INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
• The discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to
human needs and wants.
• Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times
and created things that could make life easier for
the people.
• Intellectual Revolution – the period of paradigm
shifts
-- the era when the scientific beliefs that have
been widely embraced and accepted by the people
were challenged and opposed
Intellectual Revolutions
Copernican
01 Revolution

Darwinian
02 Revolution

Freudian
03 Revolution
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
 Copernican Revolution
In the early times, people questioned
what created days and nights. They wanted
to understand what heavenly bodies like

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Telescope – allowed the people to take a
peek at the outer space; it intrigued them to
know what was actually there.
 Copernican Revolution
• Many Greek philosophers and
intellectuals wrote about planets in an
attempt to explain the movements of
heavenly bodies and their effects on the
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world as they knew it.
• Most of them agreed that planets moved
in circular motion, and that these
movements created days and nights,
among others.
 Copernican Revolution
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Claudius Ptolemy
– a famous philosopher and astronomer,
stated that the planets, as well as the
moon, moved in a circular motion around
the Earth.
Geocentrism -- a concept in which the Earth
is claimed to be at the center of the Solar
System.
The Geocentric Model
Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
• a Polish mathematician and astronomer
• challenged the Ptolemaic model
Heliocentrism – the sun is the center of the
Solar System and not the Earth
• Was rejected at first by the public, but was
eventually accepted by the people in the period
called birth of modern astronomy.
• Birth of Modern Astronomy – this era
began what was known as the scientific
revolution which resulted in the
transformation of society’s thoughts and
belief.
The Heliocentric Model
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
 Darwinian Revolution
• Considered to be one of the
most controversial intellectual
revolutions of its time.
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English naturalist, biologist, and
geologist, published his book, On
the Origin of Species.
 Darwinian Revolution
• Darwin introduced the theory of
evolution, in his book.
• Theory of Evolution – posited
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process of natural selection in
which only the fittest would
survive.
• Evolution – a process wherein organisms have
the ability to adapt to their environment and
would gradually change into something that
would be more competitive to survive.
• This theory became very controversial as
people perceived it to be contradictory to the
church’s teachings that the source of life is a
powerful creator.
 FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
 Freudian Revolution
• Psychology – in the past, was
considered more of an art rather than a
science.
• In the 19th century, Sigmund Freud was
able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary theory
of psychoanalysis.
 Freudian Revolution
• Psychoanalysis – the study that explains
human behavior.
• In this theory, Freud explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious factors.
• He also argued that personality is a product of
three conflicting elements: id, ego, and
superego.
Freudian Revolution
 Freudian Revolution
• Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of
psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were
more philosophical and supernatural.
• Many believed that Freud’s theory had no specific basis
as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
• Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on
refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how
psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating
some mental disorders.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

Copernican Darwinian Freudian

Revolution Revolution Revolution

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