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Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations

1969

A study on load transfer of model friction piles

Richard Milton Franke

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 A STUDY ON LOAD TRANSFER OF

MODEL FRICTION PILES

BY

RICHARD MILTON FRANKE

...
.1943

THESIS

submitted to the faculty of

THE-UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

T 2289
Rolla, Missouri c. I
134 pages

1969

Approved. by

//)
(..........- · " /
 ii

ABSTRACT

P r e v i ou s i n ve s t i g a t i o n s c o nc e r n e d w i th d i s tur b a n c e o f

so f t c la y b y d r i v i n g d i s p l ac ement p i l e s a r e s umma r i z ed . The

i n i t i a t i o n of exc e s s pore wat e r pr e s s ur e s due to p i l e d r i v i n g ,

a n d mech a n i sms o f load t r a n s f e r a r e a l s o d e s c r i bed , a l on g w i t h

t h e a p p l i c a p a b i l i ty o f mod e l p i l e t e s t i n g in anal y s i s o f the

va r i o u s phenomen a .

Lo a d t e s t s were c on d u c t e d on a s s o r t e d s i z e s o f mode l

f r i c t i on p i l e s embedded i n s ed imen ted s o i l s amp l e s whi ch con ­

s i s t ed o f a s i l t and c l ay mi xture . Pi l o t ho l e s o f var i o u s

d i a me t e r s wer e c ut i n t h e s amp l e s .

A t h eo r e t i c a l l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n c u rve wa s u s ed t o c a l c u­

l a t e the l o a d t r an s f er r e d to the s o i l a s a fun c t i o n o f p i l e

emb edment . Labo r a t ory van e s h e a r t e s t r e s u l t s wer e c ompa r ed

to the l o ad tran s f e r r e d to the s o i l by the p i l e .

Re s u l t s o f t h e r e s e a r c h pr ogram i nd i c a t e that: 1) The

r a t i o of the load tran s f e r r e d t o the s o i l to th e u nd r a i ned

s t r ength of the s o i l c hange s w i th dep th i n the s amp l e , a n d with

the r a t i o o f the p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r to the p i l e d i ame t e r , 2)

a n o p t imum p i l o t h o l e s i z e e x i s t s f o r e a c h p i l e wh i c h o f f e r s a

ba l a n c e b e twe en l ow so i l d i s turbance and h i gh l o ad c ar r y i n g

c ap a c i ty , 3 ) the s o i l samp l e s i z e s hould b e four to f ive time s

t h e p i l e s i z e to a c h i eve va l i d l o ad t e s t r e s u l t s , and 4) the

u l t ima t e load tha t a f r i c t i on p i l e c an s upp o r t in c reas e s w i th

t ime a f ter p i l e i n s e r t i on and wi th i n c r e a s ed r a t e s o f pene tr a t i on .

 i ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The wr i t e r w i s h e s to exp r e s s a p pr e c i a t i on to his adv i s o r ,

D r . Jame s C . Arms t r o n g , f o r h i s c on t i n u o u s g u i d a n c e a nd

c o un s e l dur i n g t h e r e s e a r c h p r og r am . The wr i t e r i s a l s o

i nd e bt ed t o D r . F.H. T i no c o f o r his va l ua b l e s u gg e s t i o n s and

a s s i s t anc e in c o rr e c t i on of the manu s c r i p t .

S p e c i a l a c k n ow l e d g em e n t i s due Mr . H . Ho l l i n g s wo r th f o r

h i s a s s i s tanc e i n e qu i pmen t p r epar a t i o n , t o Mr . C h ar l e s Mil l e r

a n d Mr . C h r istophe r Grove s f o r t h e i r a s s i s ta n c e a n d c oo p e ra­

t i o n dur i ng the t e s t in g p r o g r am , and to Mr . Wi l l i am Gr e e n and

Mr . Kamr a n Re z va n for t h eir c o n s t a nt mo r a l s upport t h r o ughout

the r e s e a r c h .

The writ e r i s a l s o g r a t e f u l to Mr . Joh n W. C orwi n e f or

t h e g r aph s and i l lu s t r a tion s , and to Mr s . C o nn i e Hend r ix for

t y p ing the f i n a l manu s c r i pt .

F ina l ly , s p e c i a l appr e c i a t ion go e s t o t h e wr i te r ' s w i f e ,

Vinette , f o r h e r eve r - c o n s t a n t enc o ur a g eme n t and s ac r if i c e

t h r o ug h t h e l o n g hour s o f typ i n g the f i r s t d r a f t s .

The e qu ipm e n t d e v e l o p e d f o r t h i s r e s e a r ch w a s p a r t i a l l y

fund e d b y the Un i ve r s i t y o f Mi s so uri-Ro l l a As s i s ta n t P ro f e s s o r

R e s e a r ch F und N o . 2 9 5 0 -11 0 0. F inan c ia l s upport wa s provided

by t h e Nat i on a l S c i en c e Foun d a t i on T r a i n e e s hi p N S F GZ 876

(2 5 03-2 228}.
 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

ABSTRACT • • • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . iii

LIST OF FIGURES . vi
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X

LIST OF SYMBOLS • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • � • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • xi

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. G eneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Outline of Research
2

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3

A. Soil-Pile Interaction Studies with Full-Scale

Piles . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3
1. The disturbance of cohesive soils by
pil e dr ivi n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Pore water pressures induced by pile
driving ............................ . 9
3. Load transfer by a single friction pile 15

B. Studies with Model Piles in Coh esive Soils . . . . . . 20

III. THE RESEARCH PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B. The Soi l Used in Testing . . . . 29
c. Soil Sample Preparat i on . . . . • • 34
D. Equipment and Instrumentation· 38
1. Model piles • • . • • • • • • • • • • . 38
2. Ali g n ment frames • • • . • . • • . 40
3. Rig id soil sample jackets • . • • • • • . 44
4. Load and penetration measuring instruments 44
5. Vane shear device ... , . • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • 46

E. Laboratory Test P roc e d u r es • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4�

1. Sample encasement and pile insertion • • • 47

2. Pile load testing • . • • • • • • • • • • • • •
48
3. Shear strength testing • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 48
 v

4. C o r r e l a t i on o f va ne shear to unconfined
compressive strength ....................... 50
5. T e s t i n g for effects of e l a p s e d t i me . . . . . . . . 54
6. T e s t i n g f o r e f f e c t s o f p en e t r a t i on r a t e s . .. 54

IV . TE S T RESUL T S A ND ANALYSIS . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A. P hy s i c a l P ro p e r t ie s o f t he Soil S am p le s . . ..... 55
1. S h e a r s t r e n gt h di s t r i bu t i on s . .. . ...... ... . . 55
2. Va r i a t i o n o f moisture content .............. 63
3. C o r r e l a t i o n o f vane s he a r t o u n c o n f i n ed
co mpress i v e strength ....................... 65

B . Load T r a n s f e r o f Mod e l P i l e s a s a F u n c t i o n o f
P i l o t H o l e , P i l e and S amp l e S i z e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1. T h e or e t i c a l c on s i d e ra t i o n s .... . ..... ... . .. . 68
2. Loa d t e s t s w i th 1 / 4 i n ch pile .... . ...... . . . 74
3. Lo a d te s t s wi th 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e ........ ...... 86
4. Load t e s t s w i th 3 / 4 i nc h pile .............. 99
C . Load T r an s f e r a s a F u n c t i o n o f T ime ..... . ... . . . 99
D . Load T r a n s f e r a s a Func t i o n o f Pe n e t r a t i o n
Ra t e 103

V. SUMMARY AND CONC LUS I ON S .. . .... ....... ............. 108

VI . RECOMM ENDA T IONS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

VI I . AP PEND IX A VANE S H EAR STRENG TH DIS T R I BU T ION S

F OR SO I L SAM PLES ..... ...... . ..... . . . 114

VIII. B I BL I OGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

IX, V I TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3
 vi

LIST OF F IGURES

Figure Page

1 Zeevart's concept of soi l failure adjacent

to pile ...... .. .. ...... . .. ... .... .... ........
. 5

2 Airhart's concept of so il failure adjacent

to pile . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 Grain size distribution curves for the soils

used i n the research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 32

4 Positions of soils used in research on

plasticity chart . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 33

5 Location of vane shear tests for the deter­

mination of shear strength distributi ons of
2 . 5 inch samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6 Locati on of tests to correlate vane shear

strength to unconf ined compressive strength
of soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7 Vane shear - moisture content relation for

1.4 i nch �amples used w i th 1 / 4 inch pile······· 56

8 Vane shear strength distribut i ons in 1.4

inch samples used w i th 1/4 inch pile··········· 58

9 Vane shear strength distribut i ons in 2.5 inch

samples used with 1/4 inch pile • . . . . . . . • • . • • . • 60

10 Vane shear - moisture content relation for

1.4 inch samples used with 1 /2 inch pile . • . . . . 62

11 Moisture content distributi ons in two represen-

tative soil samples • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . • 64

12 Variation of vane shear and unconfined com-

pressive strength w i th water content . . . . . . . . . . 66

13 Load distribution versus depth for model

pile-soil system . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . 71

14 Load versus penetration for 1 /4 inch pile

in 1. 4 inch samples .......................... . 75

15 Variation of T-S ratio with depth for various

R ratios - 1 /4 inch pile, 1 .4 inch samples 78
d
• . •
 vii

(continued) LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

16 Load versus penetration for 1 / 4 inch pile

in 2. 5 inch samples • . • • . • • • • . • • . . • • • • . . • • • • • • . 81

17 Variation of T-S ratio with depth for various

R ratios - 1/4 inch pile, 2. 5 inch samples 82
d
• • .

18 Results of pilot hole study to determine

optimum R ratio - 1/4 inch pile • • • • • . • • • • • • • •
84
d
19 Load versus penetration for 1/2 inch pile in
2. 5 inch samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

20 Variation of T�s ratio with depth for various

R ratios 1/2 inch pile, 2. 5 inch samples
-
89
d
21 Results o f pilot hole study t o determine
optimum R ratio - 1/2 inch pile • • • • • . . • • • • • • •
91
d
22 Load versus penetration for 1/2 inch pile
in 1. 4 inch samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

23 Variation of T-S ratio with depth for 1/2

inch pile in 1. 4 inch samples • •
.
. . • . . • • • . • • • • • •
94

24 Load versus penetration for 3/4 inch pile

in 1. 4 and 2.5 inch samples • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • .
96
·
25 Variation of T-s ratio with depth for 3/4
inch pile in 1. 4 and 2. 5 inch samples • • • . • . • • •
98

26 Increase in ultimate load with time after

pile insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

27 Increase in T-S ratios with time after

pile insertion • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • . 102

28 Ultimate load versus penetration rate • • • • • • . • • 104

29 Ultimate load versus log penetration rate 106

30 Vane shear strength distributions for 1.4

inch samples used with 1/2 inch pile • . • . • • • . • . 115

31 Vane sh ear strength distributions for 2.5

inch samples used with 1/2 inch pile • • • • • • • • • • 116
 viii

(continued) LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

32 Vane shear strength distributions for 1 .4

and 2 . 5 inch samples used with 3/4 inch
pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

33 Vane sh ear strength distribution for

sample from elapsed time test . • • . • • • . . • • • • • • • 1 18
 ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I P hy s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f the S o i l s U s ed
in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

II S i z e s o f P i l o t Ho l e Cut t e r s U s ed and Rati os

to P i l e D i ame t e r s . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 41
 X

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Pho tograph Page

1 1 . 4 i n c h d i ame t e r luc i t e s e d iment a t i on

tub e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2 S o i l te s t mod e l C - 2 5 2 co n s o l i d a t i o n c e l l
w i th 2 . 5 inc h d i amet e r l uc i t e s ed imen-
tation tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 A s s o r ted br a s s p i l o t ho l e c u t t e r s a nd
mod e l p i l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 39

4 Heavy - d u t y a l uminum f r ame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5 P l e x i g l a s s a l i g nme n t fr ame f o r mo d e l pi l e s
and p i l o t ho l e cutte r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

6 S t e e l l o a d i n g r i ng wi th s t r a in g a g e
a rr a n g eme nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 • • 43

7 P i l e l o a d i n g s y s t em and i n s t r ume n t a t ion . . . . . 49

8 M i n i a tur e " S h e lby " tub e an d s eve r a l f a i l ed

s amp l e s f r om uncon f i n ed compr e s s io n te s t s . . . 49
 xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

ml. milliliter

em. centimeter

rom . millimeter

J.l micron

psf pounds per square foot

ratio of pilot hole diameter

to p ile diamete r

T-S ratio of the load transferred

to the so il by the p i l e to the
undr a i n e d shear strength of
the so il
 1

I. INTRODUCTION

A. General

As programs o f large scale construction continue and

expand, suitable foundation sites at strategic locations

become less available. Where large, deep deposits of sof t

silts and clays are encountered, economics and practical

design considerations dictate the use of " floating" pile

foundations. The se structures gain support from the skin

friction developed between the soil and pile wall, and do

not bear directly on firm strata below. By their nature

they are subject to excessive settlements and occasional

bearing capacity failures and are, therefore, subject for

concern.

Although considerable amount of in formation has been

accumulated on soil-pile interaction by the driving of

full-scale instrumented piles, the cost and equipment in­

volved is usually restrictive. The complexity o f most

natural soil deposits renders generalizations based on the

results of such tests questionable, and damage to sensi­

tive instruments during driving may mean a small return

of usable data gain ed from the investment.

In recent years m any investigators have turned to the

use of model piles because they cost less and have greater

flexibility with respect to the foundation geometry and

soil conditions. To date many and varied test procedures

have been chosen to achieve the desired compatibility

 2

be tw e e n l a bo r a t o ry and f i e l d tes t resul t s .

The p urpos e o f t h i s r ese a r c h p r o g ram was to i n t e r p r e t

r e s u l t s o f l o ad t es ts o n mode l f r i c t i on p i l es . S e r i es o f

t e s ts we r e c o n du c t ed s u c h that the e f f e c ts o f d i f f erent va l u e s

o f s e l e c t e d v a r i a b l es c o u l d be s t udi ed .

B. O u t l i n e o f Res e a r c h

The r e s e a r c h p r o g r am was c a r r i e d o u t i n s i x g e n e r al

s t ep s:

1. A r ev i ew o f ex is t in g l i ter a tur e was p e r f o rme d to

b e come f ami l i a r wi th s o i l - p i l e i n t e r a c t i o n i n

g e n e ra l , a nd t o a c t a s a gu i d e i n the c h o i c e of

s u i ta b l e p r o c e du r e s t o a c h i eve v a l i d resul t s .

2. Two bas i c a lly pur e s o i l typ e s we r e o b t a i n e d an d

t es t s were c ar r i e d out t o d e t e rm i n e the physical

properties of e a c h .

3. A m i x ture of t h e two s o i ls was us e d i n p r e p a r i ng

two sizes o f s e d imen t e d s amp l e s o f the d e sir e d

consistency .

4. Fun c t i o n a l and s en s i t ive eq u i pme n t c ommen sur a t e

with the d e s i r e d d e g r e e o f a c c ur a c y wa s d ev e l oped .

5. T e s ts t o s t udy t h e e f f e c t s o f p i l o t h o l e size,

pile s i z e and s amp l e s i z e we r e c onduc t e d , a l on g

wit h v a n e s h e a r a n d unc o n f i n e d compression to

correlate results .

6. The results were a n a l yz ed , conclusions draw � and

recommendations given .
 3

II . REVIEW OF L I TERATURE

A. S o il�Pile Int e r a ction S tud i e s wi t h F u l l - S c a l e P il e s

1. Th e d i sturbance o f c o h e s ive s o i l s by pi l e d r i v i ng

As e a r l y a s 1 9 1 5 , Ka r l Z imme rma n o b s e rv e d and r e p o r t e d

the i n f l u e n c e o f p i l e s ize and s hape o n d i s turban c e t o the

s ur round i n g s o i l. He not ed t h a t i n varved c l a y s the d i s tor-

t i o n wa s e a s i ly s e e n , and in some c a s e s d i s turbe d zon e s occur-

red whi c h e xt e n d e d at l ea s t on e p i l e d i amet e r away from the

pile .

I n 1 9 3 2 C a s a g r a n d e put for t h th e f i r s t s i gn i f i c a n t t h e ory

con c e rn i ng the a c t i on of p l a s t i c c l ay a r ound d r i ve n d i s p l a c e -

me n t p i l e s . The c l a y s amp l e s w e r e f rom the La u r e n t i a n Va l l ey

i n C a n ada , a n a r e a k nown f o r i t s s en s i t ive c l a y s . From c o n -

f i n e d a nd unconf i n e d comp r e s s i o n t e s t s r u n o n und isturbed and

r emo l d e d s amp l e s t a k e n a t var y i ng d i s ta nc e s r a d i a l ly f r om the

pile , it wa s d i s c o ve red t h a t some c l a y s n e a r t h e p i l e e xp e r i -

enc e d a n i n c r e a s e i n t he i r c o e f f i c i en t o f c ompr e s s ibi l i ty . In

som e i n s t a nc e s t h i s i n c r e a s e wa s s o g r e a t th a t t h e so i l c om-

pr e s s ed und e r i t s own w e i g ht . C a s ag r a n d e sug g e s t e d tha t t h e

1
c la y immed i a t e ly s u r roun d i n g t h e p i l e would b e remold ed to a

d i s t a n c e o f o n e h a l f of th e p i l e d i ame t e r , a nd to a di s ta n c e o f

1 . 5 p i l e d i ame t e r s t he c l ay wou l d be d i s turb ed suf f ic i e n t l y to

c au s e a r a th e r l arg e i n c r e a s e i n compr e s s i b i l i ty .

1
Remo l d i n g r e f e r s to the d e s truc t ion o f th e a rrangemen t o f the
mo l e c u l e s in the a b s o rbed laye r s of the c l ay p a r t i cle s , and
i n j ury to the c l ay s t ructure t h a t deve loped during sedime n t a t ion .
 4

Us i n g s imi l a r e xp e r ime n t a l a n a l ys es , Z e e va e r t ( 1 9 5 0)

s tud i ed t h e e f f ec ts o f d r i v i n g wood p i l es i n t o the s o f t s en­

s i t i v e c l a y s unde r l y i ng Mex i c o C i ty . H e co n c luded tha t t h e r e

a r e thr e e z o n es o f s o i l wi th d i f f e r i n g p rop e r t i es i n the f o rm

o f a n nu l a r r i ngs a r ound t h e n ew l y d r i v e n p i l e . ( S e e F i g . 1).

Z on e I r ep r e s e n ts comp l e te l y r emo l de d c l ay whi c h i s i n c o n ­

s t a n t moveme n t dur i n g t h e d r i vi n g p r o c ess . T h i s zon e of

r emo l d e d s o i l ha s a t h i c k n e s s equa l t o 0 . 2 t i me s the p i l e d i ­

ame t e r , and comp l e t e ly sur r oun d s t h e p i l e .

Z on e I I i s i n t h e s ha p e of a n a n nu l ar r i n g s u r r ound i ng

Z o n e I a n d c on s i s t s o f s o i l t h a t is qui t e d is tur b e d . A c c o r d i ng

to t h e o r y , t h e s o i l moves dur i n g t h e d r i v i n g p r o c es s , b u t v e r y

l i t t l e , a n d p r o b a b l y e x t end s to o n e d i ameter f r om t h e p i l e

wa l l . I n Zo n e I I I the c l a y is ass umed to r ema i n una l t e r ed

dur i n g d r i ving , exc e p t f o r a t empo r a r y upwa r d e l as t i c d e fo rma­

t i o n due to p r es sures c aus ed by the d i s p l a c e d vo l ume o f r emo ld­

ed c l ay dur ing d r i v i n g .

A l t hough t h e e xa c t va l u e s f or t h e bound a r i es o f the zon e s

d o no t c o r r e s p ond b e twe e n t h e C a s agra n d e a n d Z eeva e r t t h e o r i e s ,

t h e y ag r e e in th e b a s i c i d e a t h a t the r e a r e z on es o f s o i l

und e r g o i n g l o c a l a nd g e n e ra l s he a r wh i l e p i l es a r e d r iv e n i n to

the s tr a t a . Gui d e d by t h e s e t h e o r i e s , e n g in e e r s c ame to

b e l i ev e t h a t d r i v i n g p i l es i nt o s o f t c l ay m i g h t c au s e s u f f i ­

c i e n t r emo l d i n g o r d is turbanc e t o pro duc e appr e c i ab l e s e t t l e ­

ment o f t he s u r f a c e from t h e w e i ght o f the s oi l it s e l f , and that

t h e p r e s e nc e of p i l e s may prove d e tr i me n t a l i ns tead of bene­

f i c ial .
 5

�--D

r-0.2D
1----D-�

o.zn-l
ZONE I

Corr..pletely
�estroyed
and Remolded

ZONE II

Some PILE
Disturbance
Displaced
-
I
Upward

L ZONE III

Upm:trd Zlastic
:Ueforr:1ation Gnly

(A f t er Ze eva e r t )

'---- SOIL '7EDGE

Fig . 1. Zeevaert's concept of soil failure adjacent to pile.

 6

I n a s tudy b y C umm i n g s , K e r kho f f and P e c k ( 1 9 50 ) con­

c l u s i o n s c o n f l i c t i n g to t h o s e above were d r awn . U nd i s turbed

s amp l e s t a k e n around wo o d e n p i l e s d r i v e n i n a s t r a ta of

D e t r o i t c l ay i nd i c a ted that t h e r e g i o n o f d i s t urbance is l i mi t­

ed to a z o n e wi t h i n a f ew i n c h e s o f t h e p i l e , and tha t th e

ma i n vo l ume o f t h e s o i l ma s s i s undi s turbed . The D e t r o i t c l ay

c o n s i s t s o f a l a y e r o f s t r a t i f i e d o r v a rved c l a y , and a l ay e r

o f r e l a t i v e l y homo g e nou s c l a y . I t wa s d i s cove r ed tha t a f t e r

a s ho r t t i me t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e homo g e n e ou s c l a y clo s e to

t he p i l e s howed an i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h , and the varved c l a y

showed a s l i gh t i n c r e a s e i n s h e a r s t r eng t h wi t h the pa s s ag e

o f t ime . Mo i s t u r e c o n t e n t d e t e rmina t i o n s made pr i or t o a n d

fo l l ow i ng p i l e d r i v i n g s howe d n o i nd i c a t i o n of a migr a t i on o f

mo i s t u r e f r om t h e c l a y a d j a c e n t t o t he p i l e . F rom the s e

f i nd i ng s t h e a u t ho r s c on c l ud e d t h a t i t wa s n e a r l y i mpo s s i b l e

t o s u s ta i n a s e t t l em e n t o f the s u r f a c e n e a r t h e d r i v e n p i l e s .

In the s tudy above th e f i r s t s amp l e s we r e taken one mon th

a f t e r d r i v i ng . T h i s t i me l ap s e w a s u s ed a s a n a r g um e n t a g a i n s t

the v a l i d i ty o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o n t h e b a s i s t h a t " s e t - up " , o r

t h i xo t r op y , c o u l d have a s i z ab l e e f f e c t wi t h i n tha t pe r i od o f

t ime . The p r a c t i c a l c o n c e p t o f s e t - up i s t h a t water i s

r e l e a s ed by the s ud d e n d i s turba n c e o f t h e c l a y s o i l dur i n g

d r i v i n g , and th i s wa t e r t end s t o lubr i c a t e t h e p i l e as d r i v i ng

i s continued . R e a d j u s tmen t o f the d i s turbed c l ay may o c c ur

w i t h i n the f i r s t o n e o r two d a y s a f t e r d r i v i n g , a nd pa r t i a l ly

exp l a i n s t h e u s ua l d i f f i cu l ty me t if r e d r iv i n g i s nec e s s ary

( Le g g e t , l 9 50 ) . It i s i n t er e s t i ng to n o t e t h a t the water
 7

content of the clay studies by Cummings,

et. al. lay almost
midway between the plastic and liquid limit of the soil.

Legget (1950) indicated that in many other cases cited,

the soils under consideration were very near, at, or above

their liquid limit, and that in the final analysis the observed

disturbance may depend on the sensitivity and liquidity index

of the soil.

Conclusions similar to those expressed by Cummings, et.

al. were drawn from a study by Holtz and Lowitz (1965). Their

tests in a lean clay with low sensitivity showed no significant

loss in shear strength of the soil adjacent to the pile after

driving. They concluded that pile driving did not produce

shear strength and compressibility changes that would cause

detrimental settlement to the structure. The vane shear tests

performed immediately after driving were three feet from the

pile, and possibly outside any zone of disturbance. Subse-

quent tests 1 1/2 feet from the pile were conducted six weeks

later, possibly after a thixotropic regain of strength.

In contrast, a recent investigation by Orrje and Broms

(1967) with displacement piles in a Swedish quick clay gave

results in agreement with Casagrande's theory. The sensitiv-

ity ratios of the clay ranged from 20 to 50 and the liquidity

index was near one. The vane shear strength decreased within

a region extending outward from the pile wall a distance 1.5

times the pile diameter. A similar decrease in strength

occurred within a pile group with a spacing between piles less

than four pile diameters. The opposing results of these latter

 8

two c a s e h i s to r ie s fur ther sugg e s t that the s e n s i t i v i ty o f

the s o i l ha s a d e f i n i t e b e a r i n g on t he amount and extent o f

d i s t urba nc e c r e a ted by p i l e d r iving .

In a s tudy by Rut l ed ge (1948), not d i r e c t l y conc e rn ed

w i th p i l e s , i t wa s f ound th at a s emi - l o g a r i thmi c p lo t o f the

c ompr e s s i v e s t r e n gth ver s u s w a t e r c o n t ent r e l a t i on i s a c urve

p a r a l l e l to the v i r g i n por t i o n of the con s o l ida ted c l ay s .

Ba s e d o n this r e l a t i on , Rut l ed g e p l o tted r e s ul t s o f wat e r con-

t e nt d e t e rminat i o n s and s h e a r s trength te s t s from the s tudy

by Cumm i n g s , e t . a l . , a nd showed tha t the s o i l n e a r th e p i l e

wa s i n a condi t i o n i n t e rmed i a t e b e tween comp l e te r emol d i n g

and an und i s turb e d s ta t e . In short , h e imp lied that C a s a g r ande ' s

theory may be a bit e xc e s s ive,an d C umming s' a b i t c on s erva-

tive, wi th the true s i tuat ion lying s omewhe r e b e tween , depen-

d i ng on the phy s i c a l proper t i e s o f the clay .

The l a te s t and po s s ibly the mo s t compr ehen s iv e studi es

on s oil- p i le i n te r a c t i on wer e conduc t e d by A i rhart (196 7 ). He

p e r f ormed s t a t i c and dynami c l o ading t e s t s on f u l l y i n s tru-

mented p i l e s equi pped wi th pr e s s ure tran s duc e r s , s tr a i n g a g e s

and a c c e l e r ome t e r s . The re l a tive extent o f the failure

mecha n i sms wa s e s ta b l i s he d through both d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t

mean s . Bor i ng s w e r e made a t the s i te p r i o r to and f o l lowing

t h e d r i v i n g ope r a t i on a t di f f e r e nt d i s t anc e s radi a l l y f rom the

pi le. Eva l u a t i o n s o f the chan g e s in shear s trength , vo i d ra ti o ,

wat e r content and uni t weight o f the soi l were made f ro m tho s e

bor i n g s . In add i t i on, X-ray a b s o r p t i o n technique s were used to

'

ind i rectly obse rve changes in the soi l s tr uc tur e around the
 9

p i l e by ta k i ng a '' s i d e - v ie w " o f the l oc a t i o n a f t e r the

d r i v i n g p ro c e s s .

I n A i rha r t ' s f i n a l ana l y s i s , the ann u l a r r i n g o f d i s ­

turbed s o i l a r ound the p i l e wa s divi ded into two d i s t i n c t

z on e s o f l o c a l a n d g e n e r a l s h e a r . ( Se e F i g . 2). The z on e o f

l o c a l s h e a r r e p r e s e n t s t h a t r e g i o n c l o s e s t to t h e p i l e , and

the s o i l w i t h i n that z o n e is brought to a c omp l e t e p l a s t i c

f a i lure w i th i t s s tr uc t ure b e in g d e s troyed . He ob s erved th i s

z o ne t o e xtend o u tward to a d i s t ance 3 . 5 t i me s the rad i u s o f

the p i l e f rom t h e p i l e wa l l . He f ur ther d i v i d ed the f i r s t

z o n e t o i n c lude a dynamic f l ow zone i n which the s o i l i s

c a r r i e d downwa r d by the p i l e . Thi s s ub- z o n e extend s to

ro ugh l y t h r e e fo u r t h s of the p i l e radi u s f r om the p i l e f a c e .

