paper industries
• Wood remanufacturing facilities
• Pharmaceutical industries
https://www.youtube.com/c/SolidWasteMOOC
Hazardous Small-scale business can also generate
hazardous waste which might be part of the
Waste municipal solid waste stream
Sources
• Car workshops
• Leather tanning
• Electroplating of metals
• Photofinishing
• Construction and demolition
Hazardous Households can generate hazardous waste
that can be dangerous to human health and
Waste the environment.
Sources
• Cleaning agents, • Waste oils
disinfectants • Paints and solvents
• Aerosols/propane • Pesticides
cylinders • Pharmaceuticals
• Batteries • Refrigerant-containing
• Cosmetics appliances
• Wastes containing • Varnishes
mercury
• E-waste
Hazardous Households can generate hazardous waste
that can be dangerous to human health and
Waste the environment.
Sources
• Cleaning agents, • Waste oils
disinfectants • Paints and solvents
• Aerosols/propane • Pesticides
cylinders • Pharmaceuticals
• Batteries • Refrigerant-containing
• Cosmetics appliances
• Wastes containing • Varnishes
mercury
• E-waste
Hazardous
Waste
Generation
(2011)
Containers Immobilized
Waste Organic 0%
Solvent Wastes
1% 0% Reactive
Chemical Wastes
Acid Wastes 0%
7%
Wastes with
Cyanide Inks/ Dyes/ Oil
9% Putrescible 31%
Pigments/ Paint/
Organic Wastes
Latex/ Adhesives/
0%
Organic Sludge
Organic
Generated
2%
Chemicals
Miscellaneous
0%
Wastes
Hazardous 10%
Waste in the
Philippines Wastes with
(2015)
Inorganic
Chemicals Alkali Wastes
17% 23%
Treatment, Storage, and
Disposal (TSD) Facilities
These are the facilities where hazardous wastes are transported,
stored, treated, recycled, reprocessed, or disposed of. (DENR
Administrative Order 2013-22)
Categorization and
Specifications of TSD Facilities
Category A Category B
Onsite Treatment and Disposal Facilities Thermal Treatment Facilities
Onsite treatment and disposal of hazardous Commercially treat hazardous wastes using
wastes. thermal technologies (either burn or non-
These include those which treat and dispose burn)
hazardous wastes generated within the facility These include those which transform physical
and employ or utilize technologies from and/or chemical characteristics of the
Categories B to E and G. hazardous waste by thermal treatment prior to
disposal.
Categorization and
Category C Category D
Disposal Facilities Recycling Facilities
Accept hazardous wastes for final disposal. Recycle or reprocess hazardous wastes, which are
These include facilities that accept: not generated or produced at the facility. These
include facilities that:
• Only inert or treated hazardous wastes for
final disposal in a dedicated cell • Recover valuable materials (i.e. used or waste
oil, solvents, acids, alkalis, metals, etc.)
• Hazardous wastes for final disposal such as
• Use hazardous wastes as input materials or as
solidified, encapsulated wastes, etc. under
alternative fuel for industrial processes
Class K of DAO 2013-22
• Remediate contaminated soil through physical,
chemical, or biological treatment
Categorization and
Category E Category F
Chemical Treatment Facilities Storage Facilities
Accept and treat hazardous wastes, using Store hazardous wastes, which were not
chemical treatment methods (i.e. generated from the facility awaiting transport
for treatment, disposal, or export.
immobilization, encapsulation, polymerization,
or similar processes). These include the following:
• Material Recovery Facilities
These include those that transform physical or
chemical characteristics of the hazardous • Buildings that store containers, vessels, or
tanks containing hazardous wastes
wastes by physicochemical or thermo-chemical
treatment prior to disposal. • Built tanks that store liquid hazardous
wastes
Categorization and
Category G
Facilities that Decommission PCB-containing
Equipment
Conduct decommissioning of PCB-containing
equipment.
These include those that:
• Drain PCB oil and/or PCB-contaminated oil from
equipment in preparation for storage,
treatment, and/or disposal
• Dismantle PCB-containing equipment in
preparation for storage, treatment, and/or
disposal
Prevention of Hazardous Waste
Prevention of Source Reduction
Hazardous
Waste • Reducing Hazardousness
• Reducing amounts
• Green chemistry
• Increase efficiency
• New business model (chemical leasing)
Prevention of Waste Recycling
Hazardous
Waste • Direct Reuse
• Reclamation
https://www.waste360.com/special-waste/temarry-recycling-turns-hazardous-wastes-commodities-while-cutting-emissions
Treatment of Physical Methods
Hazardous
Waste •
•
Drying
Screening
• Grinding
• Evaporation
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Fixation
https://www.slideshare.net/RambabuPalaka/hazardous-waste-management-
121216869?fbclid=IwAR3jZ4lyQbZaLuThiLXcdbcTqqlkaw_d1whhWOjf07k6ojD0uXSXV44Fpso
Treatment of Chemical Methods
Hazardous
Waste •
•
Oxidation
Reduction
• Neutralization
• Hydrolysis
Treatment of Biological Methods
Hazardous
Waste •
•
Composting
Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition
• Activated Sludge
• Enzyme Treatment
Treatment of Thermal Methods
Hazardous
Waste •
•
Incineration
Boiling
• Autoclaving
• UV Treatment
• Microwave Use
Disposal of Landfarming
Hazardous
Waste Waste is carefully mixed with surface soil on a
suitable tract of land. Microbes that can
metabolize the waste may be added, along with
nutrients. In some cases, a genetically engineered
species of bacteria is used. Treated waste can be
used as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
Disposal of Deep well injection
Hazardous
Waste Liquid waste disposal technology. This alternative
uses injection wells to place treated or untreated
liquid waste into geologic formations that have no
potential to allow migration of contaminants into
potential potable water aquifers.
Disposal of Surface impediment
Hazardous
Waste Encapsulation, fixation, or containment of waste.
This method involves arresting or demobilizing
the movement or migration of waste by
containing it in a hard core: clay soil,
thermoplastics, noncorrosive metallic containers,
etc.
Disposal of Ocean Dumping
Hazardous
Waste Deliberate disposal of hazardous wastes at sea
from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other human—
made structures. It includes ocean incineration
and disposal into the seabed and sub-seabed.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-024-2106-4_10

Lecture 9 - Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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Lecture 9 - Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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Toxic and Hazardous

long-term environmental hazards, including

by-products, side-products, process residues,

Waste absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical

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