T h e g e ne r a l s h e a r r e g i on , o r that ext e n d i n g beyond the l o c a l

s hear z one , i s a n a r e a i n wh i c h the s o i l i s s tr e s s ed who l l y

w i t h i n the e l a s t i c r a n g e o f· t h e s o i l . Comp a r i s on o f F i g s . 1

a n d 2 i nd i c a t e s s ome s imi l a r i ty b e twe e n the th eor i e s o f

A i rhar t a n d Z e evaert .

A i r h a r t ' s method s o f d i r e c t and i nd i r e c t ob s e rvat i o n

o f f e r exc e l l en t p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r c o n t i nued r e s e a r c h o n the

a c t i on o f c l a y s n e a r newly d r i ven p i l e s . The re i s n o doubt

t h a t in s ome s o i l s d i s turba n c e i n i t i a t ed by p i l e d r iving

may be e xc e s s ive to the po i n t of being detr imen t a l to the

s e rv i c e o f the f o unda t io n and s truc ture .

2. Po r e water p r e s sur e s induced by p i l e d r i v i n g

A phenomenom wh i ch h a s b e e n ob s e rved many t i me s dur ing

t he loadi n g of s a turated cohe s ive s o ils is the bu i l d-up of

 10

"--- GENERAL SHEAR

ZONE �

EXTENT OF
LOCAL SHEAR
ZONE

1.?5r

DYNAMIC
FLOW ZONE ( A f t e r A i r h ar t )

F ig . 2. A i r h a r t ' s c o n c ept o f s o i l f a i lure

a d j a c e n t to p i l e
 11

pr e s s u r e i n the pore wa t e r o f the s y s t em . I t h a s b e e n sh own

t ha t thi s pore wa t e r p r e s s ur e i s a f u n c tion of l o ad app l i c a -

t i o n, time, s o i l s truc t ur e, s ensitivity an d s t r e s s h i s tory .

T h i s phenome non i s a l s o n oted w i t h s o i l l o a d i ng a s a r e s u l t

o f pil e d r i ving . The d i s turb a n c e o f the s a t ur a t e d s o i l

s tr uc t ur e around the s u r f a c e o f the p i l e r e s ul t s in a ch ange

in void ra tio and s ub s equent change in por e wa ter pr e s s ure .

The s e chang e s in p r e s s ur e f urther a f f e c t the c omp l ic a t ed

mechan i sms o f l o ad r e s po n s e i n a pi l e - s oi l s y s tem . Af ter

l oa ding, t he d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n the pore wa t e r p r e s s ur e in the

imme d i a t e v i c i n i ty of the p i l e and in the n e i ghbo r i ng so i l

. 2
ma s s 1 s re d uc e d b y a pro c e s s c a 1 1 e d d'1 s s1pa
. t'1on It i s

b e l i eved that the mag n i tude and dura tion o f th i s p r e s s ur e

d i f f erenc e i s a f unc t i o n o f t h e ext e n t o f s o i l dis turbanc e s ,

and the p e rmeab i l i ty a n d d i f fu s i vi ty o f the s o i l (Air h a r t e t .

al. , 1967)

Se e d and Re e s e (1957), Soderberg (1962), and A i r h a r t

(1967) h a v e i nve s t i ga t ed t h e e xc e s s p o r e wa t er pre s s ur e s

d eveloped dur i n g t he p i l e driving proc e s s , a nd have s o ught to

c o r r e l a t e t hi s d i s s ipa tion wi t h the l o a d - c arrying c apac i ty o f

the pile .

S e ed and Re e s e (1957), u s i ng fu l l s c a l e ho l l ow s t e e l

p il e s i n s t r ume n t e d wi t h p o r e wa t e r p r e s s u r e t r a n s duc er s , o b s e rv -

ed exc el l e n t a g r e eme n t b e twe e n th e r a te o f i nc r e a s e i n s hea r

2 ' .
Po r e p r e s s u r e d 1Ss 1pa t1on r e f ers to th e r educ t i on i n the
.

val ue of p o r e wa t e r p r e s s u r e in a g iven vo l ume of soi l by

the migration o f water .
 12

s t r e ng t h o f the s o i l and the r a t e o f d e c rea s e o f e xc e s s pore

pre s sure s . They r e p o r t e d tha t the r a t e o f i nc r e a s e o f th e

b e a r ing c a p a c i t y o f the p i l e l a gged t h e p r o c e s s e s above , but

s ug g e s t e d there was a t ime l ag in the d eve l opment o f bond

between the s o i l and the p i l e . To th e prac t i c i n g e n g i n e e r ,

the s e theor i e s i mp l y t h a t a n a c c ur a t e me tho d o f p r ed i c t i ng

e xc e s s p o r e p r e s s ur e d i s s i p a t i o n wi l l g i ve the ma g n i tude of

the t i me i n t e rv a l b e tw e e n p i l e d r ivi n g and t h e time when the

f u l l s upp o r t i n g c a p a c i ty o f the p i l e i s dev e l op e d . More v a l i d

l o a d t e s t s c an b e p e r f ormed a f t e r thi s t ime i n terva l .

S e ed a n d R e e s e (19 5 7 ) extended the co n c e p t o f sh ear dif -

f u s i o n to the r a d i a l d i s s ip a t i o n o f e x c e s s hydro s t a t i c p r e s -

s ur e f rom t h e s u r f a c e o f a p i l e . A s s uming a n i n s t a n t a n e o u s

s u r f a c e s o u r c e o f s t r e ng th , Q, a c t i n g o v e r the s ur f ac e , a n d

t h a t t h e s o i l i n t o wh i c h the p i l e i s d r iven b ehave s a s a v i s -

c o u s f l ui d , th e y de rive d an. expre s s i o n for t h e pore water

p r e s sure a s a f u n c t i on o f t ime a s f o l l ows:

u = _g_
4TIKt

whe r e Q = s t r e n g t h o f i n s t a n t an e o u s s ur f a c e
s o ur c e a t t = 0 ,
K = d i f f u s i v i ty con s t an t ,
t = t ime f r om d r i v i ng to t h e t ime in
que s ti on , a n d
u = e xc e s s po r e wa t e r p r e s s u r e a t time t.

An i n sp e c t i on o f the equa t i on i n dic a t e s that the s o l u t i o n

i s i nd e p e n d e n t o f the r a diu s o f th e p i l e . In add i t i on, the

a s s ump t i o n s u s ed i n the d e r i v a t i on imp l y that the material

close to the p i l e h a s u n i f orm d i f f u s i o n c h a r a c teri s t i cs, and

 13

t h a t t h e s o u r c e o f e xc e s s p o r e wa ter pressur e exi s ts in t he

immed i at e a r e a o f the p i l e s ur f a c e . I t wa s suggested i n the

p r e v i o u s s e c t io n th a t the s o i l ext e r i o r to t he p i le d i f f e r s in

c ha r a c t e r w i t h r a d i a l d i s t a n c e f r om t h e p i l e - s o i l i n t e r f a c e .

I t f o l l ow s t h a t an a r e a o f remo l d i ng , howe v e r sma l l , do e s

e x i s t and t h a t t h i s a r e a a c t s a s a sou r c e o f exc e s s p r e s sur e .

I n t h e i r c o mp a r i s o n o f p o r e pr e s s ur e r e a d i n g s a n d r e su l t s

o f t h e e q ua t i on c i t e d b e f o r e , S e ed a n d Re ese r e po r t t h a t t h e i r

e q u a t io n g i ve s s omewha t e r r on e o u s an s we r s f o r sh o r t t ime s , but

t h a t the c o r r e l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s s ligh t l y wi th i n c r e ase s i n t i me ,

p r o v i d e d t h e i r t r a n s duc e r me a s u r eme n t s we r e a c cur a te .

S o derberg (1962) m a de a s i g n i fic a n t st e p i n rea l iz i n g

the p h y s i c a l s i t ua t i on o f p o r e p r e ssur e s a r o u n d p i les . He

r e s t r i c t ed h i s s o l ut i o n t o one a s s umed i n i t i a l e x c e s s po r e

p r e s sure s o ur c e , bu t h e e xp e c t e d the di s s i p a t i on c urve s t o

f o l l o w e i t h e r o f two b a s i c a s s ump ti o n s r e ga r d i n g the b e h a vior

of s o i l as an e n gin e e r i n g ma t e r i a l . T he f i r s t assump t i on i s

t h a t t h e s o i l a c t s a s a p e r f e c t l y e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c ma t e r i a l ,

a n d t he s e c ond i s that , a t t he i n s tant o f d r i v i n g , the s oil

a c t s a s a v i s co u s l iqu i d . H i s s o lut i on s a r e too l engthy f o r

r e p r o d uc t i o n i n thi s pap e r , bu t i t ma y b e we l l to not e th a t

t h e s o l ut i o n s ba s e d on e a c h a s s ump tio n p l o t very c los e on a

g r a p h by t h e c o e f f i cie n t o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n a s the a b s cis s a .

T h e v i s c o u s f l u i d a s sump t i o n g i ve s s l i gh t ly h i gh e r va lue s f o r

t h e p e r c e n t a g e d i s s i p a t i on . Mo s t imp o r tant i s the fa c t that

i n Sod e r be r g' s f in a l a n a l y s i s , the la t e ral d imen sion o f the

p i l e and t h e c o e f fic i en t of c on s o l id a t i o n of the s oil

 14

d e t ermine s the time requi�ed for pore water di s s i

p a t i on. It
do e s no t, howe ve r , r e c o gni z e the e f f e c t o f the di srup t i on o f

the ex i s t i n g s o i l s t r uc t u r e i n the re gion immedi a t ely surround­

ing the p i l e wh i c h i s simi l a r to the d r awb ack a s s o c i a ted w i th

Se ed and Re e s e ' s wor k.

I n a s t udy f o r the Texa s T r a n s p o r ta t i on I n s t i tu t e ,

Airhar t , H i r s ch and C o y l e ( 1 9 6 7 ) d o n o t ave r a g e th e s oi l prop -

erties of the va r i ou s z on e s o f d i s turbanc e over the extent

o f i n f luenc e , as done i n the work s c i t ed previous ly . In s tead ,

they continued f rom the s t udy by Airhart ( 1 9 6 7 ) and a s s umed

the type s and e x t e n t s of d i s turban c e a s put forth in the

previous s e c t ion , i . e . , z o n e s o f lo c a l a nd gener a l shear.

The i r d e riva t i on i s ba s ed on a ma thema t ica l mod e l havi n g two

source a r e a s o f hea t dif fus i o n wi th d i f f e r i n g i n t en s i t i es ,

s im i l ar to the z on e s o f di s turbance . The i r f i na l equa tion

i s e xpr e s s ed a s f o l l ows:
4 u K 2 k1 t
1
Q =
2
K1 a

where Q = e xc e s s por e wa t e r pr e s sure i n the r e g i on

o f l o c a l shear f a i lure ,
u = exc e s s por e pre s s ure i n soi l ad j a c e n t to
1
t he p i l e s ur f a c e ,
K1 = p e rmeabili ty o f r eg i o n o f lo c a l s h e a r f a i l ure ,
K = permeabi lity o f r e g i on o f ge n e r a l shear f a i lure ,
2
k1 = d i f f us iv i ty o f reg ion o f loc a l s he a r f a i lure ,
t = time i n que s t io n , and
a = r a d i a l d imen s i on of r eg ion of lo c a l shear
f a i lure ( 4 . 5 r f rom c enter o f the p ile )
 15

An exami n a t i on of t h i s e xp r e s s ion s how s that i t invo l v e s t he

p e r mea b i l i ty and d i f f u s ion p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s o i l i n the

r e g i o n s o f d i s t u r ban c e , and the r a d i a l ext e n t o f l o c a l s h e a r

f a i l u r e , t h e z on e wi th whi c h r ese a r c h e r s a r e gene r a l l y mo s t

c onc erned . The l a t t e r i s a func t i o n o f b o t h the l a t e r a l dimen-

s i on s of the p i l e and the p l a s t i c s tr ength o f the c l ay s o i l ,

a s d i s c u s s ed pr e v i o u s l y .

Wh i l e the e x p r e s s i o n s p rov i d ed by S o d e r b e r g , a n d Re e s e

and S e ed wo rk we l l f o r l o n g t e rm p r e s s ur e d i s s i pa t i o n s , the

equa t i o n d e r ived by A i r h a r t , e t . a l . s e ems t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e -

d iet the d i s s i p a t i o n pro c e s s f o r a muc h wi d e r t i me in terva l .

S o d e r b e r g ' s r e s u l t s , wh e n p l o t t ed on a s emi - l og a r it hm i c

s cal e , s h ow rap i d i n i t i a l d i s s i pa t i on wi th t h e p r o c e s s

s l ow i n g down g r a d u a l ly wi th t ime . F or t ime p e r i o d s c l o s e ly

f ollowing p i l e dr i v i n g , A i r h a r t ' s ma t h ema t i c a l mo d e l i n d i c a t e s

a l i ne a r d i s s ip at i on p r oc e s s , wh i c h i s s l ower c omp a r ed to

Soderberg ' s r e s u l t s . A i r har t , e t . a l . be l i eve the i r mo d e l

--

mo r e c l o s e ly r e p r e s en t s the p hy s i c a l s i tua t i o n , whe r e d r i v i ng

produc e s a z one of l o c a l s h e a r a nd t h u s an a r e a o f r e mo ld ed

s o i l wh i c h ac t s t o s l ow d own t he d i s s i pa t i on p ro c e s s s h o r t l y

a f te r dr i v i n g , i n s t ea d o f i nc r e a s ed d i s s i p a t i on d u r i n g the

very e a r l y s t a g e s , as o t h e r t h e o r i e s s u gg e s t .

3. Lo ad t r a n s f e r b y a singl e f r i c t i o n pi l e

Lo ad tran s f e r i s , a s the term i mp l i e s , the t r a n s f er of

the c o nc e n t r a t e d lo a d at the t op o f t h e p i l e to t he s o i l

s ur roun d i n g the p i l e , and to the s o i l l o c a te d b e n e a t h the pile

 16

tip . A l arge amount o f s tudy h a s b e e n devo t ed to the s ub­

j e c t in r e c e n t y e ar s , and many of th e r e s ul t s have c a u s ed

i d e a s that wer e o n c e con s i d e r e d ba s i c t r u t h s abo ut p i l e l oad

t r a n s f er t o be d i s c a r d ed .

I n t h i s s e c t i on l o ad t r a n s f er a t t h e t i p wi l l a l so b e

c o n s i d e r e d s i n c e f i e ld l oad t e s t s nec e s s ari l y inc l ud e s ome

t i p l o a d i n g , however s ma l l , wh i ch i n t e r ac t s with t he s id e

f r i c t i on i n s uppo r t i ng th e pile load .

The mo s t s uc c e s s ful me tho d o f d e t ermi n i ng l o a d tran s f e r

to d a t e i s t h e i ncorpo r a t i o n of s t r a i n g a g e s mo unted a long

the l ength of th e i n s tr ume n t e d pi l e to be d r i ved . The s t r a i n

ga g e s mea s ure t h e s t r a i n , a nd t h u s t h e l o a d , in th e p i l e a t

va r i o u s d ep th s . That l o a d i s s ubtra c t ed f r om the impo s ed l oad

a t the p i l e butt , and t h e r e s u l ti n g l o ad thu s repr e s en t s the

load that has b e e n tran s f e r r e d to the s o i l above the dep th

in que s t ion ( D ' Ap p o l o n i a and Hr ibar , 1963).

Jo hanne s s e n a nd B j errum (196 5 ) c a u t i o n th at a s i ng l e

r e p o r t o f a s e t o f p o o r me a s u r ement s c an g iv e r i s e to a wh o l e

n e w theory o f l o a d trans fer . F or thi s rea s on the i n s trumen­

t a t i o n f o r t e s t p i l e s s hou ld b e inve s t i g a t e d a s muc h a s

po s s i b l e b e f o r e t he t e s t s a r e c on s i d e r e d r e l i ab l e . Heavy duty

SR-4 s tr a i n g ag e s are c o n s i d e r e d the b e s t d ev i c e s f or me a s ur­

i n g s t r a i n s i n s t eel pi l e wa l l s at pre s e n t ( Cr anda l l , 1948).

T h e two ba s i c typ e s o f s i tua t i o n s i n wh i c h p i l e s are

u s ed a r e t ho s e wh e re p i l e s t r a n sm i t th e imp o s ed but t l oad

thr o ugh a c ompr e s s i b l e s tr a t a t o a l ay er of mat e r i a l sui t e d to

c a r r y the load , o r the c a s e whe r e p i l e s t r a n s m i t the impos ed

 17

l o a d t o t h e s ur r oundi n g s o i l t h rough s k in f r i ct i o n , w i th the

p i l e t i p not r e s t i n g on hard s t ra ta ( C he l l i s , 19 5 1 ) . In

th e c o n t ext o f t h i s t he s i s , s k i n f r i c t i o n i s co n s i d ered a

s t r e s s r e s u l t i n g f r om t h e mu tua l e f f e c t o f s o i l s a n d s t ruc­

t ur e s in the t r a n s m i s s i on of f o rc es f r om one t o t h e o the r

ac ro s s a c o n t a c t s u r f a c e .

Jo hann e s s en a n d B j e rr um (196 5 ) give s imp l e me c h an i c a l

c on c e pt s to the s i t ua t i o n s c i t e d above . In t h e f i r s t c a s e ,

t h e p o i n t b e a r i ng p i l e , a s the p i l e i s l o a d e d the maximum

mov ement o f the p i l e w i th r e s p e c t to t h e s o i l o c c u r s at t h e

t o p , o r butt . T h e r e f o r e the l o a d t r a n s f e r s ho u l d l e ad to

th e u l tima t e s k i n f r i c t i o n at t he upp e r p o r t i on of the p i l e ,

w i th the tr a n s f e r sp r e ad i n g d ownward a s the l o ad i s i nc r e a s ed .

�fue n s u f f i c i e nt moveme n t o c cur s a l o n g the p i l e to mob i l i z e

a l mo s t a l l the s k i n f ri c t i o n , the add e d l o a d i s tr a n s f e rr e d

to t h e t ip . In the l a t t e r in s t an c e , the f r i c t i on p i l e , a l l

o f t h e above c o n c e p t s a p p ly , b u t the t i p c an mov e more e a s i ly

an d d e f o rmati o n s c a n b e g r e ater . A l l o f the s e con c e pt s c a n

b e mo d i f i ed by the s o i l p r o f i l e , the s t i f fn e s s o f t h e p i l e

o r t i p e f f e c t s i n d i l atant s o i l s ; ther e fo r e l o ad t r an s f e r may

var y f r om z er o to 100%, and even be n e g a t i ve , a s i n the c a se

o f the s o i l "d r ag g i n g " th e p i l e d ownwa r d .

Sowe r s and Mar t in (1961) g ive a d i f f e r e n t exp l an a t i o n f or

t h e u n e q ua l l o a d d i s tr i b u t i o n a lo n g a f r i c t i on p i l e. From

t h e theory o f e l a s t i c ity , v er t i c a l d i s p l a c ement d e crea s e s

w i th dep t h f o r a verti c a l l y app l i ed point l o a d o n a homog e n eous

semi-infinite elastic sol i d . They r e a s on that with a r i gid

 18

p i l e in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s o i l th e f u l l p i l e l ength , a c o n s tant

v e r t i c a l s t r a i n f r om top to bo t t om wi l l n e c e s s i ta t e a g r e a t e r

load transfer at th e b o t tom . In sh or t , they s u gg e s t that i n

o r d e r t o k e e p t h e s t r a i n c o n s t a n t wi th d e p th , mor e l oa d i s

t r a n s f e r r e d a t t h e b o t to m , wi th t h e f a i l u r e p r o g r e s s i ng up ­

wa r d and t h e dis t r i bu t i on b e c omi ng mo r e un i f o rm a s the ul t i ­

ma t e l oa d i s a p p r o a che d .

A c omp l e t e l y r ig i d p i l e i s p r a c t i c a l l y n on - ex i s tan t and

e l a s t i c c omp ress i o n of t he p i l e a l l ow s l o ad t ra ns f er n e ar th e

top . I n a s t ud y by Brom s and H e l lman (1 9 68 ) w i t h an i n s tr u ­

men t e d p i l e , more th an 50% o f the t o t a l ski n f ri c t i on d evel oped

b e f o r e a n y m o v em e n t resulted a t the t i p . Thi s i nd icat e s the

th e o r y proposed by S ow e r s an d Mar t in ma y not f u l l y a p p l y to a

soi l-pile s y s t em .

V a n We e l e (1 9 5 7 ) p r op o s e s t h a t the s e tt l ement o f the p il e

bu t t i s d u e t o 1) elastic c ompre s s i o n i n th e p il e , 2) elastic

c omp r e s s i on o f the s o i l l a y e r s b e l ow th e p i l e t i p , 3) r e s i d u al

s e t t l ement o f t h e s u b s o i l , and 4) any smal l b e nd i ng tha t may

t a k e p l ac e i n t h e p i l e . In add i t i on , h e th e o r i z e d tha t the

total skin f r i c t i on r ema i n s e s s e n t i a l l y the s ame a f t e r a c e r­

tain depth , an d t h a t the v a l u e o f the c o e f f i c i e n t o f s ub­

g r a d e r ea c t i on , k , d e p e nd s on the d imen s i on s o f the p il e p o i n t .

Thurman and D ' Appo l o n i a (1965) found th a t a reduction i n

k red u c e s t h e t o t a l f r i c t i o n f o r c e , a n d th u s t h e u l t i ma t e

l oa d o f th e p i l e . They n o t e d a n i nc r e a s e o f b u tt mov ement

even w i th l o w lo ad s i f k i s sma ll , b e c a u s e a l a rger l o a d is

tran smi t t ed a l ong t h e f ul l l e ngth o f the p il e . The i r equa t i ons

 19

p r e d i c t i n g l oad t r a n s f e r at the p i l e t i p sho w a d e c r eas i n g

d i f f e r e n c e b e twe e n u l t ima t e l oad s o f f r i c t i o n a nd e nd -

be a r i ng p i l e s a s ove rburden b e c ome s a domin an t f ac t o r . A s an

e xamp l e , t h e y computed the u l t ima t e l o a d o f a 90 f o o t p i l e i n

en d - be a r i n g a s 50,000 p s i , wh i c h i s g r e a t e r than the p i l e

s t r ength . Thi s s ugge s t s that p l ac i ng p i l e s to d e e p bedroc k

may not b e j u s t i f i ab l e i n some i n s t anc e s .

Ma n s ur and Kau fman (1958 ) conduc t ed l oad t e s t s wi th

t ap e r ed p i p e p i l e s dr iven f r om 45 f e e t to 8 0 f e e t t h r ough s i l t

o n to s and . They r e p o r t e d very l ow l o a d tr a n s f e r n e a r the t i p .

S e ed a n d R e e s e (1957) mea s u r e d l oad t r an s f e r r i gh t d o w n to

the p i l e p o i nt in th e i r t e s t s w i th p i l e s dr i ve n i n t o San

F r a n c i s c o " Bay Mud " . Thi s imp l i e s th a t t i p t r a n s f e r might b e

d e p e n d e n t upon t h e so i l on wh i c h t he t i p r e s t s . I n l in e w i th

thi s i mp l i c a t i on , Davisson (1956) sp e c u l a t e s that l ow l o ad

t r a n s f e r a t the t i p o c c u r s in s o i l s tha t d i l a t e w i t h s h e ar i ng ,

s u c h a s g r a n u l a r so i l s , s t i f f c l ay , o r s i l t.

Mohan , J a i n and Kumar ( 1 9 6 3 ) car r i ed o u t l o ad t e s t s w i t h

p i l e s i n m e d i um s a nd , s i l t a n d c l ay , a n d f o und th e s k i n f r i c ­

t i o n to b e ma x imum a t mi d - d ep t h , a l th o ugh th e s o i l s a t the

bo t t om of the p i l e po s s e s s ed g r e a t e r s h e a r s t r en g th , where

gr e a t e r l o ad t r a nsf er m i g h t be e xp e c t e d . S c h l i tt (195 2 ) has

r ep o r t e d s im i l a r r e s u l t s .

P e c k a nd D a v i s s o n (1963) c o nc luded that l o a d t r an s f e r i s

a l s o a f un c t i on o f the pi l e ma t e r i a l . Load t e s t s on s i ngle

p i l e s s how e d th a t a ho l l ow s t e e l p i p e p i l e deve loped 35% of

th e vane s he a r s t r e n g th a s s k i n f r i c t i o n wh e r e a s a wooden pi l e
 20

d e v e l oped 7 0 % o f t h e vane s h e a r . Wh i l e the s e p erc e n t a ge f i gur e s

ma y b e unique f o r e a c h t e s t s i t e , P e c k be l i eve s th i s d e vi a t ion

i s d u e t o d i f f erenc e s in the r o ughne s s and e l a s t i c modu l i o f

th e p i l e s , and the a b i l i ty o f p o r e wa t e r t o m i gr a t e i nto t h e

woo d gra i n , thu s a i d ing e x c e s s p ore wa t e r p r e s s ur e d i s s i p a t ion .

By na tu r e , woo d e n p i l e s have a s l i ght t a per whi c h m i gh t in­

c r e a se l o a d tra n s f e r a t t h e p i l e s i d e s by t he added v e r t ic a l

c ompon ent o f s up p o r t . Tom l i n s o n (1957 ) f o u n d t h a t p ile t a per

gre a t l y incre a ses t he u l t i ma t e p ile load in s t i f fer c l ay s ,

b u t t h e e f f e c t s a r e red u c ed a s the c on s i s t enc y o f t h e cla y

b e c ome s s o f t e r .

It i s ev i d en t t h a t p i l e l oa d trans f e r i s a f un c t i on o f

t h e s h e a r s t r eng t h , d il a t ancy a s pe c t s , and c o e f f i c ie n t o f

subg r a d e r e a c t i o n o f the s o i l , along wi th t h e p a r ticu l a r d ep t h

under c on s i d era t i on . Loa d t r a n s f er i s a l s o d e p e ndent on the

roughne s s , t a p e r , e l a s t ic compr e s s io n and p o s s i b l y o th e r

p hy s i c a l cha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the pi le .

The s e c a s e h i s to r i e s s er ve to s h ow that the c ombina t i on

o f ful l s c a l e i n s t rumented p i le s and t r a i n e d , e xp er i enced

ob s e rver s h a s p r o v e d i nva l uable in c o n t r i bu t i ng to t he f ie ld

of know l e d g e conc e rning s o i l - p i l e inte r a c t i on .

B. S tudie s wi th Mod e l Pi l e s in C ohe sive S o i l s

T e s t i ng wi t h mode l pil e s i n rela t i ve l y inexpen s ive , c an

b e c onduc t e d in l e s s t i me , and prod u c e s r e s u l t s qu i ck l y wi th

g r e a t e r c o n tr o l o v e r s o i l cond i tions and equi pme n t . In the

c o n t e x t o f t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , model p ile s will be c o n s i de red

gene r a l l y one i n ch o r le s s in d i amete r w i th l e ngth to diame ter

 21

r a t i o s e q u i va l e n t to corome r c i a l p i l i n g u s e d i n c o n s t r uc t i o n .

An u l t ima t e p r o b l em e n c o u n t e r e d when u s i n g mo d e l p i l e s

i s how we l l the d a t a obt a i n e d w i l l app l y t o the f u l l - s c a l e

p hy s i c a l s i t u a t i o n . S e vera l n o tabl e s tud i e s w i t h s i ng l e

mo d e l p i l e s have b e e n c o n du c t e d t o an swer thi s q ue s t i o n a n d to

i nve s t i g a t e o t h e r a s p e c t s . Kondne r ( 1 962 ) t ook a dimen s i on a l

a n a l y s i s appro a c h to t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b l em . U s i n g the

Buc k i ngham Pi t h e o r e m (Murphy , 1 9 50 ) and c e r t a i n p a r ame t e r s of

t he mode l s y s t em , such as p i l e l e n g t h , s o i l shear s t r ength ,

a n d u l t ima t e l o a d , h e d e r ived e q u a t i on s co n t a i n in g d ime n s i on­

l e s s f un c t i o n s wh i c h we r e c o n s i d e r e d to ma t h emat i c a l l y d e­

s c r i b e th e a c t i o n o f p i l e found a t i o n s . I n the s in g l e mo d e l

p i l e te s t s i t wa s a s s umed tha t the p i l e s wo u l d deve l op sk i n

f r i c t i on e qua l to the s he a r s t r en g th o f the s o i l a s d e t e r m i n e d

b y the unc o n f i n e d comp r e s s i o n t e s t . Kondner n o t e d t h a t t h e

p i l e "p l unged" a t a n u l t ima t e l o a d e q ua l t o t he s o il s h e a r

s t r e n g t h t i me s t h e s ubme r g e d s u r f a c e a r e a o f the pi l e , o n e o f

h i s d e r i ve d equa t i on s . No o t h e r de f i n i t i on o f f a i l u r e , b e s i d e s

p l ung i ng , w a s g i ve n . It may have b e e n po s s i b l e to expe r i en c e

e xc e s s ive s e t t l emen t , a n o th e r f orm o f f a i l ur e , und er e q u i l ib ­

rium con d i t i o n s a t sma l l e r l o a d s th a n tho s e that made t h e

p i l e p l un g e .

I n Kondn e r ' s ( 1 9 62 ) t e s t s th e s o i l wa s a comp acted c l ay

wi t h a ma x i mum s h e a r s tr ength of 650 pound s p e r s quar e f o o t .

The mo de l founda t i o n s w e r e o n e-e i g h t h i n ch d i ame ter br a s s

p i le s . T h e p i l e s were t e s t e d s i ngu l a r l y a n d i n group s o f

va rying c o n f i gur a t i o n s to eva l ua t e g r o up e f f ic i e n c y . Pec k and

 22

Davi s son ( 19 6 3 ) app lied Kondne r ' s g roup e f f i c i e n c y equa t ion s

t o s eve r a l t e s t s o n mod e l p i l e group s r e por t ed by Ghanem

( 1 9 5 3 ) an d con c l uded t h a t the e x pr e s s i o n s w e r e ove r c o n s e rva­

-

t ive by a f a c tor of 2 or mo r e . P e c k a n d D a v i s son a l s o s ta ted

that i n f i e l d te s t s w i t h s i n g l e s t e e l p i l e s , as litt l e as 3 7 %

o f the soi l s h e a r s t r e ng t h wa s mobi l i z e d a s s k i n f r i c t ion .

The s e d i s c r epanc i e s i n f e r th a t Kondn e r ha s n e g le c t ed s u c h

f a c to r s a s s o i l d i s t u r b an c e a n d th i xo tropy . It appe a r s t h a t

d imen s i o n a l ana lys e s a n d p ur e ly mathema t i c a l mod e l s h a v e y e t

t o be d e v e loped whi c h wi l l f u l ly d e s c r ib e t he ac t i o n o f p i l e s

i n c l ay .

Cooke and Whi t a k e r ( 1 9 61 ) con duc t e d a mo d e l s tudy i n

brown Lond on c l ay u s ing 3 / 4 i n c h p i l e s ha f t s wi th di f f e r i ng

l e n g t h s a n d en l ar g e d b a s e s o f 2 , 3 , a n d 4 t i me s the sh a f t d i a ­

me t e r , on e o f th e f ew t e s t s o f thi s type . The i r t e s t s s howed

t h a t the r e s i s t a n c e o f the s h a f t wa s mob i l i z ed at very sma l l

p e n e t r a t i o n moveme n t s ( abo ut 0 . 5 % o f s ha f t d i ame t e r ) , whi l e

p e n e tr a t i o n s o f 1 0 % t o 1 5 % of the e n l a rg e d b a s e d i ame t e r were

n e c e s s a ry to d e v e lop u l t ima t e b e a ring capac i t i e s f o r the ba s e .

T h e s e r e s u l t s s ugg e s t that the s h a f t r e s i s ta n c e f o r s i ng le

p i l e s i s mor e a f un c t i o n o f s o i l p i l e adh e s i o n , r equ i r i n g very

-

sma l l f a i lure strains on the ord e r o f 0 . 0 0 4 in ch . O n the

o t h er hand , ba s e f a i l ure i s a func t i o n of the s o i l s h e a r

s t r ength c ha r a c t er i s t i c s , and r equi r e s l a r g e r f a i l ur e s t r a i n s .

The s e t r e n d s may a l so s ug g e s t that f a i l u r e s tr a i n s a r e dep en­

dent on p i l e shape .
 23

Ano the r , ve r y s i gn i f i c a n t te s t p roc edure h a s b e e n inve s ­

t i g a ted b y Whi t a k e r an d C ook e (1961) . They comp ar e d d i f f e r i n g

mod e s o f l o ad app l i c a t i on to d e termi ne wh i c h wa s mo s t co n s i s ­

t e n t and gave the h i ghe s t c o r r e l a t i o n w i th f i e ld te s t s in

c lay . They u s ed ma i n t a i ned l o a d i n c r eme n t s ( the s t a ndard l o ad

te s t ) , a c o n s ta n t l y i nc r e a s ing l o ad a pp l i ed by j ac k , and a

l a r g e d e ad l oad c a u s ing the p i l e to p l ung e to r e f u s a l . The

l a s t t e s t wa s conducted by mea s ur ing th e fo r c e n e c e s s ary t o

ma i n t a i n a c o n s tant pe n e t r a t i o n r a t e fo r th e p i l e . The l a t t e r

method w a s f o und t o g i ve t h e b e s t c o r r e lat i on b e twe e n f i e ld

load t e s t s w i t h square concrete p i l e s and mod e l te s t s wi th

1 / 4 i n c h bra s s p i l e s . Thi s corr e l a t i on wa s j udged by t he s im i ­

l a r i ty be twe e n t h e l o ad- s e tt l eme n t curve s a n d reproduc i b i l i ty

of results . The i r sub s equent l abo ratory t e s t s showed that for

a wide var i a t i on i n l o a d ing r a t e s , the c o n s t a n t rate of pe n e ­

t r a t i on te s t ( he r e a f ter d enoted a s the C RP t e s t ) gave u l t ima te

loa d s vary i n g only 4 pe r c e n t . I n the f i e ld t e s t , two

ident i c a l p i l e s wer e dr iven a t 0 . 0 6 4 and 0 . 0 3 1 inch p e r minute

and both f a i l e d a t 1 3 2 t o n s wi th 0 . 3 5 i nc h o f p e n e t r a t ion .

Wh i t a k e r and C ooke exp l a i n that i n the ma i n t a i n ed l oad

te s t (ML ) , the f i r s t men t ioned a bove , the l o a d s are s uppo s ed

to b e app l i e d s l ow l y to r e pr e s en t equi l i br ium cond i t i o n s . In

the f i e ld , t h e load t e s t is conduc t ed t o o f a s t , g en e r a l ly f o r

e c onomi c r e a s on s , a nd t he en d point for s e t t lemen t i s d i f f i ­

c u l t t o d e t e rm i n e . I n the C RP t e s t the u l t i ma t e lo ad on the

j a c k c a n be d e term i n ed e a s i ly and qu i c k l y , and the d e s i gn l o a d

ca n b e c ho sen . The s e t t l emen t f rom the de s i gn lo ad c an then

 24

be d e t e rmined by the ML te s t .

Ha l c r ow and Sharman ( 1 9 6 1 ) we re very e n thu s i a s t i c wi th

th e i n t e rchange capabi l i t i e s o f the C RP and ML forms o f

t e s t in g , and be l i eved that the C RP me thod cou ld be wr i t ten

i n t o many con s t r uc t i on s p ec i f i c a t i on s dea l i ng w i t h f r i c t i on

p i l e s i n c l ay .

Ho l t z and Lowi t z ( 19 6 5 ) s tudi ed the c ha nges i n compr e s s i ­

b i l i ty o f l e an c l ay due t o t he driving o f 1 / 2 i n c h d i ame te r

wo o den dowe l s ( mo d e l p i l e s ) i n to She l by t u b e samp l e s o f the

c l ay . The s amp l e s w i t h the p i l e s showed l i t t l e ov e r a l l c hange

in compr e s s i on i ndex , bu t a tota l l y r emo lded samp l e s howed a

s imi l a r sma l l c hange . They ob s erved a 1 0 0 % i nc r e a s e i n

d r i v i n g r e s i s t ance o n e d a y a f ter i n i t i a l d r i v i n g , a n d a t t ime s

th i s i nc r e a s e took p l a c e i n only one hour . T he s e ob s e rva t i ons

i nd i c a t e that mod e l p i l e s c r e a t e soi l d i s t urban c e and expe r i ­

'
e n c e ga i n s i n u l t imate l o ad c a pac i ty j u s t a s do fu l l - s c a l e

p i l e s i n t h e f i e ld .

A r e c ent s er i e s o f t e s t s wi th three e i ghths i n c h and one

ha l f inch smooth and r o ug h s t e e l mo de l p i l e s ha s b e e n c a r+ i ed

out by Coy l e and Re e s e (1966 ) . The p i l e s were p l a c ed i n 2 1 / 2

i n c h d i ame t e r s amp l e s wh i c h w e r e t h e n c on s o l i da t ed for abo ut

four day s under va r i o u s co n f in i ng p r e s s u r e s i n a l a r ge tr i ax i a l

c e l l t o s imu l a t e depth . U s i n g a pen e trat ion r a t e o f 0 . 0 6 inch

p e r minute i n the CRP t e s t me thod , i t wa s f ound t h e r e wa s a

s t r a i ght- l i n e re l a t i o n s h i p be tween load tran s f e r and s e t t l e­

ment for sma l l pene tra t i on s .

 25

C oy l e and Re e s e d i s covered that the max imum l o a d tran s ­

f e r i s a f unc t i o n o f con f i n i n g p r e s s u r e , wi t h i n c e r t a in

l imi t s . Above c o n f i n i n g p r e s s ur e s o f 4 5 p s i th e r e wa s l i t t l e

d i f f e r enc e be twe e n the u l t i ma t e load s deve loped by the rough

and smo o th p i l e s . I t i s be l i eved t h e h i gh e r c on f i n i n g p r e s -

s u r e s f o r c ed a s o i l - to - s o i l f a i l u r e away f r om the p i l e wa l l ,

and the l o a d wa s a func t i on o f the s o i l ' s s he a r s t rength . At

l owe r c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s the p i l e s deve l op e d l e s s than the

vane s he a r s t r e ng t h of the s o i l . In t h i s in s tance f a i l u r e

to o k p l a c e a t the s o i l - p i l e i n t e r f a c e and th e max imum l oad

t r a n s f e r r e d wa s a f un c t i on of the adhe s i on b e tween the p i l e

a nd soi l . At c on f i n i ng pr e s sur e s l e s s than 4 5 p s i , t h e r o ugh

p i l e s d eve lo p e d s l i gh t l y h i gh e r adhe s i o n tha n the smoo th

pi les . F ami l i e s o f curve s were deve l oped whi ch show the s k i n

fr i c t i on mob i l i z ed i n c r e a s i n g a s con f i n in g p r e s s u r e i s i n­

c r e a s ed . Thi s c o mpar e s wi th Thurman and D ' Appo l on i a s ' (19 65}

th e o r i e s . The r e s u l t s f rom two smo o t h p i l e s t e s t ed a t l ow

c o n f i n i ng pr e s s ur e s s h owed th a t the s ma l l e r p i l e d e v e l oped mor e

ad he s i o n .

Ghanem ' s i nve s t ig a t i on (1953} produced s i mi l a r r e s u l t s .

I n o r d e r t o eva l u a t e p i l e group e f f i c i ency , i t wa s nec e s s a ry

to c omp a r e the u l t ima t e l oad o f a s i ng l e p i l e wi th the ave rage

l oa d a s im i l ar p i l e c a rr i e s as a membe r of a p a r t i c u l a r g r o up .

I t wa s o b s erved that the s i n g l e p i l e s deve loped l e s s than the

s o i l ' s s h e a r s tr e n g th a s s k i n f r i c ti on , but the p i l e s in g roup

a c t i on deve l o p e d the f u l l sh ear s tr e n g t h of the s o i l at t he

g ro up ' s per ime t e r and ba se .

 26

P o tyondy ( 1 9 6 1 ) conducted a n inve s t i ga t i on conc e r n i ng

s k i n f r i c t i o n be twe e n s o i l s and v ar i o u s con s t ru c t i o n ma te r i a l s .

Re s u l t s f r om t e s t s w i t h c l ay and s t e e l p l a t e s o f vary i n g

roughne s s , s imu l a t i ng s te e l p i l e s , s howed t h a t t h e s k i n f r i c ­

t i o n i n c r e a s ed w i t h no rma l l o a d t o a l im i t i n g po i n t . A f ter

thi s t h e r e wa s no further g a i n i n the s k i n f r i c t i on and it

r ema i ned s omewha t l owe r than t h e s h e a r s tr en g t h o f the c l a y .

Be l o w th i s l imi t i n g norma l s t r e s s the r e wa s a var i a t i on i n the

d en s i ty of the c l a y , due to chang e s in s a tur a t i on , pore wa t e r

p r e s s ur e s , and e xp u l s i o n o f a i r n e a r t he c o n t a c t a r e a . When

the s o i l wa s s ub j e c t ed to a 48 hour p e r i od of pre l o a d i n g , the

l im i t i n g n o rma l f o r c e d ec r e a s ed s l ight l y and t h e s k i n f r ic t i on

c l o s e l y a p p r o a c h e d the c l ay ' s s h ear s tr ength a s an upper

l imi t . I n no c a s e d i d the i n i t i a l adhe s i on equa l t h e s h ear

s t r e n g t h or c o h e s i o n of the c l ay , r e g a rd l e s s of norma l l o ad i n g .

P o tyondy t h e o r i z ed tha t s k i n f r i c t i on i s dep e nde n t on

t h e p hy s i c a l s ta te o f the c la y a t the c o n t a c t a r e a , whe th e r

day , mo i s t , s emi - f l u i d , o r l ubr i c ated . Conc e r n ing the c on ­

s tr u c t i on mat e r i a l , t h e s k i n f r i c t i on d ep e nd s on t h e c l e an­

l i n e s s , hum i d i ty , a tmo s pher i c d u s t , o x i d e s o r f i lms p r e s ent ,

s ur f a c e f i n i s h , v e l o c i ty o f s l i d i ng , c o n t a c t pr e s s u r e , t ern­

pe r a t ur e , gr a i n s i z e , di r ec t i on o f gr a i n and any s t at i c l o a d s

or v i b r a t i on s p r e s e n t . The r e l a t i ve i n f luenc e o f e a c h i s un­

known a t the pre s en t t i me .

Re c e n t s t a t i c l o a d i n g t e s t s wi th mod e l p i l e s conducted

by Raba ( 1 9 6 8 ) we r e o f i n t e r e s t b e c au s e o f t h e new l y d ev i s ed

equ i pment and p r o c edur e s u s e d . Extruded 2 . 8 0 i n c h d i ame t e r

 27

r emo l d e d c l ay s amp l e s wer e e nc a s ed i n a s t e e l j ac k e t to p r e­

v e n t bu l g i n g a t the bot tom wh i l e a 1 . 0 0 i n c h d i ame t e r smo o th

ho l l ow a l um i n um p i l e , i n s trume n t ed w i th th r e e s tr a i n g a g e

ro s e t t e s , wa s pu s he d comp l e t e l y thro u gh t h e s amp l e . No s e t

t ime i n t e rva l b e tw e e n p i l e i n s e r t i o n and l o a d t e s t i n g wa s

indic ated . The s t a t i c t e s t s w e r e c o nd u c t e d by the C RP me thod

u s i ng a p e n e tr a t i on r a t e of 0 . 0 5 inch per mi nute . A c i rcu l ar

p i l o t ho l e wa s c u t i n t h e s amp l e to g u a rd a g a i n s t r a d i a l

c r a c k i n g o f the s amp l e wh i l e the p i l e wa s i n i t i a l ly i n s er t ed .

I n Raba ' s r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m a p r e l i m i n a r y s tudy wa s

c a r r i ed o u t to d e t e rmi n e i f a n op t i mum p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r

ex i s t s . T h e p i l o t ho l e s w e r e c u t w i t h ho l l ow a l umi n um t ub e s

a l i gn e d b y a r e nova t e d t r i ax i a l c e l l f r ame . I t wa s c o n c luded

th a t d i f f e r i n g p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r s b e l ow 0 . 7 5 i n c h e s had

l i tt l e or n o e f f ec t on the u l t ima t e s t a t i c l o a d . B e tween

p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r s of 0 . 7 5 and 1 . 0 0 i n c h , the max imum l o ad

de c r e a s ed g r ea t l y , w i th t h e l ow e s t l o ad o c c u r r i n g w i t h a p i l o t

d i a m e t e r e q u iva l e n t t o the p i l e d i ame t e r , o r one i n c h . The

r e s u l t s and p r o c edur e s of tho s e t e s t s gave r i s e t o s ev e r a l

que s t i o n s . The r e wa s s ome doubt : 1) wh e th e r the r e may b e a

p a r t i c u l a r op t imum p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r , 2 ) i f the r a t i o o f

op t i mum p i l o t ho l e s i z e t o p i l e d i ame t e r c h a n g e s w i t h p i l e

s i z e , and 3 ) i f s amp l e s i z e p l a y s a p a r t i c u l a r ro l e .

I t i s c l e a r t h a t r e s e a r c h i nc o r p o r a t i n g mod e l p i l e s n o t

on l y r e p r o duc e s the ac t i on o f f u l l - s c a l e p i l e s in t he f i e ld ,

bu t a dd s s i g n i f i c a n t know l edg e to the subj e c t o f s o i l - p i l e

i n t e r a c t i on through i nc r e a s ed f l ex i b i l i ty i n th e eva l u a t i on o f

a l l var i a bl e s .
 28

III . T HE RE S EARC H P ROGRAM

A. I n t r od u c t i o n

The t e s t i n g p ro gram wa s s e l ec t ed t o s tudy the e f f e c t s o f

c e r t a i n p a r ame t e r s , s u c h a s p i l e s i z e , s amp l e s i z e a n d p i l o t

ho l e s i z e , o n the b e h a v i o r o f u nc o n f i n ed mo de l f r i c t i on p i l e

tests . S e d ime n t ed s amp l e s 1 . 4 a nd 2 . 5 i n ch e s i n a d i ame t e r

w e r e prepa r e d w i t h a s o i l con s i s t i ng o f 4 0 p e r c e n t c l ay a n d

6 0 per cent s i lt . A s s o r ted s i z e s o f p i l o t ho l e s w e r e c u t i n

the s o i l s amp l e s a f t e r t h e y were en c a s ed i n l uc i te j a cke t s .

Bra s s and h o l low s t e e l p i l e s l / 4 , l/ 2 , a nd 3 / 4 i n c h i n d i am­

eter were i n s e r t ed in the s amp l e s u s i n g th e p i l o t h o l e s and

two guide f r ame s t o a l i gn the p i l e s v e r t i c a l l y .

Re s u l t s of C R P ( c o n s t an t r a t e o f p e n e t r a t i o n } tests on

t h e mod e l p i l e s w e r e produc ed i n the f o rm o f l oad ver s u s p e n e ­

tr a t i on c urves g i v i ng t he u l t i m a t e l o a d tran s f err ed f rom the

p i l e to the s o i l by skin f r i c t i on . Vane s h e a r s tr en g th va l u e s

f r o m t e s t s per fo rmed n e xt to t h e p i l e s a t d e f i n i t e d e p t h s were

u s ed as a b a s i s of c ompa r i so n be tween the f i n d in g s o f the

var i o u s l o a d t e s t s . The va n e sh ea r t e s t s a l s o o f f e r e d a me an s

o f i nv e s t i g a t ing t h e va r i a t i o n o f s h e a r s t r e ng th i n e ac h

s amp l e .

The c h an g e i n u l t ima te l o a d c arr i e d by the p i l e wi th

va r i ou s t i me i n t e rva l s b e tw e e n p i l e i n s e r t i o n and l o a d t e s t i ng

wa s a l s o n o t e d . I n add i t i o n , s evera l t e s t s were con duc t ed to

me a s ur e the e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t p e ne t r a t i o n r a t e s i n the CRP

te s t .
 29

B. The So i l U s e d i n Te s t ing

F l oa t i ng p i l e fo unda t io n s a r e no rma l l y c o n s truc t e d o n

s o f t e r s o i l s , the r e fo r e , t h e s o i l u s ed i n mo d e l te s t i ng s ho u l d

be o f s imi l a r c o n s i s t e n c y . To s imu l a t e f i e ld cond i t i on s s o i l

w i t h a s h e a r s tr e n g t h o f 5 0 0 p s f o r l e s s wa s d e s i r e d f or

tes ting .

A l though t he l abora tory i s equipped w i t h a Va c -A i r e e x ­

t r u s i o n mac h i n e c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g homog e n e o u s s a t u r a t e d

c l a y s amp l e s , t h e ma c h i ne h ad o n l y one s i z e o f ext r u s i o n t em­

p l a t e , and two s i z e s o f s amp l e s wer e n e eded . Homog e n e o u s

s a t u r a t ed s amp l e s c o u l d be mad e w i th e x i s t i n g s ed iment tube s

o f 2 . 5 a nd 1 . 4 i n c h d i ame t e r s . The d e c i s i on t o s ed i me n t s am­

ples , t h e r e fo r e , d i c t a t ed that a mixture o f s i l t and c l ay b e

u s ed . The t e s t i ng s c hedu l e wo u ld not a l l ow a d equa t e t i me f o r

c omp l e t e c o n s o l i d a t i on o f a p u r e c l a y s l ur r y , wher e a s , the

add i t i o n o f s i l t - s i z ed p a r t i c l e s wou l d d e c r e a s e the t i me

r e q u i red t o c on s o l i d a t e s amp l e s ( Spenc e r , 1 9 6 8 ) .

A k a o l i n i t i c c l ay w a s obt a i n e d f rom a d e ep mi n i ng ex c a ­

v a t i on i n Kentucky . A t t e r b e r g l imi t s w e r e d e t e rmined a c c or d ­

i ng t o A S TM s ta nd a r d s ( 1 9 61 ) , a nd the s e va l ue s , a l on g wi th

o t h e r p hy s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the c l ay , a r e r ep o r t ed in Tabl e I .

Be c a u s e t h e l i q u i d l im i t and p l a s t i c i ty i ndex w e r e c o n s i d e r ed

h i gh f o r a n orma l k a o l i n i te , a n d the s p ec i f i c g r a v i ty s omewha t

l ow , a n x- r a y an a l y s i s o f t h e c l a y wa s per f ormed for t h e pur­

po s e o f f ur t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i on . The a n a l y s i s showe d d ominant

k eo l i n i t e p e ak s , i nd i c a t ing a h i gh p e r c e n t a g e of this mine r a l

 30

TABLE I . Phy s i c a l Prop e r t i e s o f the

S o i l s u s ed in Re s earch

C lay S i l t and C l ay M i xture

L i q u i d Limi t , % 64 28

P l a s t i c L imit , % 31 17

P l a s t i c ity Index , % 33 11

Sp e c i f i c Gravity 2 . 59 2 . 65

P e r c ent f i ner than 2 � 87 33

AA S HO C l a s s i f i c a t i on A- 7 - 5 ( 2 0 } A- 6 (8 }

Un i f i ed C la s s i f i c at i on CH CL
 31

pr e s e n t . A s e c o nd a r y mon tmo r i l l o n i t e p e a k o c c u r r e d whi c h

ind i c a t ed a sma l l amount ( p r o ba b l y 7 t o 10 p e r c e n t ) o f th i s

m i n e r a l wa s a l s o p r e s e n t , enough to a c c ou n t f or the p hy s i c a l

proper t i e s ob s erved ( G r im , 1 9 5 3 ) .

A hydr ome t e r ana l y s i s o f the c l a y i nd i c a t ed t h a t n e a r l y

8 0 p e r c e n t b y we i gh t wa s f i n e r and 2 � . ( See F ig . 3) . The

po s i t i on of the c l ay o n C a s a g r a n d e ' s mod i f i e d p l a s t i c i ty

char t is i nd i c a t e d i n F i g . 4.

S i l t wa s ob t a i n e d by f r a c t i on a l s ed imen t a t i on o f c oa r s e ­

g r a i n ed , p r imary l o e s s t a k e n f r om the A l ton i a n s o i l f o rma t i o n

i n a l o e s s b l u f f a d j a c e n t to t he M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r f l o od

plain . The b l u f f i s n e a r F r e n c h V i l l a g e in S t . C l a i r C o un t y ,

I l l i no i s , and the l o e s s wa s a Ro xana T y p e I I d e p o s i t ed dur i n g

Wi s co n s in g l a c i a t i on . A hydrome ter a na l y s i s sh owed t h a t 1 0

p e r c e n t o f the l o e s s wa s f i n e r than 2 � and 3 p e r c e n t wa s

r e t a ined o n a No . 2 0 0 s i eve . The r ema i n i n g 8 7 per c e nt wa s

s i l t- s i z ed .

A s e r i e s o f hydrome t e r a n a l y s e s w i th t a p wa t e r i nd i c a t ed

t h a t c a l go n s o l u t i on s o f mo re than 1 p e r c en t c onc e n t r a t i o n

wo u l d a l l ow f lo c c u l a t i o n o f t h e s i l t a n d c l ay par t i c l e s o f th e

lo e s s . A f t e r the l o e s s wa s a i r d r i e d a n d p u l v e r i z ed , appr o x i ­

ma t e l y 9 0 p o u n d s w e r e p l a c e d i n a sma l l wa t e r i n g t a n k wi th a

s o l u t i on o f tap wa t e r a nd 1 p e r c e n t c a l gon . Th e t a nk wa s

f i l l ed to a d ep t h o f 3 6 e rn , c o r r e s pond i ng to the h e i gh t o f the

wa t e r c o l umn for hydrome t e r a na l y s e s . The l o e s s and water wa s

s t i r r ed br i s k l y w i th a s hove l fo r f i ve minut e s f o r c omp l e te

p a r t i c l e s ep a r a t ion and a g i t a t i o n . Immed i a t e l y a f te r s t i r r ing

 32

0.1 0 . 05 0 . 01 0 . 00 5 0 . 001

GRAI N S I ZE IN MI LLI ME TE RS

Fig . 3. Grain s i z e d i s tr i b u t i on curv e s for

the s o i l s u s ed i n t h e re s e a rc h
 33

60 ·-· - r ·---·- . --- ·1

I - --
l
-- i---
.
. -·

I 1
i
I
1 -- j
Ir
CH
I
40 �-------+- ---- . --. --1- -
-- -·- -1·1 ---·- - -
-- - · ···-- -

\\�
,,
i I
Clay
I
I
i
20 J
-- ---- ·- · j _ __ _
r
__ _

. OH and MH
I
- ·

71"'--+---f- --1-·-- 1-- -------r - - I

20 40 60 80 100

LIQUI D LIMIT , %

Fig . 4. Pos itions of soi l s u s ed i n r e s earch on

p la s t i c i ty chart
 34

a 100 0 m l . c y l i n d e r wa s d i pp e d i n to t h e tank , and wi t h one

swe e p i n g mo t i o n f rom b o ttom t o top , f i l le d to the 36 em . ma rk ;

t h e purpo s e b e i n g t o c o n d u c t a n a n a l y s i s to mo n i to r th e p r o g­

ress o f s ed imen t a t i on i n the t a nk . The gray c o l o r o f t he

s i l t a n d b ro wn c o l o r o f the c l a y gave e v iden c e when mo s t o f

t h e s i l t s e t t l e d o u t , a nd the c l ay and wa ter wer e d r awn o f f

t h e top w i th a s i phon .

The t a n k wa s a ga i n f i l l e d to the mark w i t h t ap w a t e r and

1 pe r c e nt c a l gon , the s ed imen t s t i rr ed f r om the t a n k b o t t om ,

a nd the p r oc e s s r e p e a t e d u n t i l the s ed imenta t i on anal y s i s

i nd i c a t e d l e s s than 1 pe r c e n t c l ay- s i z e p ar t i c l e s r ema i n i n g .

The s ed imen t wa s t h e n r e t r i eved , a i r - d r i ed , p u l v e r i z ed , an d

s i eved t h r o u g h a No . 20 0 s i eve , and t h e por t i on r e t a i n e d o n

t h i s s i ev e wa s r e j e c t ed . The gra i n- s i z e d i s t r i bu t i on o f the

r e s u l t i ng s i l t i s a l s o i nd i c a t ed in F i g . 3. The s p e c i f i c

g r a v i t y o f the s i lt pa r t i c l e s i s 2 . 7 0 .

C. S o i l S a mp l e P r epa r a t i o n

Ja c k s o n (1968 ) ha s s hown that a s o i l m i x t u r e c ompr i s ed o f

60 p e r c e n t s i l t a n d 4 0 p e r c e n t c l ay w i l l c o n s o l i d a t e r a ther

q u i c k l y but exhi b i t no i n c r e a s e in vo l ume d ur i ng s h e a r i ng

u n d e r undr a i n ed c o nd i t i on s . The gra in - s i z e d i s tr i bu t i on o f

t h e c ompo n e n t s o i l s u s ed by J a c k s on w a s ac t u a l ly 7 2 p e r c en t

s i l t - s i z e par t i c l e s a n d 2 8 p e r c en t c l ay - s i z e p a r t i c l e s b a s ed

on t h e M I T S o i l s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( T e r z aghi and P e c k , 1967 ) .

 35

A mixture o f 6 0 p e r c e n t s i l t a n d 4 0 p e r c e n t c l a y wa s

m ix ed a c c o r d i n g t o the va lue s o b t a i n e d f r om t h e ma thema t i c a l

exp r e s s ion :

we i g h t o f s i l t
P e r c en t silt = x 1 0 0 p er c e n t
w e i ght o f s i l t + w e i g h t o f c l a y

A g r a i n - s i z e d i s t r i bu t i on c h a r t s how s that 6 7 p e r c en t o f the

r e s u l t i n g mixtur e wa s s i l t- s i z e and 3 3 per c en t wa s f i ner tha n

2� . ( See F ig . 3) . The h i gher p e r c e n t a g e o f c l ay - s i z e par t i -

c l e s s erv e d t o p revent d i l a t ancy and p o s s i b l e b u i l d - up o f

n e g a t ive p o r e wa t e r p r e s s ur e wh i ch wo u l d r e s u l t in t o o - h i gh

s he a r s tr ength v a l u e s o f th e s o i l . The p l a s t i c i ty c h a rac t e r -

i s t i c s and c e r t a i n phy s ic a l p r op er t i e s o f t h e mi xtur e appe a r

in Tabl e I and F i g . 4.

A mea s ur ed amo un t o f d i s t i l l e d , d e - a i r e d water wa s s l owly

added to 2 2 0 grams of the s o i l m i xtur e and b l end ed wi t h a

me t a l s pa tu l a un t i l a t h i n s l urry ( I = S ) wa s o b t a i n e d . Th i s
L
s l urry wa s wh ipped w i t h a comme r c i a l f oo d mixer f o r a mi n i mum

o f two mi nu t e s and tran s f erred to 1 . 4 inch d i ame t e r (I .D . )

luc i t e s e d iment t ank s wh e r e the s l ur r y wa s d e - a i r e d wi th a

va c u um l i n e f o r a t l e a s t f i ve m i n u t e s . ( S e e P h oto gr a p h 1 . )

P r e l imi n a r y t e s t i n g showed that c omp l e t e c o n s o l ida t i o n o f the

me a s ur ed amount o f s l urry o c c u r r e d in 3 6 hour s unde r a load in g

2
o f 2 kg/cm . The p r o d u c t wa s a f ive i n c h h i g h s amp l e wi th a n

a v e r a g e va n e s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f 3 0 0 p s f .

Wi th the s t r e ngth r eq u i r e m e n t s b e in g me t , twe n ty s i m i l ar

s amp l e s we r e s ub s equent l y prepared . The s amp l e s we r e wrapped

in c l ear s a r an p l a s t i c , s e a l ed , an d p la c e d i n la r g e p l a s t i c
Pho to gr aph 1 . 1 . 4 Inc h d i ame t e r
1uc i t e s e d i mentati on tube s .
Pho to graph 2 . S o i lt e s t mo d e l 0 -252
c ons o li d at i on c e ll wi th 2 . 5 i nc h
d i ame te r luo i te s e d i mentat ion tube .
w
0'1
 37

ba g s a c c o r d ing t o the c hrono l o g i c a l order i n wh i c h they were

p r e p a r ed . The s amp l e s were s to r e d i n a mo i s t room ma in-

0
t a i ned a t 7 0 F . and near 1 0 0 p e r c ent humi d i ty unti l t e s t i n g

t ime . Ea c h s amp l e wa s rotated eve r y f ew day s to m i n imi z e

mo i sture m i g r a t i on .

Samp le s o f s imi l ar con s i s t ency were p r e pared i n a r eno -

v a t ed So i l t e s t mod e l C - 2 5 2 con s o l i d a t ion c e l l . I t wa s

e q u i pped wi th a n 8 inch h i gh , 2 . 5 inch di ame t er ( I .D . ) luc ite

s ed iment tube wi t h a c o rr e spond ing- s i z ed p i s ton and l oa d i n g

p l a t f o rm . ( S e e P hotograph 2 . ) I n order to a c h i eve a c on s o l i -

2
d a t i on l o a d o f 2 kg/cm , n e a r l y 1 4 0 pound s w e r e p l a c ed on the

c i r c u lar l oading p l a t f o rm . Photograph 2 a l s o shows the extr a

s t e e l r o d s , c a s t i ron c o l la r s , and p l ex i g l a s s a l i gnment

br a c k e t wh i c h enab l e d the l oad ing p l a t f orm and s t e e l p i s ton

rod t o s upport the w e i gh t w i tho ut c a n ti n g to one s id e , c au s ing

th e p i s ton to b ind aga i n s t the cyl i nd e r wa l l .

The l ow h e i gh t o f the 2 1/ 2 inch s ed imen t tube impo s ed

a r e s t r i c t i on on the vo l ume o f s l urry that cou ld b e p l ac ed i n

t h e t ub e f o r con s o l ida t i on . To obta i n s amp l e s wi th a f i na l

he i ght o f 4 1/ 2 inche s the s lur ry wa s prepa r e d t o a th i cker

co n s i s tency ( I L= 3 ) than that u s ed in the 1 . 4 inch s amp l e s .

Th e m e tho d s o f mixing and d e - a i r i ng the s lurry wer e s imi l a r to

tho s e d i s cu s s ed p r e v i ou s l y and the r e s u l tant s amp l e s wer e

wrapped , s tored , and rota ted wi th the sma l l e r s amp l e s unde r

s im i lar c o nd i t i on s un ti l needed .

Hydrome t e r a na l y s e s co nduc t ed by J a c k s o n showed that no

pa r t i c l e s e g r e ga t i on oc curred during s ed imentation o f s l urr i e s

 38

w i th l i q u i d i ty i nd i c e s equiva l en t t o t ho s e i nd i c a t ed above .

D. Equ i pment a n d In s t r ume n t a t i on

1. Mod e l pi l e s

T e s t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f mod e l p i l e s i z e r e qu i re d : (1) the

u s e o f s ev e r a l c o nven i en t s i z e s of p i l e s , ( 2 ) tha t the r a n g e

o f p i l e d i ame t e r s b e r e l a t i v e l y l a rg e , an d ( 3 ) the p i l e s b e

o f s u f f i c i en t d u r a b i l i ty to r e s i s t b uc k l i ng a n d d e t e r i o r a t i on

d u r i n g the t e s t i ng p r o g r am . T he s e c r i t e r i a we r e b e s t f u l ­

f u l l ed u s i ng p i l e s 1 / 4 , 1 / 2 , a n d 3 / 4 i nch i n d i ame t e r , a l l

c o n s t r uc t ed f r om meta l s t o c k . ( See Photograph 3 . )

T h e 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e wa s o b t a i ned i n the f o rm o f a s o l i d

b r a s s w e l d in g r o d . T h e rod wa s cut t o an 1 8 i n c h s ec t io n ,
°
r o un d e d a t th e d r i v i n g end , a n d beve l e d 3 0 to the vertical

f o r o n e s ix t e e n t h i n c h o n t h e oppo s i t e end . The p i l e wa s then

r ou g h e n e d w i th c o a r s e garnet p a p e r by hand .

T h e 1 / 2 a n d 3 / 4 i nc h p i l e s wer e mad e from h o l l ow s t e e l

a l l o y c o n du i t c u t i n t o 1 8 i n c h long s e c t i o n s . The 3 / 4 i n c h

p i l e w a s a c tua l l y 0 . 7 0 5 i n c h in d i ame t e r b u t w i l l b e r e f e r r ed

t o a s 3 / 4 i n c h f o r s ak e o f e xp ed i en c y . E a c h p i l e w a s chucked

i n to a me t a l l a t h e and p o l i s h ed wi th c o a r s e emory c l oth and

s t e e l wo o l to r emove s ur f a c e d i r t and f i lm c o l l e c t e d d ur i ng

s torage . They w e r e t h e n r o u g h ened ove r the bo t t om 8 i nc h

s e c t i o n o f t h e i r l e n g t h w i t h the edg e o f a m e t a l f i l e wh i l e

r o t a t ed s l ow l y b y t h e l a the . The dep th o f s tr i at i on wa s about

0 . 01 i n c h f o r the s t e e l p i l e s . The r o ughened bra s s p i l e wa s

 Pho to graph 4. He avy - d uty aluminum f rame .

Pho t o graph 3 . As s o r t e d bras s pi lo t

ho le cutters ( le f t ) and mo d e l pi le s
( ri ght ) .

w
1.0
 40

smoother t o the t o uc h . A l l p i l e s wer e subj e c ted t o a i r and

mo i s tu r e s imul t a n e ou s l y wi th wet p ap e r t owe l i ng for over f ive

da y s , but n o r u s t o r s u r f a c e f i lm deve l oped o n the p i l e s .

Nume r o u s l o ng i tud i n a l s l i t s we r e c u t i n the b o t t om one

h a l f inch of t he ho l l ow- s t e e l p i l e s w i th a m e ta l s aw and the

r ema i n i n g n ib s wer e hamme r e d i nward u n t i l they touc h ed , f o rming

a t ape r abo u t 3 0 ° t o the v e r t i c a l . T hi s t a p e r wa s c r ea t e d to

a i d in c e n t e r i ng t h e p i l e i n the p i l o t ho l e , and e l imin a t e the

s harp open e nd o f the h o l l ow p i l e s . A n o p e n - e nd e d p i l e w o u l d

c u t a n e w p i lo t h o l e e qu a l to t h e p i l e d i ame t e r dur i n g i n s e r ­

t i on a nd e r a s e t h e e f f e c t s o f any s ma l l e r p i l o t ho l e f o rmed

pr evi o u s l y . Pho to g r ap h 3 a l s o shows a s s o r t ed drawn - b r a s s

tub ing u s ed i n c u t t i n g p i l o t h o l e s i n the s o i l s amp l e s . The

o u t s i de d i ame t e r s and r a t i o s o f the b r a s s t u b e d i ame t e r s to

the three p i l e d i ame t e r s for a l l the t ub e s are e nume r a t e d in

Table I I .

2. A l i gnme n t f rame s

I n i t i a l t e s t in g proved that human e r r o r i nvo lved i n b o th

c u t t in g the p i l o t ho l e s and i n s e r t i n g the p i l e s by hand w i th­

o u t a mean s o f mechan i c a l a l ig nmen t p ro d u c e d c an t ed p i l o t

ho l e s a n d p i l e s . Mi s a l i g n ment o f the p i l e wi th r e s p e c t to

t h e p i l o t h o l e wo u l d g iv e non- s ymme tr i c a l z o n e s of s o i l d i s ­

turbanc e . I f t h e p i l e s we r e n o t driven i n a ve r t i c a l d i r e c t i on ,

b e a r i n g c ap a c i ty r e s i s t anc e to d r i v i n g unr e l a t ed to s k i n f r i c ­

t i on wo u l d be pro d u c ed , a s w i t h a b a t t e r ed p i l e .
 41

TABL E I I . S i z e s o f P i l o t Ho l e C u t t er s U s e d a n d Ra ti o s to
P i l e D i ame t e r s

t .
Rd r a t J. o R ratio
d
for 1/4 for 1/2
i nch p i l e inch p i le

1/8 0 . 50 **

3/16 0 . 75 **

**
7/3 2 0 . 875
D i ame ter l/4 l. 00 0 . 50
o f bra s s *
3/8 0 . 75
p i l o t ho l e
c u t t er , * 0 . 875
7/16
i n i nc h e s *
9/2 0 0 . 90
* 1 . 00
1/2

t R = Ra t i o o f p i l o t ho l e d i ame t e r to p i l e
d d i ame ter
* No R r a t io p o s s ib l e p i l o t ho l e l a rger
-

than d p i l e
* * R n o t u s ed i n p i l o t ho l e s t u d y
d
 42

A h e a vy - d u ty f r ame me a s ur i n g 1 0 i n c h e s wide , 1 5 i n c h e s

lo n g and 1 1 i n ch e s h i gh wa s con s t ruc t e d o f q u a r t e r - i nc h

a lum i n um p l at e s s ep ar a t ed by f o u r 1 0 i nc h b y 1 i n c h d i ame t e r

c a s t i ro n p ip e s a n d p i p e f l an g e f i t t i n g s . ( S e e pho t o g r ap h 4 . }

Thr e e - qua r t er i n c h ho l e s w e r e d r i l l ed i n the c en t e r o f the

p l a t e s , but it b e c ame e vi d e n t that t h i s l im i t i n g - s i z e ho l e

wou l d n o t c o n t r i bu t e a dd i t i on a l a l i gnm e n t t o the sma l l er p i l e s

a n d br a s s t ub i n g t o t h e e xt e n t d e s i r e d .

A s e c o nd f r am e , s hown i n P h o to g r a p h 5 , w a s de s i gned t o

p r o v i d e a d e q ua t e a l i gnme n t f o r e a c h s i z e o f p i l e a n d p i l o t

ho l e c u t t e r . I t wa s conne c t ed t o the und e r s i de o f t h e top

p l a t e of t h e l a r g e r f rame with fo ur o n e-qua r t e r i n c h bo l t s

and w i n g n u t s . Th i s s ec o n d f rame con s i s t ed o f two t h r e e ­

qua r t er i n c h th i c k p l e x i g l a s s p l a t e s s ep a r a t e d b y 1 1 / 2 i n c h

wo o d b l o c k s . A l i gnm e n t ho l e s me a s ur i n g o n e s ixty- f o u r t h inch

l a r g er t h a n e a c h of the p i l o t ho l e c u t t e r s a n d p i l e s were

d r i l l ed t h r ough bo t h the top and bo t t om p l ex i g l a s s p l a t e s o f

the s ma l l e r f rame . E a c h a l i g nme n t ho l e had i t s r e s p e c t ive

four mo un t i n g ho l e s such tha t it cou ld b e c en te r ed und e r the

l a r g e r ho l e i n t h e me t a l f r ame , a s n e e d ed . The p l e xi g l a s s

f ra me a l l owed o n ly a 0 . 0 5 i n c h d evi a t i o n f r om the v e r t i c a l a s

the p i l o t ho l e c u t t e r s and p i l e s we r e pus hed through the

a l i gnme n t ho l e s and i n to the s o i l s amp l e s .

Pho to graph 5 . Plexi glas s ali gnment f rame
f o r mod e l pile s and p i lo t ho le c u t t e r s .

Pho to graph 6 . S te e l lo ading ring

wi th s train gage arrange ment .

�
w
 44

3. R i g i d s o i l s amp l e j ackets

Two 5 i n c h long s ec t i o n s o f c y l i nd r i c a l p l ex i g l a s s

tubing , one 2 . 5 i nc h e s i n d i ame t e r and the o the r 1 . 4 i n c he s

i n d i ame t e r , we r e u s e d to e n c a s e the r e s p e c t ive s i z ed s o i l

s amp l e s during the c u t t i n g o f the p i l o t h o l e , p i l e i n s e r t i on ,

and p i l e l oa d i ng . The s e p l ex i g l a s s j acke t s app l i ed a con­

f i n i n g p r e s s u r e to the s amp l e only wh en or if the s amp l e tend­

ed t o expand r a d i c a l ly , hen c e the t e rmino l ogy " un c on f i n ed "

mod e l p i l e t e s t . I n short , th e j ac k e t s s e rved th r e e purpo s e s :

(1} they s topped the s o i l s amp l e s f r om bul g i ng rad i a l l y and

c r a c k i n g dur in g p i l e i n s er t i on , (2 } the y preve n t e d d ama g e of

the s amp l e s s ub j e c t ed to hand l i ng through the var i o u s t e s t ing

p r o c edure s , and (3} they h e l ped guard a g a i n s t mo i s ture l o s s o f

the s amp l e dur i ng t h e t ime i n t e rva l b e twe e n p i l e i n s e r t i on and

load t e s t in g .

4 . Lo ad and pe n e t r a t i o n mea s ur i ng i n s t r ume n t s

P r e p a r atory t e s t s co nduc t ed t o e xam i n e the p e r f o rman c e o f

t h e new l y deve l o p ed equipmen t ind i c a t ed that t h e 1/ 4 i n c h bra s s

p i l e wou l d f a i l under a load o f roughly 2 p ound s a t a s e t t l e ­

m e n t o f n e a r 0 . 004 i n c h . Wi t h the me a s u r i n g i n s t r ument s i n­

vo lved o n l y two a c c u r a t e r e a d i ng c o u l d be r e c o rded b e f o r e

f a i l ur e , t o o f ew t o a d e q ua t e l y d e f i n e the l oad- s e t t l ement

ch a rac t e r i s t i c s of the p i l e . P i l e p enetra t io n wa s me a su r ed

w i t h a g a g e s en s i t ive to 0 . 0 01 inch , and a 4 1 / 2 i n c h d i amete r

s t e e l l o a d i n g r i n g equi pped w i th a 0 . 0001 inch d i v i s ion

 45

d e f o rma t i o n gage i nd i c a ted o n l y about a pound per d i v i s ion .

T h i s s en s i t ivi ty wa s con s idered too l ow .

An Ame s de f o rma t i o n gage with a s en s i t ivi ty o f 0 . 0 0 0 1

i n c h wa s u s ed th er e a f ter to me a s ur e p enetr a t i on thu s in c r e a s ing

t e n- f o ld the accuracy of th e s e reading s . The load i n g r i n g

wa s d i sma n t led a n d c l eaned thorough ly wi th s t e e l woo l and

s cour ing p owder . The exa c t mid-he ight o f the r i n g wa s l o c a ted

on bo th c r e s c en t s , both i n s ide and out , and marke d . Four BLH

A- 5 - l bo nd ed w i r e s t r a i n gag e s we r e mounted to the r i ng a t

tho s e po s i t i o n s w i th D uPong Grip . They wer e he ld i n po s i tion

wi t h C - c lamp s and hard rubber c u s h i o n s f o r 2 4 hour s , enab l ing

the g l ue t o dry c omp l e t e l y with the wire gag e s in i n tima t e

c o n t a c t w i th the r i ng . Later , the gage s were sprayed wi th

G age C o t e , a c l ear wa terproo f ing ma t e r i a l . ( S ee Photograph 6 . )

The gages we r e connec t ed in a whea t s t one bridge arrange­

ment so that the chang e in e l e c tri cal re s i s tance of the two

gage s due to sh o r t e n i ng o f the i nner f iber s of the r i ng ,

dep end ent on the compr e s s ion of the r i ng und e r load , wou l d be

averaged . The s ame w i r i ng proc edur e wa s f o l l owed f o r the

g a g e s in t e n s ion on the outer f i ber s of the r i ng , whi c h were

e longa t e d . Th i s arrangement provided automa t ic compe n s a t i on

fo r any p o s s i b l e e c c entr i c loading on the r i n g . The bridge

l eads were connec ted to a Budd Mod e l HW- 1 d i g i ta l s train

i n d i c ator wi th a d e f orma t i o n s en s i t i v i ty o f 1 micro- i nch per

i n ch .

C a l ibration o f the r i ng wi th the s t rai n indi c a tor y i e l ded

a c on s ta n t load f a c tor of exactly 2 5 micro- inche s per inc h per

 46

k i logram , or a ma ximum equiva l e n t l o ad s e n s i t i v i t y o f

0 . 0 8 8 pound . C h a ng e s o f t emp e r a t u r e i n t h e l abor a t o ry c a u s ed

t h e z er o - l o a d s t r a in r e a d i n g f r om t h e g a g e s to s h i f t con ­

s id e ra b l y a s a r e s u l t o f t h e r ma l e x p a n s i on o f the l o ad in g

r i ng . A t o t a l o f t e n c a l i br a t i on c h e c k s w e r e made d u r i n g t h e

t e s t i ng p r o g r am , and a l though t h e z e r o - lo a d s tr a i n va r i ed ,

t h e c a l i b r a t i o n c urve s r ema i n e d p e r f e c t l y p a r a l l e l . Thi s

s y s t em o f i n s t r umen t a t i on a l l owed t h e r e c o r d i n g o f s ix t o

e i gh t a c c u r a t e l o ad - p e n e t r a t i on r e ad i n g s b e f o re the u l t i ma t e

l o ad o f t h e p i l e s wa s r e a c h e d .

5. Van e s h�ar d evi c e

A F a r n e l l mod e l 2 8 0 l ab o r atory vane s h e a r d e v i c e wa s

u s e d to me a s u r e the s h e a r s tr e ng th o f th e s o i l . T h e s e va l u e s

o f s hear s tr e n g t h w e r e r e l a t ed t o th e s k i n f r i c t i o n r e s i s t ­

ance that wa s mo bi l i z e d by the s o i l and me a s u r e d w i th a load

r i ng . A c a l ibra t ed s p r i n g whi c h app l i e s 3 i n ch-po und s o f

t o r q u e wi t h a n a n g u l a r movement o f 1 8 0 ° wa s cho s e n f o r i t s

a pp l i c ab i l i ty i n s o f t e r s o i l s . T he h e i gh t , d i ame t e r , and

t h i c k ne s s of the four wi ng e d vane u s e d wa s 1 3 . 0

- rnm , 12 . 8 rnm ,

a n d 0 . 9rnm , r e s p ec t i v e l y .

E. Labo r a to r y T e s t P r o c edure s

The f i r s t pha s e o f t he t e s t i n g p r o g r a m wa s d evo ted t o

s tudy i ng t h e e f f e c t s o f d i f f er e n t s i z ed p i l ot ho l e s bo r ed f o r

e a c h p i l e wh i l e i nve s t i g a t i n g the l o ad t r a n s fe r a s p e c t s o f

e a c h p i l e - s o i l s y s t em .
 47

1. S a mp l e e nc a s e me n t a n d p i l e i n s e r t i on

S o i l s amp le s we r e c ho s e n f o r t e s t i n g f r om the c ur i ng

r o om in t he c hr on o l o g i c a l o rd e r o f p r e p a r a t i on and s to r age

t o m i n imi z e t ime - d e p end e n t th i xo t rop i c effects . A f t e r the

s a r a n wr app i n g wa s r emoved f rom the s amp l e the p l e x i g l a s s

j a c k e t s w e r e s l i p p e d downwa r d over the s amp l e s . The 2 . 5 i n c h

j a cke t s h a v e d a b i t o f t h e s amp l e f r om the s id e s dur i ng

e n c a s ement and f i t t i gh t l y . D a mp pap e r towe l i ng wa s wr apped

a r o und the 1 . 4 inch s amp le s to f i l l a s ma l l a n nu l a r s p a c e

be tw e en t he sma l l e r j ac k e t a nd s amp l e .

T h e j a c k e t e d s amp l e s wer e c en t e r e d over the ho l e i n t h e

bo t t om p l a t e o f the me t a l f r ame and t he p l e x i g l a s s f r ame wa s

ad j u s t e d w i t h t h e d e s i r e d p i l o t c u t t e r g u i d e ho l e c e n t e r ed

und e r t h e c o r r e s p o nd i ng ho l e in the upp e r p l a t e . The p i l o t

ho l e s wer e c u t by p u s h i n g the cho s en b r a s s t ub e s t h r o ugh t h e

s o i l s amp l e wh i l e b e i n g gui ded by the p l e x i g l a s s f r ame . The

tub e s wer e p ul l e d o n through the s amp l e f rom unde r n e a t h the

frame so a s not t o reve r s e the d ir e c t i o n of r emo l d i n g . In

s ev e r a l t e s t s no p i l o t ho l e wa s u s e d . The p l e x i g l a s s f rame

wa s t h e n a d j u s t e d t o g u i d e the p a r t i c u l ar p i l e b e i n g u s ed and

t h e p i l e wa s i n s e r t e d into the s amp l e wi th a s l ow c o n s tant

p u s h by hand un t i l a bo u t one inch o f th e p i l e p r o j e c t e d b e l ow

the s amp l e . The h e i gh t o f the s amp l e wa s c o n s i d e r e d the

d e p t h o f p i l e emb e dmen t . S a r a n wa s wrapped a r o und the s amp l e

top and p i l e t o a vo i d mo i s ture l o s s a nd s y s t em wa s a l l owed to

s e t for 9 0 minu t e s . The l i t e r a t ur e s ugge s t e d no p r e c edenc e

 48

f o r th i s wa i t ing p e r iod , whi c h wa s cho s en a r b i tra r i l y to

a l low d i s s ipat i on o f pore pr e s s ur e c r e a t ed by p i l e i n s e r t i on .

Af t e r t h e wa i t in g p e r i o d th e m e t a l f r ame wa s c e n t e r e d i n th e

F a r n e l l c ompr e s s i o n mac h i n e equ i pped w i th t h e load i n g r i ng

de s c r i bed i n the prev i o u s s e c t i o n . A two i n c h spac e r wa s

s i tua t e d b e l ow t h e f r ame to a l l ow f r e e ver t i c a l movemen t o f

the pile tip . ( S e e Pho tograph 7 . )

2. P i l e l o a d t e s t i ng

L o ad t e s t s wer e c onduc t e d u s ing the CRP t e s t me tho d ,

a c c omp l i s h e d by mea s ur in g the l o ad ne c e s s ar y to ma i n t a in a

c o n s t a n t r a t e o f pene t r a t i on i mp o s ed on the p i l e . Thi s me thod

o f t e s t i n g h a s b e e n u s ed wi th s u c c e s s by Wh i t a k e r and C ooke

( 19 61) , Co y l e and Re e s e ( 1 9 6 6 ) , and Raba (19 6 8 ) .

F a i l u r e wa s d e f in ed a s the p oin t a t whi c h the l o ad on

the p i l e f a i l ed t o i n c r e a se or began to d e cr e a s e . Prior

.
te s t i n g s h owed t h a t f a i l u r e took p l a c e b e twe e n 0 . 0 0 1 5 and

0 . 0 0 7 5 i n c h , ther e fo r e a c o n s tant pene t r a t i on rate o f 0 . 0 0 2

inc h p e r mi nute wa s cho s e n , wi th fai lur e tak ing p l a c e i n

about thr e e minute s .

3. S hear s t r ength t e s t in g

A f t e r the p i l e load t e s t the p i l e wa s extract e d and vane

sh e a r t e s t s we r e c o ndu c t e d thro ughout the e n t i re s amp l e to

i nve s t i g a t e chan g e s in s hear s t r ength w i th d ep th . The van e

s p r i ng wa s ro t a t e d 1 0 ° per minute , w i t h i n the l imi t s sugge s t ed

by G oughnour and S a l l b erg (1964 ) for t e s t s in so i l s of low

 Pho t o graph 8 . Minia tur e " She lby " tube and
s e ve ral f ai le d s ample s from unc onf i n e d
c ompre s s i on t e s ts .

Pho to graph 7 . P i l e lo ad ing sys t e m

and ins trume n t ati on .

""'
1.0
 50

p l a s t i c i ty . S ix inch long " dummy " pi l e s of each di ame ter

were ava i l ab l e f or in s e r t i on in to the s amp le whe r e the

or i g i n a l p i l e had been to prevent so i l f rom bu lging i n to a

va c a n t spac e dur ing the van e s hear te s t s .

In t he 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s , there wa s amp l e room next to

a l l s i z e s of dummy p i l e s to conduct two va ne s hear t e s t s at

eac h of fo ur depth s . Vane t e s t s were a l s o ca r r i ed out at

each o f e i ght dep ths i n some s amp l e s to obta i n s hear s t rength

ver s u s depth r e l at io n s h i p s . ( S ee F ig . 5 . ) A mo i s tu r e con tent

determina t i on wa s made a t eac h po s i ti o n o f a vane shear t e s t .

Be fore the 3 / 4 inch p i le wa s t e s ted in the 1 . 4 i n c h

s amp l e s , the van e s hear t e s t s w e r e per f o rmed i n the mi dd le o f

the s amp l e . The r emo lded a r e a s were then c u t from th e s amp l e

a s a 1 / 2 i n c h d i ameter pi lot h o l e wa s f o rmed b y the usual

pro c edure . F o r the 1/4 and 1 / 2 inch p i l e s in the 1 . 4 i n ch

s amp l e s , there wa s too l i tt le space to c ondu c t vane s he ar

te s t s betwe en the dummy p i l e and the j ac k e t wa l l . Any van e

te s t s pe r f o rmed a t mid - s amp l e b e f ore the p i l e te s t wo u l d have

remo lded an area outs ide the p i l e per ime ter . Ins tead , the

load t e s t wa s conduc ted as u s ua l , wh ereupon the s amp l e mo i s ture

c o n t e n t s a t s e l e c t ed dep th s were c orr e l ated with van e shear -

wa t e r c on t e n t r e l a t io n s h i p s der ived f r om 1 . 4 inc h s amp le s .

4. Corr e l ation o f vane s h ear to uncon f i ned

compr e s s 1ve s trength

In mo s t s o i l - p i l e adhe s i on s tud i e s the s hear s trength

of the so i l i s exp r e s s ed in terms of the unco n f in ed compre s s ion

 51

EB P os i t i on o f vane s h e ar t e s t , top v i e w .

OJ P os i t i o n o f v an e s h e ar t e s t , fro n t v i e w .

EB
EB ® EB
EB "-
� � �
il le S amp l e �

Dummy P i le �
� Dummy P i le --

(a) Vane s h e ar te s t i n g (b ) Vane s he a r te s t i ng

a t four dep t hs at e i g h t de p t h s

Fig . 5. Lo c a t i o n o f vane s h e a r t e s t s for the

d e t e rmi n a t ion of s h e a r s trength d i s -
t r ibut i o n s o f 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l es
 52

s t r ength . An a t t emp t wa s ma d e to c o r r e l a t e the n umerous

vane s h e a r va l ue s d e t e rm ined dur i n g th i s re s e a r c h wi t h the

uncon f i n e d c omp r e s s iv e s t r e n g t h o f th e t e s t s o i l . S i n c e the

s h e a r s t r e ngth o f the s o i l d e c r e a s ed w i t h s a mp l e d e p th , n o

a c c u r a t e c o rr e l a t i on wa s po s s i b l e by p e r f o rming a n u n c o n f i n ed

c ompr e s s i o n t e s t on a l a r g e s amp l e and comp a r i n g the r e s u l t s

wi th s ev e r a l v a n e t e s t s mad e a l on g the s amp l e dep th . F a i l ur e

i n t h e u nc o n f i n ed s amp l e wou l d tak e p l ac e a t the w e a k e s t

s ec t i o n , i.e. t h e s amp l e bo t t om , wh i l e f a i lure b y the va n e i s

impo s e d o n a v e r t i c a l p la n e s ur r ound i n g the vane . A n o the r

d i f f i cu l t y i nvo l v e d i s the w i d e var i a t ion b e twe en i n d i v i d u a l

s amp l e s .

To o v e rcome the p r o b l em , a sma l l s t e e l " Sh e l by " tube

wa s too l e d a n d p o l i s h e d on a l a the to i n s i d e and o u t s id e

d i ame t e r s o f 0 . 6 2 5 and 0 . 6 7 5 i n c h , r e s p e c t iv e l y . T h e t u b e wa s

pu s hed i nto a 2 . 5 i n c h s ampl e to the d e s i r e d depth and h e ld

in po s i t i on . The v a n e wa s t h e n i n s e r ted c l o s e to the tube to

a s imi l a r d ep th and the vane shear t e s t wa s c o nduc t ed . F i gu r e

6 i s a s c h ema t i c d i agr am o f the r e l a t i ve po s i t i on s o f t h e tube

and v a n e d u r i n g t e s t in g . Af t e r the tube wa s extrac t e d , the

s o i l c or e wa s r e t r i eved and t r immed t o the p r op e r h e i g h t f or

a l eng th t o d i am e t e r r a t i o o f 2 . 0 and p l a c e d in t h e F a r ne l l

c ompr e s s i on ma c h i ne . Uncon f in ed c omp r e s s i on t e s t s were c a r r i ed

o u t wi th the sma l l s amp l e s u s i n g a s tr a in rate of 1 . 5 per

c e n t p e r minut e . The sma l l s t e e l tube and s ever a l f a i l e d s am­

p l e s a r e p i c tu r e d in P ho togr aph 8 .
 53

"She lby"
M i n i at ure
t ub e Van e

·v

Tl
.---

___.
T1 1/ 4 1 1
1 1/2" I
I
I

L
Unconfi ne d
-----
I T
I
i

compre s s i on ___­
/2"
1

-
test
1

T l /B "
s amp l e
_j_ j__

ls� :J
·
·- ---· � _ _
--
-

3 @ 1 1/ 2II = 4 1/ 21 1
I

2 . 5 I n ch D i ame t e r I
'
S o i l S amp le

F ig . 6 . Lo c a t i on of tests to c o r r e l a t e v a n e s h e a r
s t rength to unco n f i ned c omp r e s s iv e s t r e n g th
of so i l
 54

5. Te s t i n g f or e f f e c t s o f e l aps ed t i me

A s e r i e s o f t e s t s wa s e x e cuted to me a s ur e the g a i n i n

t h e u l t ima t e l o a d o n the p i l e wi th t ime a f t e r p i l e emb edment .

A 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e wa s i n s e r t e d i n t o a j ac k e t e d 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e

w i t h n o p i lo t ho l e . The u l t i ma t e load supported by the p i l e

wa s mea s ur e d two m i nu t e s a f t e r in s e r t i on , and sub s equen t

u l t ima t e l o a d t e s t s we r e c onduc ted a t 5 , 1 0 , 15 , 50 , 60 , 90 ,

170 , 315 , 610 , 1260 , 3 4 0 0 , and 7 2 0 0 minute i nt e rva l s a f ter

e a c h p r e v i ou s t e s t . The s e t i me i n t e r va l s were cho s en so that

t h e i r d i s tr ib u t i o n o n a l o gar i t hm i c s c a l e wou l d b e even l y

spaced . The s o i l - p i l e s y s tem wa s wr apped wi t h s a r a n and

p l a c e d in the mo i s t room dur i n g the i n t e rva l s tha t w e r e l o n g e r

t h a n 9 0 m i nute s .

6. T e s t i n g f o r e f f e c t s o f p e n e t r a t io n r a t e s

T h e e f f e c t s o f d i f f er in g p e n e t r a t i on r a t e s on t h e u l t i ­

ma t e p i l e l o a d we re a l s o inve s t igated s i nc e pene t r a t i o n r a t e s

u s ed i n t h i s r e s e a rc h wer e muc h s l ower than tho s e c i t ed i n the

l i t e r a t ur e . U l t ima t e l o ad s on a 1/ 2 inch p i l e in a 2 . 5 i n c h

s amp l e w i t h n o p i l o t h o l e were me a s u r ed a t t e n minu t e i n t e r ­

v a l s u s i ng p e n e t r a t i o n r a t e s o f 0 . 0 0 2 , 0 . 0 0 4 , 0 . 008 , 0 . 016 ,

a n d 0 . 0 3 2 i n c h p e r minute .
 55

IV . TE ST RE SULT S AND ANAL Y S I S

A. Phy s i c a l Pro p e r t ie s o f the So i l Samp le s

1. S h e a r s t r ength di s t r i bu t i o n s

P r i o r to i nve s t i ga t i ng t h e l o a d t r an s f e r b e tw e e n the

s o i l and mod e l p i l e s , i t wa s n e c e s s a r y to know the s tr ength

pro p e r t i e s of a l l the s o i l s amp l e s u s ed . P r e l imina ry t e s t i ng

i n d i c a t e d t h e van e s h e a r s t rength and mo i s tu r e c o n t e nt var i ed

wi t h dep t h i n the s ed imented s amp l e s . Th i s s e c t i o n i s devo t ed

to d e s c r i b i ng the na t u r e and mag n i tu d e o f the var i a nc e o f

t h e s e p r op e rt i e s .

A s d e s c r i bed i n the prec e d i ng c h apter , v a n e s he a r te s t s

we r e c onduc t e d next t o t he p i l e s a t p r e - d e t e rmined d e p t h s i n

the 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s . In the f i r s t s e r i e s o f t e s t s w i t h the

1/4 inch p i l e in 1 . 4 i n c h s o i l s amp l e s , the g ener a l pr o c e ­

d ur e s wer e mod i f i e d due to l ac k o f s p a c e between the p i l e a n d

so i l j ac k e t f o r vane s he a r t e s t i ng . E a c h o f the s i x p l o t t e d

po i n t s on the g r ap h o f F i g . 7 r epr e s en t s t h e r e s u l t s o f o ne

v an e s hea r - mo i s tur e c o n t e n t d e t ermina t i on i n a one i n ch long

s e c t i on of s o i l cut f r om the top or b o ttom o f eac h o f s i x

s amp l e s . A l l o f the s amp l e s u s ed i n t h i s s e r i e s w e r e approx i ­

ma t e l y th e s ame i n i t i a l h e i gh t a n d age . Rut l edg e (194 8 )

f ound t ha t the mo i s tur e c o n t e n t ver s u s log s he ar s t r ength

re l a t i on s h i p is l in e a r for a n o rma l ly con s o l i d a t ed c l ay , thus

a s t r a ight l i n e wa s f i t t ed to the s ix data p o i n t s by the

me thod o f l e a s t square s . Mo i s ture c o n tent s wer e taken i n the

 56

27. 0

26 . 5

\ 0
0 \

26 . 0
\
\ \

o\0
25 . 5
\ \

\
E-<
..

z
w
E-<
z
0
u I
25 . 0 \I
p:;
w
E-< \
�
::s:

24. 5

\
24 . 0 \ I
o\
0

I I u
23 . 5
200 300 400 600 8 0 0 10 0 0

VANE S HEAR S T RE N GT H , p s f

Fig ure 7 . Vane s h e ar - moi s t ure content re l at i on for 1 . 4 i n ch s amp le s

us e d w i t h 1 / 4 i n ch p i le .
 57

r ema i n i ng por t i o n o f e a c h s amp l e wh i c h wa s u s ed for a p i l e

l o ad t e s t . Wi th the s e mo i s ture content va lue s the r e s pec ­

t iv e vane s h ear s t rength s we r e obta i n e d f rom the b e s t - f i t

l i n e o f F i g . 7 a n d p lo t t ed ve r s u s the d ep th s i n each s amp l e

f ro m wh i c h the mo i s ture conten t s wer e taken . ( S ee F i g . 8 . )

A l thoug h t h e po i n t s p l o tted fo r each s amp l e d o not d e t ermine

a s t r a i gh t l i ne in a l l c a s e s , the shear s tren gth d i s tr ibut ions

were a s s umed l i n e a r f o r the s ake o f uni formi ty and s imp l i c ity .

The s l i ght non - l i n e a r tr end i s d i s c u s s ed l a t e r . Each l i ne ,

wh i c h wa s f i tted by the method o f l ea s t squa r e s , r e p r e s ent s

the vane s h e a r s t r ength d i s t r ibution wi th depth i n o n e par­

t i c u l a r s amp l e .

A l l s amp l e s were g iven a code number wh i c h wou l d ide n t i f y

i t s s i z e a nd u s e . Re f e r r ing to the l egend o f F i g . 8 , s amp l e

# 1 - 1 . 4 - � - 0 denote s the s amp l e number , the s amp l e d i ame ter ,

the d i ame t e r o f the p i l e , and the d i ame ter o f the p i l o t ho l e ,

re s p e c t ive l y . A l l mea s ureme n t s are i n inche s .

I t i s evident from an i n s pection o f th e curve s o f F i g . 8

tha t the vane s h e a r s t rength o f the s o i l dec r ea s ed w i t h dep th

in the s amp l e s . The magn i tude of th i s de c r e a s e from the top

to the b o t tom of t he s amp l e i s approxima t e l y 50 per c ent o f

the ma x imum vane s hear s t ren g t h . The r e a s on for th i s decrea s e

in s he a r s t r ength wa s t h e di s s i p a t i on o f e f f e c t ive s t r e s s w i t h

d ep th i n t h e s o i l s amp l e dur i ng the s e d imentat ion proc e s s . It

i s thought th i s d i s s i p a t i o n o f s tre s s wa s par t l y d u e t o wa l l

f r i c t io n b e twe en the s o i l p a r t i c le s and the s ed iment tube .

 58

T OP
I

4.5

4.0 I I

I I
I
I
3. 5
ClJ I I
rJl

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() I
� I
· rl

..
3. 0 -'
t:il "
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-< 2. 5 I
V)

z f
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S amp le # l - 1 . 4- l / 4 - 0
::r: 2.0 - -- ...
E-< ,,
_

11-.
t:il I
q I S amp le # 2 - 1 . 4 - l / 4 - l / 8
1. 5
I
� --A-A-

"' '
I S amp le # 3 - 1 . 4 - l / 4- 3 / 1 6
1.0 I -G----Q--

S amp l e # 4 - 1 . 4 - l / 4 - l / 4
0.5 - A:- ... -

B O TTOM �---L�/ -L�-L--L---�----�--

200 300 400 500 600

VANE S HEAR S T RENGTH , ps f

Fig . 8. Va n e s he a r s t r e n g th d i s t r i but i on s i n 1 . 4
inch s amp l e s u s e d wi t h 1 / 4 p i l e
 59

T h i s wo u l d c a u s e the bo ttom o f the s amp le to b e l e s s c on­

s o l i d a t e d than t h e top .

The r e s u l t s o f v a n e s h e a r t e s t s i n 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s u s ed

wi t h the 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e a r e s hown in F i g . 9. The s he a r

s t r en g t h d i s t r i bu t i o n s o f t h e s e s amp l e s a r e p r e s e n t e d on two

g r a p h s f o r e a s e o f i n terpr e ta t i o n . The vane s hear s t r engths

wer e p lo t t ed ve r s u s d ep t h s a t wh i c h th e y wer e per f o rmed , and

no mo i s t ur e c on t e n t - s h e a r s tr e n g t h c o r r e l a t i o n as d e s c r i be d

be f o r e wa s n e c e s s ar y . A c lo s e i n spec t i on of t he po s i t i on s o f

t h e p l o t t ed po i n t s o f F i g . 9 i nd i c a t e s t h e r e wa s a s l i ght

t r end f o r the s h e a r s tr ength to d e c r e a s e mo r e n e a r th e top

o f t h e s amp l e than through t he midd l e o r b o t t om . T h i s t r e nd

i s r e a l i s t i c c on s i d e r i n g the g r e a t e r po r t i o n o f s tr e s s d i s ­

s i pa t e d immed i a t e l y und e r the l oad , a s theor i z ed b y Bous s i n e s q

( T e r z a g h i and P ec k , 1967) . The tr end was n o t evi d e n t nor

equa l l y prominent i n a l l s amp l e s , the r e fo r e a l i n e a r d e c r e a s e

o f s t r en g th wi th d e p t h wa s a s s umed . Each s t r a i gh t l in e sh owing

t h e s h ear s tr e n g t h d i s t r ibuti o n s wa s f i t by the me thod o f

lea s t squares .

L i t t l e e xp l an a t i o n c a n b e o f f e r ed a s to why the s hear

s t r e n g t h d i s tr i bu t i o n s f o r s im i l a r l y p r epa red s amp l e s a r e not

para l l e l nor c o i n c i d i n g . I n s ome i n s t an c e s the l o ad on the

s ed ime n t i n g s amp l e s wa s ma i n t a in e d f or an add i t i o n a l 1 2 to 7 2

hour s , and the e x t r a t ime s p e n t i n s ec o nda ry c on s o l i d a t ion

c o u l d have r e s u l t ed i n s l i gh t l y s t ro ng e r s amp l e s . Some o f the

s amp l e s wer e s ed imen t e d dur i ng the da y l ight hour s wh i l e othe r s

 TOP

4. 5
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•
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�
S amp le # 1 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 0
0 I _. _ ._
I I 0 0
;A
'
1. 5
I S amp le # 6 - 2 . 5 - l / 4 - l / 4 I S amp le # 3 - 2 . 5 - l / 4 - 3 / 1 6
� · fr- · -fr ·

1. 0
I I
.
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S amp le # 2 - 2 . 5 - l / 4 - l / 8
I · -A- · -6-- · I
.
S amp le # 5 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 7 / 3 2
- · - --

0.5 J 1
I. .
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B O TT O M
o I I o

200 300 400 500 600 200 300 400 500 600

VANE
"'
VAN E S HE A R S TREN G TH , psf S HE A R S T RE N G TH , psf 0

Fig . 9 . Vane shear s trength d i s tr ibut ions i n 2 . 5 inch

samp l e s u s ed with 1 / 4 inch p i l e
 61

u n d e rwen t pr ima r y con s o l i d a t i o n dur i n g the n i g h t when tem­

p e r a tur e s i n the l ab o r a tory c o u l d d r op s u b s tant i a l l y dur i ng

th e c o l d e r mo n th s . T h i s t emp e r a t u r e d i f f e r enc e c o u l d h av e

a f f e c t e d the c o n s o l i d a t i on p r oc e s s a nd thu s the s t r e ngth

p rop e r t i e s of the s amp l e s .

A f t e r the l / 2 i n c h p i l e wa s t e s t e d in the 1 . 4 i n c h

s amp l e s , i n s uf f i c i en t s p a c e wa s ava i l ab l e t o c onduc t the van e

shear tests . The va n e s he a r - mo i s ture c o n t e n t re l a t i on s h i p

repre s ented in F i g . 7 c o u l d n o t be u s ed b e c au s e o f a n a g e

d i f f e r e n c e wh i c h mi gh t have me ant a s t r e n g t h d i f f e r en c e b e tween

the two g r oup s o f s amp l e s . Thr e e 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s kno w n to

be of the s ame a g e were ch o s e n , and one s amp l e wa s u s ed f o r

a vane s he a r-mo i s tur e c o n t e n t re l a t i o n s h i p . ( See Fig . 10 . )

V e r y l i t t l e s c a t t e r o f the p o i n t s about the be s t- f i t l i n e

o c c ur s , whi c h i s c o n t r a r y t o r e s u l t s sh own i n F i g . 7. The

mo i s t u r e c o n t e n t ve r s u s log s h e a r s t r e n g t h re l a t i on sh i p g a i ned

f r om a s i n g l e s amp l e wa s q u i t e li n ea r . F r om a c o mpa r i s o n of

r e s u l t s s hown i n F i g s . 7 and 1 0 , it a p p e a r s the r e l a t i o n s h i p

i s u n i q u e f o r e a c h s amp l e t e s t ed . T h i s co u l d be d u e t o the

f a c t t h a t e a c h s amp l e wa s con s o l i d a t e d und e r one p a r t i c u l ar

s e t o f c o n d i t i on s .

Mo i s t u r e conten t s were t a k en i n th e othe r two 1 . 4 i nch

s amp l e s a f te r the p i l e l o ad t e s t , and the c o r r e s p o n d i ng vane

s he a r a t e a c h depth wa s t a k e n f rom t he c urve o f F i g . 10 a nd

p l o t t e d i n the man n e r p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b ed . The r e s u l t i ng

s h e a r s tr e ng t h d i s t r i b u t i o n s for the s e and a l l r e ma i n in g s am­

p l e s a r e shown in the f i gur e s of Append i x A .

 62

27 . 5

27 . 0

26 . 5

o\o

..
E:-< 26 . 0
z
fJ..:j
E:-<
z
0
(.)
�
fJ..:j
E:-<
�
:::;:: 25 . 5

25 . 0

24 . 5

24 . 0
150 200 300 400 500

VANE S HEAR S T RE N G TH , p s f

F ig . 10. Vane s h e a r - mo i s ture content re l a t i on f o r

1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s u s ed w i th 1 / 2 inch p i l e
 63

The me thod of vane s h e a r -mo i s t ure cont ent c o r r e l a t ion

to obta in s h e ar s t rength d i s t r ibut i o n s p ro duced as l i t t l e

s c a t t e r o f t h e p l otted po i n t s abo u t t h e be s t - f i t l i ne s a s

t h a t o b t a i n e d from d i r ect v a n e s h e a r te s t i ng a t e a c h d ep th .

Thi s l a c k o f exc e s s ive s c a t te r , a s s umi ng l a c k o f s ca t t e r as a

v a l i d c r i t e r i on f or j udgement , in f e r s that both method s u s ed

to obt a i n shear s tr ength d i s tr ibu t i on s in the s o i l were

e qua l l y va l id .

On the other hand , the d i rect method , vane s he a r t e s ting

n ext t o t he p i l e , d i d not invo lve an a s s ump tion r e g a r d i n g the

va l id i ty o f one shear s trength-mo i s ture con tent r e l a t i o n for

s evera l s amp l e s . I n addi t i o n , the non- l i n e ar s h e a r s t r ength

d i s t r i but i o n s , wh i c h s eems mo re r e a l i s t ic , wa s mo s t evi d ent

in the te s t r e s u l t s f r om s amp l e s t e s ted d i r e c t l y wi th the

vane d evi c e . Thi s l e a d s to t he con c l u s ion that the d i r ec t

method o f vane t e s t i n g wa s mo re a c c ur a t e , a n d c er t a i n l y more

f avo r a b l e from the s tandpo i n t o f s p eed and ea s e in inte rpre­

ta t ion .

2. Va r i a t ion o f mo i s t ur e content

The va r i a t i on of mo i s ture content wi th depth in th e s o i l

s amp l e s do e s not app e a r to be l i near . Mo i s ture content d i s ­

t r i bu t i o n s o f two repr e s enta tive s amp l e s a r e shown i n F i g . 1 1 .

Th e s e s amp l e s we r e c ho s e n on the ba s i s that th e i r s hear

s tr ength d i s tr i bu t i o n s and 1og van e s hear mo i s ture content

r e l a t i on ship s showed a h i gh degree of l in e ar i ty . Mo i s ture

 64

5.0

l . 4 " S amp l e , L / D = 3.5

4.5 �--o-e-

2 . 5 " S amp le , L / D = 1. 8
--er--A--A-
4.0

3. 5

(/]
(!)

{j 3 . 0
s:::
·�

� 2. 5
p..
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(f)
2.0
z
H

::X::
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p.. 1. 5
w
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1. 0

0.5

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

WATE R CON TENT , %

Fig . 11 . Mo i s ture c o n tent d i s t r i bu t i ons in two

r ep r e s entat i ve s o i l s amp l e s
 65

c o n t e n t s w e r e t a k e n f rom t he s ame 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e u s e d for

t h e vane s h e a r - mo i s tur e c o n t e nt c o rr e l a t ion s ho wn in F i g . 10 .

The o t h e r mo i s tu r e content v a l u e s a r e f r om s amp l e # 4 - 2 . 5 - � - � .

( See Fig . 3 1 , Appen d i x A ) .

A s i g n i f i ca n t p o i n t r e gard i n g the s e c urve s i s tha t the

r a ng e i n wa t e r c o n t e n t , a n d thu s the r a n g e in she a r s t r ength ,

f r om t h e top to the bottom o f the s amp l e i s con s i d e r ab l y

g r e a t e r i n t h e 1 . 4 i nch s amp l e . Mo s t 1 . 4 inc h s amp l e s had a

l e n g t h - to- d i ameter ( L/D ) r a t i o gr e a t e r than 3 . 0 . Thi s L/D

r a t i o , a s oppo s ed to one l e s s than 2 . 0 f o r the 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s ,

l e ad s t o mor e f r i c t i o na l d r a g betw e e n so i l pa r t i c l e s and the

s ed im e n t tube wa l l p e r un i t vo l ume o f s o i l s amp l e . I n c rea s ed

f r i c t i o na l r e s i s ta n c e g i ve s r i s e to g r e a t er d i s s i p a t i on of

e f f e c t ive s tr e s s . Lowe r e f f e c t iv e s t re s s near the s amp l e

bo t t om re s u l t ed i n a l e s s d en s e s t ructur e , h i gh e r vo i d r a t i o s ,

a n d h i g her mo i s t ur e content s .

3. C o r r e l a t i on o f vane s h e a r to unc o n f i n ed comp re s s ive

strength

T h e pr o c e dur e s u s ed t o obta i n t e s t va l ue s to corr e l at e

t h e v a n e s h e a r s tr ength a n d t h e s he ar s t r ength d e termi ned by

the u n c on f i n e d c omp r e s s i on t e s t we r e out l i ned in d e ta i l in

the p r e vi o u s c h a pt e r . Th e graph i c a l r e p r e s en ta t i on o f thi s

corr e l a t ion i s ' i l l u s trated in F ig . 12 . The curve s whi c h wer e

f i t t e d t o the d a t a by the l e a s t- s qu ar e s me tho d , i n t er s ec t at

a wa t e r c o n t e n t v a l u e n e a r 2 7 p e r c en t , whi ch is s l ightly

be l ow the l iquid l im i t o f the so i l . The r a t i o o f van e s hear

 66

Un c o n fine d - 1 / 2
26 . 0 -0 - 0 -()--

I
Van e S h e ar Str .
I - .... - -- -- -

25 . 5

el
I

25 . 0
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o'fl '
..
E-<
z
J:-4
E-< 2 4 . 5.
z
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u
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J:-4
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�
I
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23 . 5
I
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23 . 0 I I J
200 300 400 600 800 1000

SHE AR S TRENGTH , p s f

Fig . 12. Var i a t i o n o f v a n e s h e a r a nd u n c o n f i ned

c omp r e s s ive s t r eng th w i th wa t e r c o n t e n t
 67

s t r ength to one h a l f o f the unco n f i n e d compr e s s ive s t r ength

c h a n g e s w i th the wa ter con t e n t , or void r a t i o , o f the so i l ,

a n d thu s change s wi th depth i n e a ch s amp l e . The r a t i o var i ed

f r om 0 . 9 3 t o 0 . 7 5 wi th i n th e range o f water c on t en t s f ound

in any one s ed imented s amp l e .

Goughnor and S a l lberg ( 1 9 6 4 ) found tha t s o i l s w i th a

p l a s t i c i ty index ( P I ) l e s s than 1 4 p e r c e nt had vane shear­

t o - u n c o n f in ed r a t i o s l e s s than 1 . 0 . One exp l a n a t i on i s that

a s o i l havi n g a l ow P . I . ha s a n intergranu l a r f r i c t i on force

tha t is mob i l i z e d i n the uncon f i ned c ompr e s s io n t e s t but

p o s s i b l y not i n the va n e shear t e s t , thus th e l ow r a t i o s .

Nea r the s amp l e top wh e r e the s o i l s t r uct ure i s a s s umed mo r e

d e n s e b e c a u s e t h e mo i s tu r e co n t ent i s lower , a r e s u l t i ng

h i g h e r i n t er gr anu l a r fr i c ti o n mi ght e xp l a i n th e h i gh e r unc on­

f i n e d comp r e s s ive s trength s r e l a t i ve to the vane sh e a r

s t r ength s .

Another p o s s i b i l i ty i s tha t s i nc e the s amp l e s wer e

a n i s o tro p i c a l l y con s o l i d a ted , the va l u e s o f shear s t rength

d e t e rm i n e d f rom f a i lure on d i f f e rent p l anes wo u ld d i s agree .

The va r i a n c e o f shear s t r ength f ound i n e a c h s amp l e wa s

muc h g r e a t e r than wa s exp e c t ed a t the b e g i n n i ng o f thi s

re s earch . Th i s va r i ance o f p hy s i c a l prop e r t i e s wa s pr imar i ly

du e to the l a rg e l ength- t o - d i a me t e r r a t i o s o f the s ed imented

s amp l e s . A l though the exi s t e n c e o f a shear s tr e ngth d i s tr i­

bu t ed wi t h s amp l e dep th s imu l a t e s a n a tura l s o i l depo s i t , i t

e l i m i n a t e d the po s s ib i l i ty o f choo s ing wi th exper imental s oi l-

 68

P i l e adhe s i on va l ue s . An a l t e rna t 1' v e me th o d f or compa r i ng

s o i l s h e a r s t r e ngth t o s k i n f r i c t i on i s i n t roduc ed i n the

f o l l owing s e c t i on .

B. Load T r an s f e r o f Mode l P i l e s a s a F unc t i on o f P i l o t Ho l e ,

P i l e , and S amp l e S i z e

1. Theore t i c a l co n s ide r a t i o n s

Ac c o rd i n g t o t h e t h e or i e s o f Z e evaert ( 1 9 5 0 } and A i r hart ,

et . al ( 1 9 6 7 } , a p i l e dr iven into s o f t c l ay d i s p l a c e s the

s o i l ben e a t h the tip by the a c t i on o f a s o i l we dge c r e ated

at the t i p . As thi s s o i l is d i s p l a c e d to t he s i d e of the

p i l e , i t s s tructure i s c omp l e t e ly de s troyed . C utt i ng a p i lo t

h o l e i n a s amp l e to b e t e s t e d , extr a c t s s o i l t h a t wo u ld

o th e rwi s e be l o c a ted b e low the p i l e t i p , and reduc e s the

amount o f s o i l that i s d i sp l a c e d , r emo lded , and f o rced to the

s ide . T h i s r educ t i on i n the vo l ume o f remo lded s o i l beneath

the p i l e tip a l l ows a d e c re a s e i n the r ad i a l extent and

d e g r e e o f d i s turban c e o f the s o i l ne ar the p i l e .

Mathe s ( 1 9 6 8 } ha s s hown that th i xotrop i c e f f ec t s are

t ime - dependent . By me a s ur i n g soi l - p i l e adhe s i on at a d e f i n i t e

i n terva l o f t ime a f ter p i le i n s er t i on , 9 0 minut e s in thi s

r e s ea r c h , the mag n i tude o f the s trength gai n wi th i n th at inter-

va l wi l l b e c o n s t an t f o r e a c h t e s t . I f the d i sturbanc e

c r e a t ed by p i l e in s er t i on i s sma l l , then the magni tud e o f the

r e ga i n e d s trength wi l l r e s u l t in a h i gher adhe s i on va lue than

i f the i n i t i a l d i s turban c e i s qui te large . If the

 69

a s s ump t i o n s s t a t e d a b ove a r e c o r r e c t the r e l a t i ve d i s turba n c e

d u e to d i f f e r e n t rat i o s o f p i l o t h o l e s i z e to p i l e d i ame t e r

c a n b e d e t e rmi n e d by me a s ur i ng s o i l - p i l e a dh e s i o n .

O n e mea s u r e o f s o i l - p i l e adhe s i o n i s the magn i tude o f

t h e l o a d tha t c a n be tran s f e r r ed f rom t h e p i l e to th e s o i l .

T h e maximum s o i l - p i l e adhe s i on wo u l d o c cur i f the l o a d t r a n s ­

f e r r e d to t he s o i l equa l l ed t he s h e a r s tr en gth o f t h e s o i l ;

t h e r e f o r e a r e l a t i v e me a s ure o f adh e s i o n i s the r a t i o o f the

l o a d t r a n s f e r t o the s o i l s h e a r s t r ength . The s e l e c t i o n o f

o n e p ar t i c u lar s h e a r s t r en g th va l ue f rom t h e en t i r e s amp l e

f o r c ompa r i s o n w i t h the a ve r a g e load tran s f e rred wo u l d n o t be

v a l i d b e c a u s e the s h e a r s tr e n g t h c h an g es wi t h d e p t h in e a c h

s o i l s amp l e . A l though the s he ar s t rength d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e

f a i r l y l i n e a r , a n d the v a n e s he ar s t rength a t mid-d epth r epre­

s en t s th e ave r a g e va n e s he a r in the s amp l e , th e p i l e l o a d

t r a n s f e r r e d t o the s o i l i s n e i th e r co n s t ant with d e p t h , n o r

t o ta l ly d ep e nden t o n the so i l ' s shear s t r e n g t h . C o y l e and

Re e s e ( 1 9 6 6 ) have s h own tha t t he ratio o f l o a d t r a n s f e r to

s o i l s h e a r s tr e n g t h chang e s w i th p i l e p e n e t r a t i on and depth .

At p r e s en t , the on ly va l i d me thod o f d e t e rm i n i ng l o a d

d i s t r i bu t i on wi th d ep t h i s to i n s t rume nt s t e e l -wa l le d p i l e s

w i th s t r a i n gage s , and , know i n g the e l a s t ic prope r t i e s o f the

p i l e , c a l c u l a t e the load rema i n i ng in th e p i l e a t cho s en

d ep t h s . The mod e l p i l e s u s e d i n thi s r e s e ar c h we r e not s o

i n s t rumen t ed , t h e r e f o r e a theo r i z ed l oad d i s t r i bu t i on curve

t h a t wou l d g iv e r e a s o n a b l e v a l u e s f o r load t r an s f er wi th d epth

i n t h e s o i l s amp l e s wa s r equ i r ed .
 70

A t yp i c a l l oa d d i s t r i bu t i on c ur v e i n c l ay de v e l o p e d by

Re e s e a n d S e e d (1955) wa s f i r s t c o n s i d e r e d f o r usc . P r e l imi­

nary c a l c u l at i o n s b a s e d on th e g e ome t r y o f t he curve p r o d u c ed

l o a d t r a n s f e r v a l u e s exc e e d i n g th e s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f the so i l

a t the l ower d e p t h s . A to t a l r e g a i n i ng o f sh e a r s t r e n g t h o f

t h e l e a n c l a y s o i l o n l y 9 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r r e mo l d i n g s e emed

q u i t e u n l i k e l y , the r e f o r e b o t h the t r an s f e r va l ue s and the

c urve we r e a s s umed i n c o r r e c t . The c u rve d i d no t f u l l y a pp l y

b e c a u s e the t e s t s o i l i n Ree s e and S e ed ' s r e s e a r c h e xh i b i t e d

f a i r l y c o n s t a n t va l ue s o f s h e a r s t r e n g t h w i th d ep th , un l i ke

t h e s o i l s amp l e s u s e d i n t h i s r e s e a r c h .

Airhart , et . al . ( 1 9 6 7) have g i v e n s ev e r a l l o a d d i s t r i ­

bu t i o n c urve s o b ta i n e d f rom two f u l l - s c a l e i n s t r umen t e d h o l l ow

s t e e l p i l e s d r i ven i n to a s o i l d epo s i t c o n s i s t i n g ma i n l y of

s i l ty c l ay . B e c a u s e t h e s o i l type i n tha t r e s e a r c h r e s e mb l e d

t h e s o i l u s e d i n thi s s t udy , a nd the sh e a r s tr e n g t h d i s t r i ­

b u t i o n f o r bo t h the s o i l s we r e s imi l a r , i . e . dec r e a s i ng with

d e p th , t h e l o a d d i s t r i bu t i o n c u rv e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a pp l i c a ­

ble . T h e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n curve i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 13 (B)

i s c o n s i d e r ed t o r ep r e s e n t the g e n e r a l p rope r t i e s o f the

c u r v e s f r om the t e s t s by A i r h a r t , e t . a l . , and i s not an exa c t

copy o f a n y o n e p a r t i cu l a r c urve . Th e typ i c a l c u r v e o f F i g .

1 3 ( B ) d i f f e r s f rom the o n e d eve l o p e d b y S e e d and R e e s e ( 1955 )

i n t h a t i t d i s t r i bu t e s t h e l a r g e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e l o ad to

t h e s o i l f rom the p i l e ' s mid - s e c t i on s . Thi s d i f f e r e n c e a r i s e s

f r om d i s s imi l a r s he a r s t r e n g t h d i s t r i bu t i o n s o f t h e s o i l s o f

th e two s t ud i e s .
 71

�1timate Load , Q
=
i
--r--

t f-_,.- 0.112 Q

- - f- - - - - - - -

< 0 . 1 7 1
-
- - -

!
- -

- - - - - - ;J
1 ;. 1
:j
:i
---
f- - - - - -
Q

- -

f-

Sample � r e�----- - -
-

1'
tl. , p·1
0 . 513 Q
- - - - - - -

<0 . 190 Q
[i .
!i ______..-
d'
- - - - - - - - I! -

G O . l7 8
1- - - - - - -
0 . 323 Q

11 !,
Q

II �;� �1� : �
-
- - - - -
-

·I
L._ ---1 I! 0
li
- --

( A ) L o a d Tr a n s f e r r e d to S o i l ( B ) Load i n P i l e
Fig . 13. Load d i s t r ibution ve r s u s d e p t h f o r mode l
p i l e- s o i l s y s tem
 72

Th e f a i l u r e me c h an i sms o f t he f i e ld p i l e s o f A i r h a r t ,

et ., al . ( 1 9 6 7 ) and t he mod e l p i l e s o f t h i s s tudy d i f f er .

A f t e r a f i e l d p i l e ha s been d r i ven a n d a l l owed to s e t for

s ev er a l da y s , the s o i l tha t wa s r emo l ded a d j ac ent t o the p i l e

a s s ume s a mo re d e n s e a r r angeme n t a f t e r d i s s i p a t i o n t o e xc e s s

p o r e wat e r pr e s s u r e a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n . Wi th a s t e e l p i l e ,

c l a y p a r t i c l e s make i n t ima t e c o ntac t wi th the p i l e w a l l by

me a n s o f a mut u a l o x i d e co a t i ng and a ro ugh s u r f a c e o f c o n t ac t .

D u r i ng l o a d t e s t s the s o i l p ar t i c l e s wi t h i n a z on e s l ight l y

away f ro m t h e p i l e move r e l a t i ve t o e a c h o t h e r and pr oduc e a

l e s s d e n s e a r r a n g ement wh e r e i n pore w a t e r c an conc e n t r a t e and

r e s u l t in we a k e n e d p ar t i c l e bonds . The s e weaker b o n d s g i v e

r i s e to a p r o gr e s s i ve s o i l - to - so i l f a i l u r e away f rom t h e p i l e

wa l l . T h i s exp l a in s t he t h i n l ayer o f c l ay that i s o c c a s i ona l l y

s e e n adhe r i ng to t he f i e ld p i l e a s i t i s p u l l ed .

I n t h e mod e l p i l e te s t s o f thi s s tudy the t i me a l lowed

f o r c o n s o l i da t i o n wa s s hor t e r than for the f i e l d p i l e and the

c o n s o l id a t i on p r e s s ur e s muc h sma l l e r . The f a c t t h a t the mod e l

p i l e s d e v e loped no r u s t o r o th e r o x i d e f i lm a f te r o n e week o f

s o a k i ng i n wa t e r i nd i c a t ed t h a t wa t e r d i d not bi nd e l ec t ro­

c h emi ca l ly with the mod e l p i l e s ur f a c e as w i th th e s t e e l f i e ld

pile . The l owe r bond at t he p i l e wa l l a l lowed f a i l ur e a t the

wa t e r - l ub r i c a t ed s t e e l s ur f ac e . Th i s e xp l a i n s why on ly a

s l i gh t d u l l s h e e n on the p i l e , due to s o i l and wa t e r c aught i n

t h e s t r i a t i on s , was ob s erved a f t e r extrac t i on o f t h e mod e l

p i le . F a i l u r e a t the s o i l - p i l e i n t e r f a c e i nf e r s t ha t load

t r a n s f e r in the mode l p i l e s i s a f un c t i o n o f s o i l - p i l e adh e s ion ,

 73

wh i c h d e p e n d s p a r t ly o n the s h e a r s trength o f the s o i l .

A l th ough the f a i lure me ch a n i sms o f the f i e l d and mode l

p i l e a re no t e x a c t l y th e s ame , the lo ad d i s t r i buti on c urve o f

Fig . 13 (B) i s con s i d e r e d re a s o n ab l e f o r the mode l p i l e s . The

t h e o ry i s that the s e n s i t i vi ty of the s o i l and the amount of

r e mo l d i n g a l lows the l o ad d i s t r i b u t i o n c urve to be va l i d b as ed

e i th e r on s o i l - p i le adh e s i on o r the s hear s t reng th o f the s o i l .

The s e n s i t i v i ty o f the s o i l to remo l d i n g i n c re a s e d w i th

d e p th i n the s o i l s amp l e b e c a u s e th e wate r content a l s o i n ­

c re a s e d w i th s amp le depth . In the upp e r re g i on o f th e s amp le ,

wh e r e the mo i s t ure con ten t an d s en s i t i vi ty to remo l d i n g was

re l a t i ve ly low , the remo l d i n g ene rgy p rovi ded by p i le i n s e r­

t i on p roduc e d th e l owe s t amoun t o f d i s turb an ce i n th e s o i l

a d j a c e n t to the p i le . The overburden at the s amp l e top w a s s o

l ow th a t the d i s turb e d o r remo lded s o i l w a s o n ly s l i gh t ly

f o r c e d a g a i n s t the p i l e . Th i s me an s that s o i l - p i l e adhe s ion

w a s l ow . A l on g the mi ddle o f the s amp le the moi s ture content

an d s en s i t i vi ty was i n termedi at e b e tween tha t a t the top and

b o t tom , and the r emo ld i n g ene rgy pro duced a h i gh e r de gre e o f

d i s turb a n c e than a t the top . The ove rburden pre s s ure a t mid­

s e c t i on was s l i gh t ly h i gh e r than a t the top and th e d i s turbed

s o i l next to the p i l e , a c t ed upon by a h i gh e r norma l force ,

c a u s e d h i gh e r adh e s i on .

N e a r the s amp l e b o t tom the w a t e r con ten t and s en s i t i vi ty

to remo l d i n g w a s h i gh e s t . The gi ven amoun t o f remo lding

e n e rgy p ro d u c e d a h i gh degree of d i s t urb ance , or remo l d i ng ,

a t a wa t e r con t e n t n e a r the l iquid l imi t whi ch a l l owed a

re leas e o f p o r e w a t e r that l ub r i c a t e d th e s o i l - p i l e i n t e r f ace .

 74

A l tho ug h the overburd e n a t the bo t t om wa s great e s t , the h i gher

l u br i c a t i o n a t the p i l e wa l l p r e v en t e d the a d h e s i o n b e ing

g r e a t e r t han the adhe s i on near the midd l e . The l o ad th a t wa s

t r an s f e r r e d to the s o i l wa s a s s ume d d e p end e n t on th e s o i l pi l e -

a d he s i o n t he r e f o r e mo s t o f t he l o ad tra n s f e r o c c ur r ed n ea r

the m i d s e c t io n o f the mod e l p i l e .

-

Re f e r r i ng a g a i n to F i g . 1 3 ( B ) th e l o ad d i s tr i bu t i o n c urve

g i v e s va l u e s , in d e c ima l fo rm , r e p r e s en t i n g the p o r t i o n of th e

u l t i ma t e l o ad , Q, rema i n i ng i n the p i l e a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r

d ep th . T h e d e c ima l v a l u e s g i v e n i n F i g . 1 3 (A ) r e p r e s ent the

po r t i on o f Q t r an s f e r r e d to t he s o i l i n tha t s egmen t , a nd are

t h e d i f f er e nc e s b e twe e n the l o a d s in the p i l e at the top and

bo ttom of each r e sp e c t ive s egmen t . The c u r ve o f F ig . 1 3 (A )

r e pre s e n t s the s o i l r e a c t i o n , or the d i s t r i but i on o f load

c a rr y i n g c a p a c i ty o f the so i l . The perc e n t ag e o f u l t ima t e

l o ad t r an s f e r r e d i n e a c h s e gmen t i s c on s i d e r ed a p o i n t l o ad

app l i ed a t the midd l e o f ea c h s e gmen t r a t h e r than a d i s tr ib ­

u t ed l oad , wh i c h i s the phy s i c a l s i tuati on . Thi s a l lowed the

l o a d to be mor e e a s i l y comp a r ed wi th the vane s h e a r s t r en g th

a t the m i d d l e o f e a c h s e gmen t . The exac t method o f c ompa r i so n

i s e xp l a i n ed i n d e ta i l l ater .

2. Load te s t s w i t h 1 / 4 inch p i l e

Re s u l t s o f l o a d t e s t s u s ing the 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e i n 1 . 4

i n c h s amp l e s wi th var i ou s s i z e s o f p i lot h o l e s a r e s hown in

F ig . 14 .
 75

4
'1J
(/)

�
;::l �
0
•
- -
..._. ,. --- · -- · -- · - . - •
. - ·• - .

.
• 0

0.. /
/
.......--- -

- --:-- . ---� · -
. . .
- -
. .

- - - -
"
�
<t: 3
. .

0
.....:1

- · - · - S amp le # 1 - 1 . 4 - l / 4 - 0
2

. . . . . . . . . . S amp le # 2 - l . 4 - 1 / 4 - 1 / 8

1 ------ S amp le # 3 - 1 . 4 - 1 / 4 - 3 / 16

- - - - - S amp le # 4 - l . 4 - l / 4 - 1 / 4

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0

P ENE TRAT I ON , 10 - 4 in ch e s

Fig . 14 . Loa d ver s u s p e n e t r a t i on f o r 1/ 4 inch p i l e

i n 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s
 76

The s h e a r s t r e ng th o f th e s o i l wa s not con s idered in the

c o n s t ruc t i o n o f the s e curve s , th e r e fore the s amp l e wh i c h

g a v e t h e h i gh e s t u l t ima te l o ad d i d n ot n ec e s s a r i l y produc e
3
the h i gh e s t r a t i o o f l oad t r an s f er wi th r e spec t to the s hear

s tr en g t h of t h e so i l . Th e u l tima t e load wa s con s i d e r ed the

h i g h e s t p o i n t o n the l o a d - p e n e t r a t ion c urve . I f the h i gh e s t

p o i n t d i d not o c cur b e f ore a p e n e t r a t ion o f 0 . 0 1 i n c h , i t wa s

t a k e n a t t h a t p e n e t r a t i on , a l though load i n g d i d not c e a s e

unt i l a to t a l p i l e movement o f 0 . 1 5 inch wa s r e a ched .

A l t houg h the r e l a t ive p o s i t io n s o f t he curv e s i n F i g . 1 4

i nd i c a t e l i t t l e , the g e ometry o f the c ur v e s show that there

is a l i n e a r r e l a t ion s h i p b e tween l o ad a nd p e n e tr a t io n f o r very

sma l l p i l e moveme n t s , as n o t ed by C oy l e a nd Re e s e (1966 ) .

The l o a d d i s t r i bu t i o n curve i n F i g . 1 3 ( A ) wa s u s ed to

c a l c u l a t e the r a t i o o f the uni t l o a d tran s f erred to the s o i l

by the p i l e t o the sh ear s t r ength o f the s oi l , here a f te r

r e f er r ed to a s the T- S r a t io . The d e te rm i n a t ion o f the T- S

r a t i o s i n e a c h s amp l e wa s c a r r i ed out in f our s t ep s a s f o l lows :

1. Each s o i l s amp l e wa s d i v i d ed i n to s ix imaginary

hor i z onta l s egme n t s o f e q ua l h e i ght , u s ua l ly 3 / 4 inc h .

2. The av e r a g e vane s he ar s t r ength o f each s egme n t ,

t a k e n f r om t he vane s he a r versu s depth c urve , was

mu l t i p l i ed by the s ur f a c e area of the mod e l p i l e

i n that s e gmen t . The s e v a l ue s , i n pound s ,

3 Lo ad t r a n s f e r r e f e r s to t he p i l e load d ivided by the s u r fac e

a r e a o f p i l e embedment and h a s u n i t s o f s t r e s s , s uc h a s
pound s p e r s q u a r e f o o t .
 77

r epr e s e n t e d the ma x imum l o ad t h a t the s o i l s e gmen t s

c o u l d have c a r r i e d i f t he s o i l - p i l e adh e s i o n wa s

e qua l to the s h e a r s t rength o f the so i l .

3. The u l t ima te lo a d d e t ermi n e d i n the p i l e load

t e s t , i n pound s , w a s mu l t i p l i ed by th e l oad

d i s t r i b u t i o n f ac t o r f or e ac h s e gmen t . ( S ee

F ig . 1 3 (A ) . ) The s e va lue s r epr e s ented t h e l o a d s

tha t we r e a s s umed tran s f e rred t o each r e s pec t i ve

s o i l s egmen t .

4. F o r e a c h s e gmen t , the l o a d c a l c u l a t ed i n s t e p 3

wa s d ivi ded by the l oad d e termi n ed in s t ep 2 ,

g i v i n g the T- S r a t i o .

The f i n a l produ c t s o f the c a l c u l a t i o n s enume rated abov e

we r e s i x T- S r a t i o s f o r e a c h p i l e t e s t . I n the c o n t e x t o f

t h e d i s c u s s i o n t h a t f o l l ow s , the r a t i o o f the p i l o t ho l e d i am -

eter to t h e p i l e d i ame t e r wi l l b e r e f e rred t o a s the R

d
ratio .

In Fig . 1 5 th e T- S r a t io s f o r the 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e i n the

1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s are s h own wi th var i ou s R r a t i o s . T h e T- S

d
r a t i o s were p lo t ted ver s u s the mid- h e i g h t o f e a c h r e s pe c t i ve

ima g i n a r y s o i l s e gmen t . The c urve s c o n n e c t ing the T- S ra t i o s

a t t h e s e l e c t e d depths i nd i c a t e that the T- S r a t i o i s a func ­

t i o n o f the d e p t h i n the s amp l e , a s s ugg e s ted by Coy l e and

Re e s e (1966 ) . The c urve s a l so s h ow the T - S ra t i o to b e f a i r ly

c o n s t a n t throughout the l ower ha l f o f the s amp l e due to th e

c owb i n a t i o n o f chang ing s h ear s tr e ngth o f the s o i l wi t h depth ,

 78

1. 0
D. S amp le # 1 - l . 4 - 1 / 4 - 0 ' R = 0
d
0.9
• S amp le # 2 - 1 . 4 - 1/ 4 - 1 / 8 , R = 0 . 50
d
0.8
0 S amp le # 3 - l . 4 - 1/ 4- 3 / 1 6 ' R = 0 . 75
d
0.7
[] S amp le # 4 - 1 . 4 - 1 / 4 - 1/ 4 , R
::r::
= 1 . 0
E--1
d
0:::
w :z;
(.')
0.6
r....
(}) �
�
E--1
(})

E--1 0::: 0.5

c:t:
Q 1:4
-< ::r::
0 (})
.....:l
.....:l 0.4
H
0
(})

0.3

0.2

8.1

0
1. 0 2.0 3.0 4.0

DE P TH IN S A!1P LE , in ch e s

F ig . 15 . Var i a t i o n o f T - S r a t io wi th d e p t h f o r
va r io u s R d r a t i o s - 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e ,
1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s
 79

and t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f the l oa d d i s t r i but i on c urve .

Th e h i gh e s t T- S r a t i o o c c ur r ed i n t h e s amp l e w i t h the

1 / 8 i n c h p i l o t ho l e , o r R
d = 0 . 5 , and i mp l i e s tha t a p i l o t

ho l e o n e h a l f t h e d i am e t e r o f the p i l e wa s o p t i mum f o r the

c o nd i t i o n s in the t e s t i ng p r o c e d u r e . The l owe s t c urve i n the

f i gu r e , R d = 1.0, s h ow s t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y that l e s s tha n

f u l l p i l e - to- s o i l c on t ac t r e s u l t ed wi th a p i l o t ho l e equa l t o

t h e p i l e d i am e t e r . T h e l ow c urve fo r t h e s amp l e wi th n o p i l o t

ho l e , R = 0, i nd i c a t ed t h a t the s o i l d i s turba n c e a d j ac e n t t o
d
t he p i l e wa s h i gher than wh en p i l o t h o l e s s ma l l e r t h a n the

p i l e d ia me t e r we r e u s e d , thus the r e l at i v e l y l ow adhe s i o n

va l ue s a t t h e t ime o f t e s t i n g .

T h e l ow e r c urve o f F i g . 1 8 s h ows m o r e c l e a r l y th e r e l a ­

t i on o f the maximum T- S r a t i o to the r e s pec t i v e Rd r a t i o in

e a c h s amp l e . The o p ti mum T- S r a t i o o f the c urve i n f e r s t h a t

a n op t imum p i l o t ho l e s i z e do e s exi s t wh i c h g i v e s a p r o p e r

ba l a n c e b e twe e n low s o i l d i s turban ce dur i ng p i l e i n s e r t i o n

and h i g h s o i l - p i l e adhe s i o n f o r t h e p a r t i cu la r s o i l s amp l e .

Ba s i c a l l y , the p i l e d e ve lo p ed r o ug h l y on e h a l f o f the s o i l ' s

s h ea r s t r e n g t h a s s k i n f r i c t i on . O n l y four t e s t s wer e c o n ­

d uc t e d f o r the p i l o t ho l e s tudy above b e c a u s e t he 1 . 4 i n c h

s o i l s a mp l e s w e r e f o und s o f t and s en s i t ive t o t h e touch , a s

w e l l a s g en e r a l ly u nd e s i r a b l e f o r the t e s t i ng p r o c edure

bec a u s e of the i nvo lved mo i s tur e conten t - va ne s hear r e l a t i o n -

s h i p s r e q u i red .
 80

A s e c o n d p i l o t ho l e s t udy f o r the 1 / 4 i nc h p i l e wa s

c a r r i ed out i n 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s to c he c k th � va l idi ty o f the

f i r s t s t udy , and d e t e rmi n e wh e t h e r s amp l e s i z e can c au s e any

c h an g e i n r e s u l t s . The l oad ver s us pene tra t i o n curve s der ived

f rom the t e s t s on the 1 / 4 inch p i l e in 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s

appear in F i g . 16 . The s ame g en e r a l r u l e s tha t a pp l i ed to the

s im i l a r c u r v e s for the p r ev i o u s s tudy a l so app l y to the s e

c ur v e s i . e . , the s amp l e and p i lo t h o l e that p r oduced the

h i g h e s t u l t i ma t e l o ad did not n ec e s s a r i l y deve lop the h i gh e s t

T- S r a t i o b e c a u s e the l o a d tran s f e r r ed wa s not compa r e d to th e

s h e a r s tr e ng t h o f t he s o i l .

Re f e r r i ng to the curves o f F i g . 1 6 , th e s ame l i n ear

r e l a t i on s h i p b e twe e n l o a d and p e n e t r a t ion f o r i n i tia l p i l e

mov eme n t s , a s w i t n e s s ed wi th the 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s , o c c u r r ed

i n the 2 . 5 i nc h s amp l e s . Howev e r , f a i l u r e i n a l l the 2 . 5

i nc h s amp l e s took p la c e at r e l a t ive l y l ow penetratio n va l ue s ,

a bo u t 0 . 0 0 3 inch , r e g a rd l e s s o f p i l o t ho l e s i z e . Th e f a c t

t ha t t h e 2 . 5 i nc h s o i l s amp l e s a re g e n e r a l ly s t i f fe r than t h e

1 . 4 i nc h s amp l e s i s o f f e r e d a s a po s s ib l e e xp lana t i o n f o r thi s

phe n ome non .

The T - S r a t i o s f o r the 1 / 4 i nch p i l e i n the 2 . 5 i nch

s amp l e s we r e c a l c u l a t e d a s p r e v i ou s ly o u t l ined , a nd appear i n

Fig . 17 . Th e r e a r e notab l e d i f f e renc e s i n the re s u l t s o f thi s

s e c o nd p i l o t ho l e s t udy . A s amp l e wi th an Rd r a t i o o f 0 . 7 5

d ev e l oped the h i g h e s t T- S r a t i o at a l l depth s . The va l i d i ty

o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r t e s t wa s ch e cked by c ond u c t in g ano ther

s imi l ar t e s t , a nd the r e s u l t s agreed w i th i n 6 per cent . As an

 81

,
/·- · - · - · - · - · - -- · ·--- · - · - · - · -

7 /
I
I
- /. -
6 I
.

......
' I - ---=-- - · · - - -- - -- - -- - - -
' .

. .
...-

/
. . .
- - - - - - · · -

I / /

5 .
I I
·I
I

/ f; '
j
I · ·
. . .

· .

. ....
:
.

Ul ,
(
• I • I I ., tl f I I • � • I • 6 o •

r
. .

'U
. . . . .. ., . . . . .

§
0
4
';'·i
0.. I
.(
i lJ
.

' /i
. ., I
. .--- · - · -- .

-
. . .

t:, . / .

--- ... - · - · - · -

ct f I
2 " '! S amp l e # 1 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 0
t, .
r,/ S amp le # 2 - 2 . 5 - 1/ 4 - 1 / 8

. I
• .

,,
.
S amp le # 3 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 3 / 16

1 �I�- I S amp le # 4 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4- 3 / 1 6
I .
•f '
..
S amp le # 5 - 2 . 5 - 1/ 4 - 7 / 3 2

S amp le # 6 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4- 1 / 4
.

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PENE TRATI ON , l o - 4 i n ch e s

Fig . 16 . Lo ad v e r s u s p e n e tra t i o n f o r 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e
i n 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l es
 82

0 S amp l e # 1 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 0 , Rd = 0
• S amp le # 2 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 1 / 8 ' Rd = 0 . 50
1. 0 0 S amp le # 3 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 3 / 1 6 Rd = 0 . 75
� S amp le # 4 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 3 / 1 6 Rd = 0 . 75
0.9 .. S amp l e # 5 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 7 / 3 2 ' Rd = 0 . 875
A S amp le # 6 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 4 - 1 / 4 ' Rd = 1.0
0.8

0.7
::r:
E--<
p:; CJ
� z
......
rJ) �
E--<
0.6

rJ)
�
E--< p:;
< o.s
A
c:r::
0
�
rJ)
�
�
0 -- -ts· ---- · ·
H
A- --
0.4
(/)
·-··

--- �
---

------6

0.3

0. 2

0.1

0
2.0 3.0 4.0
1.0

DEP T H IN SAMP LE , i n che s

F ig . 17 . Va r i a t ion o f T- S r a t i o w i t h d e p t h f o r va r i ous
Rd r a t i o s - 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e , 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s
 83

a dd i t i ona l c h e c k , a s amp l e wi t h a 7 / 3 2 i n ch p i l o t ho l e

( Rd = 0 . 8 7 5 ) w a s t e s t e d and the r e s u l t i ng T- S ra t i o s wer e

n e a r l y a s h i gh a s tho s e obta i n ed in the s amp l e s wi th R

d
r a t i o s equa l to 0 . 7 5 . The 2 . 5 inch s amp l e w i th an R r a tio
d
o f 1 . 0 d eve l op ed very low T- S r a t i o s wi th r e s p e c t to the

ot h e r t e s t s . Thi s trend d i d n o t occ ur in the 1 . 4 i n c h

s amp l e s . S i n c e t he 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s w e r e s t i f f er i n c on s i s t-

en c y than t h e s ma l l e r s amp l e s , the s o i l wa s unab l e to c lo s e

i n a r o und t he p i l e under the ava i lab l e overburden p r e s s u r e

a nd l e s s s o i l - p i l e a d h e s i on d eve l oped .

Re f e r r i n g t o t h e upp e r c urve o f F i g . 1 8 , the maximum

T - S r a t i o s in t he 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s i n d i c a t e t h a t the o p t imum

R r a t i o f o r t h e 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e i s n e ar 0 . 7 5 . The max imum T - S

d
r a t i o s comp a r ed i n F i g . 18 occur a t depths f r om 2 . 0 to 3 . 5

i nc he s i n t he s amp le s . No s p e c i f ic d epth wa s cho s en for

c ompa r i s o n of the T - S r a t i o s , but F i g . 1 7 shows that the

o rd e r of t h e r at i o s may change wi th depth , a l t hough n o t

s i gn i f i ca n t l y .

A f t e r the f i r s t t e s t wi th the 1 . 4 inch s amp l e s the

s t r i a t i o n s o n th e 1 / 4 i n c h bra s s p i l e b e c ame c l ogged wi th s o i l

parti c l e s . Th i s c lo g g i n g wa s t hough to have n e g l i g ib l e e f f ec t s

o n t h e roughn e s s o f the p i l e a t the time , and wa s i n i t ia l l y

i g n o r ed . Th e smo o t hne s s o f the 1 / 4 i nc h p i l e when t e s ted i n

t he 1 / 4 i n c h s amp l e s m a y h a v e a c c o un t e d f o r t h e d i s s imi l ar

r e s u l t s o f the two t e s t s er i e s . I n the s econd s e t o f t e s t s

u s i ng t h e 2 . 5 in c h s amp l e s t h e p i l e wa s c l e aned and rough e n e d

be f or e e a c h t e s t .
 84

1.0

:r:
E-1
0.9
0
:z:
ril
0::
E-1
(f) 0. 8
0
p::;
c:x::
r..:l
::r: 0. 7
V)
....:l
H
0
V) 0.6
0
E-<
�
r..:l 0. 5
�
V)

�
E-< 0. 4
A
c:x::
0
....:l
0. 3 Te s t s i n 1 . 4 i n ch S amp le s
�
•

0
0
H
E-< 0.2 o Te s t s i n 2 . 5 i n ch S amp l e s
�
::;::
::::>
::;:: 0.1
H
X
c:x::
::;::
0

0 . 25 0 . 50 0 . 75 1 . 00

RA T I O O F P I LO T HOLE TO P I LE D I AMETE R , Rd .

Fig . 18 . Re s u l t s o f p i l o t ho l e s tudy to de termine

o p t i mum Rd r a t i o - 1/ 4 inch p i l e
 85

An o t h e r p o s s i b l e exp l anat ion for the d i f f e rent o p timum

R r a t i o a nd h i g h e r T- S r a t i o s in the 2 . 5 inch s amp le s wa s

d
the exi s t enc e o f added con f i n i ng pre s s ur e . A s no ted pre­

v i o u s l y , t h e 2 . 5 i n ch l uc i te j ac k e t fit the s amp l e s nug ly ,

wh i l e a s ma l l annular area , f i l led wi th pap e r towe l ing , oc c ur­

red b e twe e n the 1 . 4 inch s amp l e s and t h e i r r e s p e c t ive j ac ke t .

P i l e i n s e r t i on c r e a t e d radi a l forc e s that t ended to expand

or c r ack the s amp l e s . I n the 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s tho s e fo r c e s

ma y have b e e n d i s s ipated by e l a s t i c d e forma t i on o f the so i l

o r r ebound ed f rom the r i g id j ac k e t wa l l . E i ther the e l a s t i c

r e b ound o f the s o i l a f t e r d i s s ipation o f exc e s s po r e wa ter

pr e s s ur e s o r the r e f l e c t ion o f ra d i a l for c e s f rom the r i g i d

j a c k e t c o u l d h a v e produc ed a c o n f i n i ng pre s s ur e o n the p i l e .

I f p i l e l o a d i n g i s a pa r t i a l l y drai ned proc e s s than an in­

c re a s e i n c on f i n i n g p r e s sure could have cau s ed the i nc r e a s ed

lo ad b e ar i ng c a p a c i ty o f the p i l e .

The 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s ha d a sma l l d i ame t e r and lacked

t h e r i g i d wa l l i n int imate contact w i t h th e s oi l , s o tha t

r a d i a l f o r c e s were not d i s s i p a ted or r e f le c t ed , and per­

ma nent exp an s i on of the s amp l e r e s u l t e d wi th l i t t l e or no

c on f i n i n g p r e s s u r e on the p i l e . A l a c k o f c o n f i n i n g pr e s sure

may have r equi r e d a sma l l e r p i l o t ho l e ra t i o to achi eve the

h i gh e s t s o i l - p i l e adhe s i on . The ex i s tenc e o f h i g h e r conf i n ing

p r e s s u r e s , a s s umed po s s i b l e in the 2 . 5 i nc h s amp l e s , wou l d

h a v e f o r c e d the s o i l a g a i n s t t he p i l e and produ c e d hi gher

a dh e s ion va lue s w i th s l ightly larger p i l o t ho l e s t h an in the

1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e s . The added c o n f i n i n g pre s s ure , or the pr ac -

 86

t i c e o f r o ughening the p i l e b e f o r e ea c h te s t , or a c ombi na t i on

o f the s e i s thought to have a c c ounted for the con s i s t en t l y

h i gh e r adhe s i on i n t h e 2 . 5 i n c h samp le s .

I n the f i na l ana l y s i s , i t appe a r s tha t an opt imum p i l o t

ho l e d i ame ter equa l to abo ut 0 . 7 5 time s the p i l e d i ameter

exi s t e d f or the 1/4 inch p i l e . The p i lot hole s tudy in the

2 . 5 inch s amp l e s wa s co n s i d e red mor e va l i d becau s e mor e t e s t s

o f b e t t e r qu a l i ty wer e i nvo lved . The f a c t that s im i l a r p i lot

h o l e s t ud i e s i n two s amp l e s i z e s y i e lded s l i gh t l y d i f f er e n t

r e s u l t s imp l i e s t h a t s ome cond i ti o n s o f t e s t ing , s uch a s con ­

f in ing p r e s s ur e and p i l e roughn e s s , were not th e s ame for

bo t h t e s t batt e r i e s . Attemp t s were made to contro l o r e l iminate

s uc h va r i a b l e s but , apparen t l y , th e mechan i sms of s oi l - p i l e

a dhe s i on i n mode l t e s t i ng a r e much mo re c omp l i c a t ed and d i f ­

f ic u l t t o i s o l a t e than f i r s t a s s umed .

3. Load te s t s wi th 1/ 2 inch pi l e

A t h i r d p i l ot ho l e s tudy wa s co nduc ted t o d e t e rmine i f

the . opt imum R ratio chang e s w i th p i l e s i z e . The s tudy wa s

d

ma d e w i t h 2 . 5 inch s amp le s b e c a u s e mor e wer e ava i l a b l e , they

c ou ld be hand l e d ea s i ly , and vane shear t e s ting i n th e l a rger

s amp l e s wa s a s i mp l e procedur e .

The load ver s us pene trat ion c urve s f o r the 1 / 2 i n ch p i l e

t e s t e d i n 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s ap p ear i n F i g . 1 9 . The curve s are

a l l g e n e r a l ly s imi l ar in tha t l i near po r t i ons a r e ev i d e n t at

the l ower penetr a t i o n va l ue s , and f a i lure o c curred be tween

o . 0 0 3 and 0 . 0 0 5 inch . In a l l t e s t s the loads reac hed an ulti-

 87

14

13
-- ·- · - ---· - -- - -- - ·- - --- ·- - -- --·· -- -- - -- .

12 - . - .

-
---

·
. -

· ----
. --

- · · -
. - - --

- ·
'

·
-

-
. --

- · ·
.

-
-

-
- · · -

11

10
S amp le #1- 2 . 5 - 1/ 2 - 3 / 8

S amp le # 2- 2 . 5 - 1 / 2 - 1/ 4
9
S amp le # 3 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 2 - 9 / 2 0

'U
Ul
8 S amp le # 4 - 2 . 5 - 1/ 2 - 1 / 2
!=:
:::1
0
S amp le # 5 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 2 - 0
p. 7

Q
..

�
0
...:l 6

0
10 2 0. 30 4 0. 50 60 70 80 90 100

P E NETRAT ION • l o - 4 i n ch e s

Fig . 19 . Lo ad ver. s u s p e n e tra t i o n fo r 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e

i n 2 . 5 i n ch s amp l e s
 88

ma t e va l ue and there a f ter f a i l e d to d e crea s e perc eptive l y .

A s t e e l ba l l wa s placed b e tween the hol l ow butt o f the

l / 2 i nch p i l e and the load i n g r i n g to minimi z e ecc entr i c

l o ad in g . S ea t in g o f the s t e e l ba l l produced i n i t i a l load

r e a d i ng s w i th very l i t t l e p i l e movemen t . After t h e ba l l was

p r op e r l y s ea t e d the load i n c re a s e bec ame l i near , th e r e f o r e

the l i n e a r por t i on o f the curves we r e ad j u s ted to z ero p e n e ­

t ra t i o n . I n t h e te s t wi th R - 1 . 0 th e load n e c e s s ary t o
d
c a u s e f a i l ure wa s n o t l arge enough t o seat t h e ba l l comp l e t e ly ,

a n d the p e n e tr a t i o n o f the p i l e and moveme n t o f the ba l l a l one

dur i ng s e a t i n g were d i f f i c u l t to s eparate and p lo t . Little

or no s o i l - to- p i l e contact a t certain loca t ions a l ong t h e p i l e

mi ght account f o r th i s very low u l t i mate load .

The va r i anc e o f the T- S ratio s wi th samp l e d epth and

p i lot ho l e s i z e , or R r a t i o , is qui te s im i lar to the trends

d
noted u s i n g the 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s wi th the 1 / 4 inch p i l e .

( See F i g . 20. ) The s amp l e wi th the 3 / 8 inch p i l o t hole ,

R = 0 . 7 5 y i e l d e d the hi gh e s t T- S ratio . The s amp l e wi th no

d
p i lo t ho l e , R = 0 , produc ed T- S r a t i o s l e s s tha n tho s e from
d
s amp l e s with p i l o t ho les sma l ler than the p i le d i ame ter . Thi s

s ug g e s t ed that i n s e r t i o n o f the mode l p i l e without a pi l o t

ho l e d i s turbed t h e s o i l to a greater ext ent than i f a p i lot

ho l e wa s u sed .

The low T- S rat i o s for the samp l e wi th Rd = 1 . 0 ind i ca t e s

t hat t h e con f i n i ng p re s s ur e s avai lable in the 2 . 5 i nch s amp l e

we r e not o f s u f f i c i ent ma gn i tude to c ause an e l a s t ic deforma ­

t i on o f the s o i l a g a i n s t the p i l e wa l l , and l ow s o i l-pi le

 89

6 S amp le # l - 2 . 5 - 1/ 2 - 3 / 8 I R = 0 . 75
d
e S amp l e 11 2 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 2 - 1/ 4 , R = 0 . 50
d
o S amp le # 3 - 2 . 5 - 1/ 2 - 9 / 2 0 , R =
0 . 90
d
o S amp l e # 4 - 2 . 5 - 1 / 2 - 1 / 2 R = 1.0
d
1.0 6 S amp l e 11 5 - 2 , 5 - 1/ 2 - 0 I Rd =
0

0.9

0. 8

0.7
::r:
E-<
0
� !Z; 0.6
[.<.:�
,:...
(/.)
�
E-<
(/.)
�
E-<
r:x:
<X; 0� 5
[.<.:�
c:l ::r:
<X; (/.)
0
....:l ....:l 0.4
H
0
(/.)

0.. . 3
0

0.2

0!1

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

DE P TH I N SAMPLE , in che s

Fig . 20. Va r i a t i o n o f T- S r a t i o wi t h d e p t h f o r va r i o u s
Rd r a t i o s - 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e , 2 . 5 i n c h s a mp l e s
 90

adhe s ion wa s deve l oped . A s s ugg e s t ed previou s l y , the r e

ma y have been s ec t i o n s o f the p i l e tha t did no t m a k e c on t a c t

wi th the s o i l wh en R d = 1 . 0 , fo r a f ter a f ew s u c h t e s t s very

l i tt l e s o i l wa s s e en trapped i n the p i l e s tr i a tion s . However ,

i n c a l c u l a t i n g the T- S ratio s in samp l e s wi th R = 1 . 0 , the
d
s o i l - t o- p i l e contact wa s a s s umed un i f orm a s in a l l other

s amp l e s , even though the phy s i c a l s i tua t ion may have d i f f e red .

The maximum T- S ra t io a s a func t i on o f the R ratio in

d
thi s s tudy i s shown mo re c l ea r ly in F i g . 2 1 . The h i ghe s t

p o i nt on the curve i nd i c a t e s that a p i l o t ho l e equa l t o 0 . 7 5

t ime s the 1 / 2 inch p i l e d i amete r i s op t imum in the 2 . 5 in c h

s amp l e s . Att e n t i o n i s c a l led t o the high d e g r e e o f s imi l a r i ty

b e tween t h i s curve and the upper c urve of F i g . 1 8 , wh ich a l s o

a pp l i e s to te s t s i n 2 . 5 inch s amp l e s . The abso lute va lue s of

t he T- S r a t i o s i n bo th the curves r e f e rred to d i f f e r by l e s s

than 7 p e r c e n t . The fact that the 1 / 2 inch p i l e wa s rougher

than the 1 / 4 i n c h p i l e e a s i ly acc oun t s fo r the s l i ghtly

h i gh e r adhe s i on va l u e s i n thi s las t p i lot ho l e s tudy . The

maximum T- S ra t i o wh i c h occurred in the bottom hal f o f the

s amp l e s were u s e d f o r compar i son �n F i g s . 1 8 and 2 1 . The

order o f the r a t i o s may have chan g ed at sha l low d ep th s wh ere

the T- S r a t i o va lues wer e c l o s e ly g rouped .

I t appear s that the optimum R rati o do e s not change

d
w i t h i n the l im i t s of the p i l e s i z e s s tud i ed , provi ded suc h

f ac t o r s a s s amp l e s i z e and con s i s t en cy , c o n f ining pre s s ure

and p i l e roug hn e s s do no t change perceptively f rom t e s t to

test .
 91

1. 0

::c 0.9
E-<
(.!)
z
�
E-< 0.8 ----
CJ)
- ----

�
<
w
::c 0. 7
CJ)
�
H
0
CJ) 0.6
0
E-<
�
w 0.5
......
CJ)

�
E-< 0.4
q
<
0
�
0.3
......
0
0
H
E-< 0.2
�
�
:::>
� 0.1
X
H

<
�
0
0 0 . 25 0 . 50 0 . 75 l . 00

RAT I O O F P I LO T H O L E TO P I LE D I AME TE R , Rd

F ig . 21 . Re s u l t s of p i lot hol e s tudy to d e t ermi ne

opt imum Rd ratio 1 / 2 inch p i l e
-
 92

Load t e s t s w i th the 1/ 2 i n c h p i l e were a l s o conduc ted

u s i ng two 1 / 4 inch s amp l e s to s tudy any e f f e c t on l o ad t r a n s ­

f e r f r om a chan g e i n s amp l e s i z e . No p i lot h o l e s tudy wa s

c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e 1 / 2 i nch p i l e in 1 . 4 inch s amp l e s due to

t h e s ho r t a g e and und e s i r a b l e c harac ter i s ti c s o f the sma l l e r

s amp l e s . F o r thi s r e a s on the optimum pi lot ho l e s i z e deter­

mined in the s t ud y on the 1/ 2 i nch p i l e above , 3/ 8 i n c h , wa s

u s e d i n t h e sma l l e r samp l e s .

The l o a d ver s u s p e n e t r a t io n curv e s for the two t e s t s a r e

g i ve n i n F i g . 2 2 . I t i s b e l i eved the re lative so f t n e s s o f

t h e smal l e r s amp l e s caus ed the l i near p o r t i o n s o f t h e two

c ur v e s to be l e s s s t eep than in the c urve s f r om t e s t s in 2 . 5

i nc h s amp l e s . A l though the u l t ima te load f o r s amp l e # 2 wa s

the l ower o f the two , the van e shear s t rength di s tr ibut ion

for that s amp l e i s genera l ly h i gher . ( Se e F i g . 3 0 , Appendix

A. ) S in c e the p i l o t ho l e s i z e wa s the s ame for bo th t e s t s ,

t h e oppo s i t e t r e n d s e emed r e a s onable .

The T- S r a t i o s o f s amp l e # 1 a r e ne a r l y equiva l ent to

t ho s e in the 2 . 5 i nc h s amp l e wi th the 3 / 8 inch p i l ot ho l e .

( Se e Fig . 23. ) Un l i k e the 1 / 4 inch p i l e in the sma l l e r

s amp l e s , the 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e cou ld h a v e forc ed enough soi l

a g a i n s t t h e j a c k e t to genera t e h i gh e r c o n f in in g pre s sure s ,

a n d thu s the r e l a t i ve ly h i gh ad he s i on , or T- S ra t io s . The

l ow T- S r a t i o s f o r s amp l e # 2 a r e not co n s i d e r e d wi thin the

a s s umed r a n g e o f no rma l error ( 5 to 1 0 per c e nt ) a s s o c i ate d

wi th te s t s conduc ted und er s im i l ar cond i t io n s .

 93

12

11

10
�- - -----

"CJ 7
en

c·
/

/
/

::l
0 /
0, 6
/
q /
..

00::
0 I
....::1
5
/

4
I ·-
- - - -- -- - - --
- - -- S amp le #1 - l . 4 - 1
/2-3/ 8
3 I
I
I - S amp le # 2 - 1 . 4- 1 / 2 - 3 / 8
2 I
/
I

1 I

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-4
PEN E TRA T I ON , lG i n ch e s

Fig . 22 . Load ver s us p e n e tr a t i on fo r 1/2 inch p i l e

i n 1 . 4 inch s amp l e s
 94

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
---- -
.-

0:::
kl
::r:
c..9
z
E-<
0.6
I /_.
r..... �
(f) E-<

�
(f)
0.5
0:::
f-o ..:
kl
Q ::r:
..: S amp le # 1- l . 4 - 1 / 2 - 3 / 8 , Rd 0 . 75
0
(f) o
0.4
,___:) ,___:)
H
0
(/)
• S amp le # 2 - l . 4 - 1 / 2 - 3 / 8 , Rd = 0 . 75
0.3

0. 2

0.1

0 �--�----�---L--J--- L-----�---
- -L---�
0 1. 0 2.0 3.0 4.0

DE P TH I N S A MP LE , in ch e s

Fig . 23. Var i a t ion o f T- S r a t i o wi t h depth f o r

1 / 2 i n c h p i l e in 1 . 4 i n c h s amp l es
 95

4. Lo ad t e s t s wi th 3 / 4 i n c h p i l e

Load t e s t s wi th the 3 / 4 inch p i l e i n both s i z e s o f s am­

p l e s we r e c onduc ted to s t udy the l o ad tra n s f e r a s p e c t s of a

mo de l p i l e tha t i s r e l a t ive ly l a r g e compared to the s am p l e

size . No p i l o t ho l e s tudy wa s carr i ed out for the 3 / 4 inch

p i l e d u e to the l a c k o f a s s or ted p i lot ho l e c u tt e r s large

enough t o prov i d e a w i d e and u s eful range o f Rd r a t i o s . A 1/2

i nc h p i l o t ho l e c ut t e r wa s t h e large s t ava i lable , a n d i t wa s

u s ed i n a l l te s t s wi th the 3 / 4 inch p i l e , givin g an R ratio

d
equa l t o 0 . 66 .

The l o ad ver s u s pene t r a t i on curves for the f o ur t e s t s are

s hown in F i g . 24. The s ame s t e e l ba l l u s e d wi th the 1 / 2 inch

p i l e wa s s e ated i n the top of the h o l low 3/4 inch p i l e , th ere-

fore the s ame sma l l i n i t i a l non- l in e ar portions of the c urve s

w er e ev id ent , and the s t eep l i near por t i o n s wer e ad j u s ted to

z e r o p e n e t r at i on . The two upper c urves , for te s t s us i n g the

2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s , have we l l d e f i ned l in e ar por t i o n s w i th

f a i l ur e o c c ur r ing a t 0 . 006 i nch . S amp l e # 2 - 2 . 5 deve l oped a

h i gh u l t ima te l oad r e l a t ive to s amp l e # 1 - 2 . 5 cons idering i t s

s h ear s t r eng th d i s t r i bu t i o n is on l y s l i gh t ly grea t e r . ( S ee

F i g . 3 2 , Append ix A . ) As mentioned previous ly , the s o- c a l led

3 / 4 i n c h p i l e wa s a c tua l ly 0 . 7 0 5 inch in di amet e r , and the

n e a r e s t - s i z e d guide ho l e in the p l ex i g l a s s f r ame tha t wo u ld

m a i n t a i n prop e r a l i gnmen t , 2 3 / 3 2 inch , provi ded only 0 . 0 1 3

i n c h c l e arance for t he p i l e . Any s l ight shi ft o f the me t a l

f r ame i n the loading mac h i n e wou l d have c a u s ed the p i l e to

 96

20
- - - - --

...- - .. - - - -
/ - - -

18 .//
/
I
I
I
I
16

I
I
14 I ------- -

I
I -- - - · - · - · -- .

I -- · --- · --

/
· -· -

12 I
I /
I
10
I
I I
I
I
I .
.
. . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
.

8
I I
.. . .

I
I I
I
/.I S amp le # 1 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - 1/ 2
6
I . .

I . .
S amp le # 2 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - 1 1 2
I /: - - - - - - -

4 I :
I ./ · - · - · - · -
S amp le # 3 - 1 . 4 - 3 / 4 - 1 / 2
I . .
!·/ S amp le # 4 - 1 . 4- 3 / 4 - 1 / 2
�..
. . . . . . . . . . .

2
z./

20 40 60 80 100

PENE T RA T I ON , 10-4 i nche s

Fig . 24. Load ve r s u s pene tra t i on for 3 / 4 i nch p i l e

in 1 . 4 and 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l e s
 97

b ind a g a in s t the p l ex i g l a s s f r ame and p r o du c e a fri c t iona l

f o r c e independent o f soi l p i le - ad h e s i o n . A l th o u g h r e a s o n a b l e

c a r e wa s t a k e n i n a l l t h e tests , th i s f r i c t i o n wo u l d have

a c c o u n t e d f o r unu s ua l l y h i gh u l t i m a t e l o ad s .

T h e u l t ima te l o a d f o r s amp l e #2-1 . 4 , s h o wn in F i g . 24,

i s ha r d l y mo r e than one ha l f the u l tima t e l oa d f o r t h e other

1 . 4 i n c h s amp l e a l though thei r s h e a r s t r ength d i s t r i b u t i on s

a r e v e ry s im i l a r . ( S e e F i g . 3 2 , Ap p e nd i x A . ) It is t h ought

that b a s e f a i lure ma y have b een the c a u s e f o r such a l ow ulti­

ma t e l oad , c ompa r e d to the re s u l t s of the othe r t e s t s . Ba s e

f a i l ur e o c c ur r e d wh e n the load o n the p i l e , d u e to so i l - pi le

a d h e s i o n b ui l t up dur i n g the te s t , wa s s u f f i c i en t to c a u s e

v e r t i c a l d e f orma t i o n in t he bo t tom o f t h e s a mp l e wh e r e the

s o i l c on s i s t e n c y i s s o f t e s t .

D u r i ng b a s e f a i lure the p i l e m o v e men t wa s not c omp l e t e l y

r e l a t iv e t o t h e s o i l s amp l e , and th e p i l e and s amp l e , ac t i ng

a s a un i t , moved downwa rd a s the b a s e of the s amp l e w a s c orn­

p r e s s ed . B e c a u s e t h e p i l e wa s mo v i n g th r o ugh the s amp l e ver y

l i t t l e , low e r adh e s i o n wa s deve l op e d b e fo r e a t o t a l p i l e move­

me nt o f 0 . 0 1 inch wa s r e a c h ed . The c on c ep t o f ba s e f a i l u r e

s e em s par t i c u l ar i l y app l i c ab l e whe re the mode l p i l e i s

l a r g e and t h e s amp l e sma l l and r e l a t i ve l y s o f t a t t h e b a s e .

I t c ou l d ha v e a l s o c au s ed the e rr a t i c r e s u l t s of te s t s on

the 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e i n 1 / 4 i n c h s amp l e s .

The va r i an c e o f the m a x imum T- S r a t i o s f r o m s amp l e to

s a mp l e s howe d l i t t l e d e f in i t e tr en d s . ( Se e F ig . 25) . The

r e sp e c t ive T- S va l ue s of the two c urve s for the 2 . 5 inch

 98

1. 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

::r::
E-<
� c.9
r...:l z
�
0.6

z
(J) �
E-<
�
E-<
(J)

�
<
0. 5
q r...:l
< ::r::
0 (J)
.....::1
.....::1 0.4 4 S amp l e # 1 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - 1 / 2 , R =
0 . 66
0
H
d
(J)

0.3 � S amp le # 2 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - l / 2 , R =
0 . 66
d

0.2 ":' S amp l e. h- 1 . 4 - 3 / 4 - l / 2 ' R =

0 . 66
d

0.1 .:::. S amp le # 2 - l . 4 - 3 / 4 - 1 / 2 ' R = 0 . 66

d

0 -L--- --L-_1

1.0 2.0 3.0 4,0

DEP TH I N S A MP LE , i n che s

Fig . 25 . Va r i a t io n o f T- S r a t i o w i th d ep th f o r 3 / 4
i n c h p i l e i n 1 . 4 and 2 . 5 i n c h s amp l es
 99

s amp l e s d i f f e r ed by n e a r l y 3 0 p er c e n t , and the curve s f o r

t h e sma l l e r s amp l e s d i s ag r e e b y a f ac tor of 4 0 p e r c e n t o r

mor e . A devi a t i on o f r e s u l t s of th i s magn i tude b e tw e e n t e s t s

conduct ed und e r s imi l a r cond i t i o n s wa s no t e xpe c t e d .

Appa r en t l y t h e i n s er t i o n o f s u c h a l a r g e mode l p i l e ,

comp a r e d to the s amp l e s i z e s , d i s rup t e d , an d pos s ib ly dama ged ,

t he s amp l e s t o s u c h a n extent a s to impo s e t e s t i ng c o nd i t i on s

t ha t var i e d f rom t e s t t o t e s t . What eve r fac tor s co n t r i buted

to the i n c on s i s t e n t r e s u l t s o f the 3/4 i n c h p i l e t e s t s e r i e s ,

i t i s evi d ent t h a t i n mod e l p i l e t e s t s of t h i s nature the

s a mp l e d i ame t e r s hou ld b e a t l e a s t f o ur to f ive ti me s t he

d i ame t e r o f t h e p i l e i n ord e r to a c h i eve reproduc i b l e r e su l t s .

C. Load Tra n � fe r a s a F unc t i on o f T ime

A r eview o f l i t e r a ture e s tabl i s h e d the f ac t that the

u l t ima te l.o ad that a p i l e c a n suppor t i n c r e a s e s wi th time

a f ter i t i s driven . A 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e wa s i n s e r t e d i n t o a 2 . 5

i n c h samp l e wi th no p i lot ho l e a nd t e s ted a t s e t t ime i n t e r ­

va l s t o d e te rmi n e whe th e r the s ame phenomenon wou ld o c c u r w i t h

t h e mod e l p i l e - s o i l s y s t em o f thi s r e s earch . Know l edge wa s

a l s o de s i red conc e r n i ng how the u l t ima te l o a d a t 90 mi nut e s ,

t h e u s ua l t ime t h e p i l e wa s a l l owed to s e t b e f o r e t e s t ing ,

c ompa r ed w i th t h e u l t ima t e l o a d d e t e rmined immed i a t e ly a f t e r ,

a n d s ever a l day s a f t e r i n s e r t i on o f t he pi l e . The r e s u l t s

o f tho s e t e s t s appe ar i n F i g . 2 6 .
 32 /
/
/
I 0

30 L /
0 /
/
28 /

26
//
U)
'"C1
§0 24
/I
0.
/ '

//
..

<
0

0
.....:! 9- /
�
� 20
;::;::
0
E-4
H

.....:!
::::> 18

0
16

14

12 I __ _ _ J _ _ l _j_ _l LL l_lL_ ___ l_ __l___ _L _L I U I i ___ __ _L _ __ _l_L _Lj _l_l l L __ _ _ I ___ _I _ _ J _l _l _J_LU
10 100 10 0 0 10 , 0 0 0
T I ME , minut e s

26 .
f-'
Fig . Increa s e i n u l t ima t e l o ad wi th t ime a fter p i l e ins ertion 0
0
 1 01

The u l t ima t e load whi ch the p i l e s upported i n c r e a s ed

w i t h t ime s imi l a r to the compr e s s ion o f a c on f i ned s o i l l ayer

under c o n s tant load , a nd imp l i e s th a t s im i l a r me chan i sms ma y

app ly to bo th c a s e s . Ther e i s a s l i g h t dip i n the c urve ne ar

t h e 1 5 0 m i nute in terva l tha t d evi a t e s from the smoo th co n s o l i ­

d a t i on - t yp e c urve drawn . N o exp l an a t i on c o u l d b e g iven for

thi s devi a t i o n w i th the ava i la ble d a t a . A s the curve o f F i g .

2 6 s hows , f ive days a f ter i n s e r t i on the ult imate l o a d had

d o ub l ed and the r e wa s no tendency for the rate of i n c r ea s e o f

u l t ima t e load to l eve l o f f .

The c urve s o f F i g . 2 7 s how how the T-S r a t i o s w i t h i n the

s amp l e i n c r e a s ed wi th t ime . The curve for the 90 m i nu t e t e s t

gave T - S v a lue s h igher th an tho s e f rom s imi l a r te s t s repo rted

p r e v i ou s l y . D ue to the method o f t e s t i ng , the p i l e wa s lo aded

90 m i nu t e s a f t e r a previous t e s t , and no t s t r i ct l y 90 minute s

a f te r i n s e r t i o n , ther e f ore a s l i ght d i f ferenc e in r e s u l t s .

U n l i k e o ther T- S r a t i o curves , F i g . 2 7 shows the T- S

r a t i o s i n c r ea s i n g above 1 . 0 . I t mus t be kept in mind tha t

t h e va n e shear va l ue s u s ed to c a l c u l a t e the T - S r a t i o s were

o b ta i n e d f r om t e s t s p e r forme d at l e a s t 1/4 inch away f rom the

p i l e sur f a c e . The f a c t that T - S rati o s gr eater than 1 . 0

o c c urred doe s n o t sugge s t the deve l opment o f adhe s i on greater

t han the shear s tr ength o f the s o i l , bu t s imp ly tha t the shea r

s treng th o f t h e so i l n ext to t he p i l e inc r ea s ed , an d t h u s the

a d he s ion incre a s ed . Th i s i n c r ea s e wa s due t o di s turba nc e

( or r emo l d i ng ) , den s i f i c a t i on , con s o l idation and t h i xotrop ic

harde n i n g o f the s o i l immed i at e ly sur round i n g the p i l e . The

 10�

2.0

1. 8

::r::
E-.
·- -- .

C9
z 1.6
�
E-.
(/)
0:::
<t:
1.4
w
::r::
(/)

....::1
1.2
0
H

(/)
0
E-. 1.0
0:::
w
1:.4
(/)
z 0.8
�
E-.
Cl
<t:
0
0.6
....::1
1:.4 0 5 mi n . test
0
• 9 0 mi n . tes t
0
0.4

E-. A 1 day t e s t
H

� 6. 5 day te s t
0.2

0
1. 0 2 0. 3.0 4.0

DEP TH IN SAMP LE , inch e s

F ig . 2 7 . I n c r e a s e in T - S r a t i o s wi th time a f ter
p i l e in s ertion
 103

T- S r a t i o s g r e a te r than 1 . 0 r e s ul ted f rom c omp a r i n g the

a d h e s i o n between the p i l e and the n ewly deve loped s o i l s t ruc ­

tur e wi t h the s h ear s t rength o f the s o i l before d i s turbance

a nd ga in in s tr ength . Cumming s , e t . a l . (1950 ) h ave noted

s imi l a r r e s u l t s .

A g r e a t e r amount o f s o i l wa s s e en adh e r ing to the p i l e

a s i t wa s e xt r a c t ed a f ter the e l ap s ed time t e s t than i n any

p r ior t e s t s . The mor e den s e s truc ture and gr e a t e r adhe s ion

tha t wa s deve l op ed a t the p i l e - s o i l inter f a c e wi t h the p a s s age

o f t ime cou ld have e a s i ly a c c ounted fo r thi s .

The r e s u l t s o f th i s t e s t ind i c a ted that i n s e r t ion o f the

p i l e c au s ed d i s turbance tha t r e s u l t ed in a subsequent ga in in

s t rength abov e the o r i g i na l s tr eng th of the s o i l . Also , it

a ppe ar s t h a t t h e l o a d tran s f e r b e tween the p i l e a n d so i l be­

c ame l e s s d ep endent on s o i l - p i l e a dh e s i on , and mor e a f unc­

t i o n o f the s o i l ' s s hear s tr ength wi th the p a s s a g e of time .

D. Loa d T r a n s f e r a s a F un c t i o n o f Penetration Rate

Load t e s t s with va r i ou s pene tration ra tes were c a rr i ed

o u t on the 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e i n a 2 . 5 i nch s amp le wi th no p i lot

h o l e , and the chang e i n u l t ima t e load with the change i n pene­

t r a t i o n rate wa s no ted . The r e su l t s o f tho s e te s t s are

s h own i n the graph of F ig . 28 .

I r r e s pe c t ive o f the r a t e s o f pene tration u s ed , a t t a i nment

of the u l t ima t e l o a d s took p lace a t a p i l e mo vement o f 0 . 0 0 4

t o 0 . 0 0 5 i nc h . A C RP ( co n s tant r a t e o f penetra t ion } o f 0 . 0 3 2

 11 . 0

10 . 5

10 . 0
'"d
UJ

!=:
::J
0
p, 9.5
q
n

<(!
0
.....::! 9.0
w
E-<
<(!
::<::
8.5
E-<
H

.....::!
:::>

8.0

7.5
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
-3
RATE O F PENE TRAT I O N , i n ch e s p e r m inut e x 10

28 .
f-'
Fig . U l t i ma t e load ver s u s pene tra t i on 0
A
rate
 105

i n che s p e r mi nute , s ixteen times the norma l C RP u s e d , y i e lded

a 2 0 pe r c ent i n c r e a s e in th e u lt i ma t e l o a d over tha t o b t a i n ed

w i t h a r a te o f 0 . 0 0 2 i nche s per minute . I t ap pear s t h a t wi th

rap i d l o ad in g f rom t he h i gh C RP ' s br idg i n g occurred i n the

s o i l s truc tur e and l owe r p o r e wa t e r pres sure s were d eve l ope d .

Lower p o r e pr e s s ur e s a l l owed h i g h e r e f f e c t ive s t r e s s and the

s o i l s t ruc tur e s uppor t e d mo r e load f rom the p i l e . R i c h ardson

and Wh i tman ( 1 9 6 3 ) r eported the increase i n lo ad c a pa c i t y of

so i l w i t h high s tr a i n rate s wa s mo s t promi nent a t l ow s t r a i n s ,

a s i n the l o a d t e s t s o f thi s r e s earch . F a i l ure o c c u rred i n

o n l y 1 2 s ec o n d s a t t h e C RP o f 0 . 0 3 2 inc h e s p e r m i nute , th u s

no t e s t s a t h i gher r a t e s we r e conduc ted due to t he inabi l i ty

t o mon i t or the m e a s u r i ng i n s trument s at a f a s t er r a t e .

F i g u r e 2 9 , b a s ed on t he s ame d a t a a s F i g . 2 8 , shows

th e r e wa s a n e ar- l i n e a r r e l a t i on s h i p between the inc r e a s e of

u l t ima t e loa d a nd th e lo ga r i thm of the r a t e o f pen etra t i on

f or the rang e of CRP ' s t e s t e d . On l y a mo r e ext e n s ive and

d e t a i l ed s tudy of the s ame n a t ure wo u l d i nd i c a t e i f thi s type

o f r e la t i o n s h i p i s va l id in a l l s o i l - p i l e s y s tems and ranges

o f p e n e t r a t i o n rate .

Wh i ta k er a nd Cooke ( 1 9 6 1 ) ob s e rved o n l y a 4 p e r c ent

i n c r ea s e i n u l t ima t e load wi t h the h i gh e s t mu l t i p l e (8 ) of

t h e i r s ta nda r d C RP . F a i l ur e i n t h e i r t e s t s o c c u r r e d i n three

to ten m i n u t e s , a l thoug h the s tandard C RP wa s 0 . 0 6 inche s

p e r m i nut e , th i r ty t ime s the s t andard p ene trati on rate i n thi s

r e s e a r ch .
 11 . 0

10 . 0

(/)
'0
c
;::)
0
P.

q
�

< 9� 0
3
w
E--<
<
:a:
E--<
H

.._.
:::>
8.0

7.o I !__ L___ ___ �-------�

0 .02
_____

0 . 002 0 . 005 0 . 01 0 . 05
0 , 00 1

RATE OF PENE TRAT I O N , i n che s p e r m i nute

,.....
0

l oad v e r s u s
0)
Fig . 29 . U l t ima t e l o g p e n e t r at i on
rate
 107

The nec e s s i ty of such a r e l a t i ve ly s l ow CRP , a nd fa i l ure

a t the very low p ene tra t i on v a l ue s , a l s o in di cate s that

f a i l u r e wa s a func tion o f s o i l - p i l e adhe s i on in th i s re s ea r ch .

I t i s thou ght tha t so i l -to- so i l f a i l ure , noted in other mod e l

pi l e s tud i e s , wo u l d have occurred a t muc h gre ater p i l e mov e ­

men t s compared to the pene t ra t i ons at fa i l u r e in thi s r e s e ar ch .

 108

V. SUMMARY AND C ONCLU S I ONS

A r e v i ew o f l i t e r a ture on s o i l p i l e i n ter a c t i on s tud i e s

-

w i t h f u l l - s c a l e i n s t r umen t ed p i l e s shows th at d i s p l a c emen t

p i l e s d r iven i n t o s o f t c l ay c au s e d i s t u rba n c e to the s o i l

s tr uc tu r e and an i n c r e a s e i n the pore wa t e r pr e s s u r e of the

s y s t em . The d eg r e e o f di s turbanc e i s dep endent on th e l i qu id­

i t y i nd ex and s e n s i t iv i ty o f the s o i l . Many pro gr ams o f

r e s ea r c h have s hown that mod e l p i l e s r epr o du c e th e a c t i o n of

f u l l- s c a l e p i l e s and o f f e r the adva n t age of i nc r e a s ed f l ex i -

b i l i ty wi th r e s p e c t to the founda t i o n g e ome t r y and s o i l con -

di t i on s .

I n thi s r e s e a r ch l oad te s t s on mo d e l f r i c t i o n p i l e s were

conduc t e d by m e a s ur in g the load r e qu i r ed to ma in t a i n a c on s tan t

r a t e o f p e n e t r a t i on ( CRP ) o f the p i l e . Three s i z e s o f me t a l

p i l e s w e r e in s e r t ed into two s i z e s o f enc a s ed s ed i men ted soi l

s amp l e s con s i s t i ng o f a d e f i n i t e propor t i o n of s i l t and c l ay .

A s s o r t e d s i z e s o f p i lot ho l e s were cut i n the s amp l e s b e f ore

p i l e i n s e r t i on and s p ec i a l ly-mad e a l i gnme n t f r ame s and l oad

me a s ur i ng i n s t r ume n t s were incorporated in the te s t pro c edur e s .

The purp o s e o f the s e te s t s wa s to s tudy the e f f ec t s o f varyi ng

p i le , s amp l e a n d p i l o t ho le s i z e on the u l t i ma te load c ap ac i ty

o f the p i le s .

Vane s h e a r t e s t s wer e c a r r i ed out i n order t o obta i n

s h e a r s t r eng t h d i s tr i bution curve s f o r e a c h s oi l s amp l e , and

to c or r e l at e vane s h e a r s t r eng th to the uncon f i n e d co mpr e s s iv e

s t r ength o f t h e s o i l . A theor e t i c a l load d i s tr ibut i on c urve

 109

f o r the p i l e wa s d ev e l op e d wh e r eby th e load t r a n smi t t ed to

the s o i l c ou ld be c omp a r e d to t he vane shear s trength o f the

s o i l at s i x d e p t h s in the s amp le s .

The c o n c l u s i on s f rom thi s s tudy a r e :

1. T h e vane s he a r s t r e n g t h o f the s o i l d e c r e a s ed wi th

s amp l e d e p t h whe r e a s the mo i s ture con tent an d vo id

r a t i o i n c r e a s ed wi th depth .

2. The r a t i o o f the vane s hear s trength to one h a l f

t h e un c o n f i n e d compre s s ive s tr ength wa s a lw a y s

l e s s than 1 . 0 a nd var i e d with th e mo i s ture c on t e n t

o f t h e s ed ime n t e d so i l .

3. T h e l o a d on the p i l e v a r i ed l i near i l y wi th p ene ­

t r a t i o n f o r sma l l p i l e moveme n t s b e f o r e f a i l ur e .

4. T h e va l ue o f p e n e t r a t i on at f a i lure wa s con s tant

wi t h t ime a f te r p i � e in s er t i on and wa s not gene r a l l y

a f un c t i on o f p i l e di a me t e r , p i lo t ho l e s i z e o f

s a mp l e s i z e .

4. No mod e l f r i c t i o n p i l e d eve l op ed the vane s h ear

s t r en g t h o f the s o i l as skin f r i c t i o n wi th i n 9 0

m i nu t e s a f te r p i l e i n s ertion .

6. The very low p e n e t r a t i on a t f a i l ure and l a c k of s o i l

a dh e r i n g t o the p i l e i n f err ed that f a i lure wa s a

f u n c t i o n o f s o i l - p i l e adhe s i on in the s tandard 9 0

m i nu t e te s t .
 110

7. The r a t i o of the l oa d tran s f e r r ed to the s o i l

t o the shear s trength o f the s o i l c h anged wi th

s amp l e depth and wa s h i gh e s t near the s amp l e

bo t tom .

8. The T- S r a t i o s in the soi l s amp l e were a f u n c t i on

o f the r a t i o o f p i l o t hol e d i ame t e r to the p i l e

d i amet e r , or R r a t io .
d

9. The r e wa s a n op t imum R rat i o , u s u a l ly 0 . 7 5 , th a t

d
o f f e r e d a ba l a n c e b e tween low s o i l d i s turban c e

w i th p i l e i n s er t i on and hi gh load c a rrying c apa c ­

it y o f the p i l e . Thi s optimum va l u e d i d n o t

c han g e w i th p i l e s i z e , b u t d i d c h a n g e wi th s amp l e

s i z e d u e t o uncontr o l lable c o n f i n i ng p r e s sur e s

i n i t i a t ed b y p i l e i n s ertion .

1 0 . When the s i z e o f s amp l e u s e d wa s l e s s than 4 to 5

t ime s t he p i l e d i ame t e r erra t i c r e s ul t s and po s ­

s i b l y b a s e f a i lure o c c urred .

Load tes t s w e r e a l s o conduc ted a t var i o u s t i me i n t e rva l s

a f t e r p i l e in s e r t i o n t o s tudy the e f f e c t s o f t ime on the

u l t ima t e load c apac i ty of th e p i l e . The conc l u s i o n s f r om thi s

s tudy a r e :

1. The u l t ima t e l o a d that the p i l e c o u l d supp o r t

i n c r e a s ed wi th t ime a f ter p i l e i n s e r t ion .

2. The T- S r a t i o s inc r e a s ed wi th time and even tua l ly

bec ame grea t e r than 1 . 0 wh en compared to the van e

 111

sh ear s tr e ngth o f the und i s turbed s o i l . It is

a s s umed that p i l e i n s e r t i on caus ed r emo l d i ng and

c on s o l i da t i o n that r e s ul t ed i n a mor e d e n s e s o i l

s t ruc t u r e and h i g h e r s hear s t rength ad j ac en t to

the p i l e wa l l .

3. I t i s b e l i eved the f a i lure mec han i sm b e c ame l e s s

a fun c t i o n o f s oi l - p i l e adh e s ion and mo r e d epend e nt

o n t h e s h e a r s t r e n g th of the s o i l wi th th e p a s s a g e

o f t ime .

Loa d t e s t s u s in g var i o u s penetrat ion r a t e s i n the CRP t e s t

s h owed t h a t the u l t ima t e l o a d c apac i ty o f the p i l e i n c r e a s e d

w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n p e n e t r a t i o n rate . Fai lure in each t e s t

o c c u r r e d a t the s ame p e n e tr a t i on va l u e , and the i n c re a s e in

l oad c a p a c i ty va r i ed a lmo s t l i n e ar i ly wi t h the l o ga r i thm o f

the p e n e t r a t i on r a t e .
 112

VI . RECOMMENDAT I ONS

Muc h o f the t ime d evo ted to th i s r e s earch wa s c o n s umed i n

the d eve l opment a n d bu i l d i n g o f equ i pment , thu s t h e t e s ting

program was l im i t e d . Many mor e te s t s are ne eded to d e term i n e

the l imi t s o f t h e var i ab l e s f o r wh i c h t h e conc l u s i o n s p r e ­

v i ou s ly dr awn a r e va l i d . The r e su l t s o f thi s r e s e a r c h s erve a s

a ba s i s f o r t h e r ecommend a t i o n s regard i ng future s tudy o n

mo d e l t e s t i ng o f thi s nature .

1. The u s e o f a mod e l p i l e i n s tr umented wi th s train

gage s wou l d produce a more ac cura te load d i s tr i ­

bution c urve f o r u s e i n the an a ly s i s o f r e s u l t s .

2. I f , a f t er p i l e i n s e r t i on , co n f i n ing pre s s u r e s o f

known magn i tude were impos ed on s ed imented s o i l

s amp l e s wi th L/D ra t i o s of 2 .0 or l e s s , then mo re

'
homo g en eous s amp l e s wo uld r e sult . The prob l em of

unknown conf i n ing p r e s sure s af f e c t i n g re s u l t s wo u ld

a l s o b e par t i a l ly so lved .

3. A longer t ime per i od betwe e n p i l e i n s ert i on and

load t e s t ing , 3 to 5 days , wo uld a l l ow the d i s s i ­

p a t i o n o f por e wa ter pre s sure s and _ more c omp l ete

c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f th e so i l aro und the p i l e . Wi th

the added t ime the mechan i sms of f a i lur e wo u ld b e

mo r e s imi lar t o tha t o f a f i e ld p i l e .

4. Re su l t s o f s o i l shear s tr ength t e s t s conduc t ed

under va r i e d cond i t i on s o f drainage in a tr i ax i a l

 113

c e l l could b e c o r r e l a t ed w i t h p i l e l o ad t r a n s ­

f e r value s i n a n a t t empt t o d e t e rm i n e the e xa c t

s o i l -p i l e f a i l u r e mechan i sm .
 114

VII . APPEND IX A

VANE SH EAR S T RENG T H D I S TR I BU T I ON S

FOR S O I L SAMPLE S
 115

TOP

4.5

4.0

(J)

..c::
Q)
3.5
�
()

•rl

w 3.0
....:1
1.1-.
::s
<t:
(/)
2.5
z
Samp l e
H
#1 - 1 . 4 - 1/ 2 - 3/ 8
:I::
E-<
1.1-. 2.0 � 0 0
w
�
S amp le # 2 - 1 . 4 - 1/ 2 - 3 / 8
1.5 - -· - ..- . -

1.0

0.5

BOTTOM
200 300 400 500 600

VANE SHEAR S T RENGTH , p s f

Fig . 30 . Vane s h e a r s tr ength d i s t r ibu t i on s f o r 1 . 4

i n c h s amp l e s u s ed wi th 1 / 2 i n c h p i l e
 TOP
I I

I I
I
•

4.0 0� �
I I
I
I I •
•

3.5
I 0 , ./ �
I I I
I I •
en

..c:
<!)

u
3.0 o • !f
I .
c
·� II
�

.....:1
� 2.5 o I �-
1·
g:

r/·
<C
{/)
2.0

#1- 2 . 5 - 1/2 - 3/ 8 0
�l s:� ·�#:� �- 5 - 1 /2 - 9 /2
z I
J.
H

::I: S amp le
E-<
p.. 1.5 0 �

#2- 2 . 5 - 1/2 - 1/4 4- 2 . 5 - 1/2 - 1/2

#-A
�
0 l
- .
S amp le
JF 1 S amp le
1.0 -- ---- -8 ----b
.
l/l f

2 . 5- 1/2 - 0
-

0.5
i�/ 1 S amp le # 5 -
- -0 0 0

I / jl
r,
BOTTOM t I I I
200 300 400 500 600 200 300 400 500 600

VANE SHEAR S TRENGTH , psf VANE SHEAR S TREN GTH , psf

31 .
1/2
Vane sh e a r s trength d i s t r i bu t i on s f o r 2 . 5 i n c h samp l e s
1-'
Fig . 1-'

u s ed wi th i n ch p i l e
"'
 TOP
I
I

4. 5 •
S amp le # 1 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - 1/ 2
�
I
4.0 c.J I
S amp le #2 - 2 . 5 - 3 / 4 - 1 / 2 I
- ...- .... .... -
I
3. 5 I r- '
I
UJ I
<ll
.c
C) 3.0 o 1 •/
I=: I
. .,

w
.

.....:1 2. 5
�
'::£
�

f
(f)
z 2.0
if
H

:r:
E-< #1-1 . 4- 3 /4-1/2
�
w 1. 5 o S amp le
�
0
t
I' S amp le # 2 - 1 . 4 - 3 / 4- 1/ 2
1.0 J - __ _ ._ ... -

0.5

B OT T O M
200 300 400 500 600 700 200 300 400 500 600 700

VANE S HE AR S TRLNGTH , p s f VANE SHEAR S T RENGTH , p s f I-'

I-'
-...J
(A) (B )

Fig . 32 . Van e sh e a r s t r en g th d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r 1 . 4 and

2.5 i n c h s amp l e s u s e d w i th 3 / 4 i n c h p i l e
 118

4.5

4.0

3.5

CJ)

.c 3 . 0.
Q)

C)
c
• rt

� 2,5
...:1
�
::!:;
�
(/)
2.0 0
z
H

. ::r:
E-o
� 1.5 0
�
q

1.0 0

0. . 5

0
200 300 400 500 600 700
VANE S HEAR S TRENGTH , p s f

Fig . 33 . Vane s hear s t rength d i s tr i bution for

samp l e from e l ap s ed time t e s t
 119

VI I I . B I BL I OG RAP HY

1. A I RHART , T . P . , ( 1 9 6 7 ) , " P i l e - So i l Sys t em Re s p o n s e i n C l ay

a s a F u n c t i o n o f Exc e s s Por e Wa t e r P r e s s u r e and O t h e r
S o i l P r o p e r t i e s " , P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i o n , Texa s A & M
U n i ve r s i ty , i n A i rh a r t , T . P . , H i r s c h , T . J . , and C o y l e ,
H . M . , 1 9 6 7 , " P i l e - So i l Sys t em Re s po n s e i n C l ay a s a
F un c t i o n o f E xc e s s P o r e Wa t e r P r e s s u r e and O t h e r S o i l
P r op er t i e s " , Re s e a r c h Repor t t o the Texa s T r a n s po r t a ­
t i o n I n s t i tu t e , Texa s A & M Un ive r s i ty .

2. A I RHART , T . P . , H I R S C H , T . J . , and C OYLE , H . M . , ( 1 9 6 7 ) , " P i l e

S o i l S y s tem Re s po n s e i n C l ay a s a F un c t i o n o f E xc e s s
P o r e Wa t e r P r e s s u r e and O t h e r S o i l Proper t i e s " , Re s e a r c h
Repor t t o t he T exa s Tra n s po r t a t i o n I n s t i tu t e , Texa s
A & M U n ive r s i t y .

3. AME R I CAN S OC I ETY OF T E S T ING MATER IAL S STAN DARD S (19 6 1 )

4. BROMS , B . a nd HELLMAN , L . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) , " En d- Bear i n g and S k i n

F r i c t i o n Re s i s t a n c e o f P i l e s " , P ro c e e d i ngs of the
Amer i c a n So c i e ty of C ivi l Eng i n e e r s , Vo l . 9 4 , No . SM 2 ,
Marc h , 1 9 6 8 , pp . 4 2 1 - 4 2 8 .

5. CA SAGRAND E , A . , ( 1 9 3 2 ) , " The S t ruc t u r e o f C l ay and I t s

E n g i n e e r i n g Imp o r t a nc e i n Fo u n d a t i o n Eng i n e e r i ng " ,
Jo ur n a l o f the Bo s to n Soc i e ty o f C i vi l E n g i n e e r s ,
Apr i l , 1 9 3 2 , pp . 7 2 - 1 1 3 .

6. CHELL I S , R . D . , ( 1 9 5 1 ) , P i l e Found a t i o n s , Mc G r aw- H i l l Bo ok

.

C omp any , New York , 1 9 5 1 .

7. C OO KE , R . W . a nd WH I TAKER , T . , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " Ex p e r imen t s o n

Mod e l P i l e s w i th E n l a rged Ba s e s " , G e o t e c hn i que , Vo l . X ,
No . 1 , Ma r c h , l 9 6 1 .

8. COYLE , H . M . and RE E S E , L . C . , ( 1 9 6 6 ) , " Lo a d Tr an s f e r for

Ax i a l ly Loaded P i l e s i n C l ay " , P ro c e e d i ngs o f the
Ame r i c a n S o c i e t y of C i v i l Eng in e e r s , Vo l . 9 2 , No . SM 2 ,
M a r c h , 1 9 6 6 , pp . 1 2 6 . -

9. C RA NDALL , L . L . , ( 1 9 4 8 ) , " E l e c tr i c a l Re s i s t anc e . s t r a i n Gage s

f o r D e t e rm i n i n g t h e T r a n s f e r o f Lo ad f rom P 1 l e � t o So i l " ,
�
P r o c e e d i ng s 2 n d I n t e r � a t i o na � Con e r en c e o n So 1 l
Ro t t erd am ,
M e c h a n i c s and F ound a t 1 on Eng1n e e r 1n g , Vo l . IV ,
1948 , p . 122 .
, K ;, B . , ( 1 9 5 0 ) �
10 . CUMM I NG S , A . E . , KERK HOF F , G . O . and P E C K
, Tr a n s ac t 1 o n s
" E f f e c t o f D r i v i ng P i l e s i n t o So f t C l ay
e e r s , Vol . 1 1 5 ,
o f the Ame r ican Soc i e ty of C iv i l Engi n
1 9 5 0 , pp . 2 7 5 - 2 8 5 .
 120

11 . D ' A P POLON I A , E . and H R I BA R , J . A . , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , " Lo a d Tra n s f e r

i n a S t e p - T a p e r P i l e " , P r o c e e d i n g s o f the Ame r i c an
S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , Vo l . 8 9 , No . SM 6 , Nov . ,
1 9 6 3 , pp . 5 7 - 7 7 .

12 . DAV I S S ON , M . T . , ( 1 9 5 6 ) , " S ununa r y o f Know l e d g e G a i n ed f r om

T e s t s o n I n s tr umen t e d D r i v e n P i l e s " , f r om p a p e r pr e ­
s en t ed t o c o n f e r e n c e o n D e e p F ound a t i o n s , New Yo r k ,
1956 .

13 . G HANEM , M.F. , ( 1 9 5 3 ) , " Be a r i n g C a pa c i ty o f F r i c t i on P i l e s

i n D e e p So f t C l ay s " , P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i on , U n i v e r s i ty o f
I l l i no i s , U r b a n a , I l l i no i s , 1 9 5 3 .

14 . G R IM ,R . , ( 1 9 5 3 ) , C l ay M i n e r a l ogy , H c G r aw- H i l l Book

Comp an y , N ew York , 1 9 5 3 .

15 . GOUG HNOUR , R . D . a nd SA L L B E R G , J . R . , ( 1 9 6 4 ) , " Eva l u a t i on o f

Labo r a t ory Vane She a r Te s t " , Publ i c Road s J o u r n a l o f
Hi ghway Re s ea r c h , Vo l . 3 3 , No . 5 , 1 9 6 4 , p . 9 1 .

16 . HALC ROW , S I R W . a n d S HARMAN , F . A . , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " Th e Ant i c i ­

p a t e d a n d Ob s erved P e n e t r a t i on R e s i s ta n c e o f Some
F r i c t i o n P i l e s in C l ay " , P r o c e ed i ng s 5 t h I n t e r n a t i ona l
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17 . HOLT Z , W . G . and L OWI T Z , C . A . ( 1 9 6 5 ) , " E f f e c t s o f D r iv i n g

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18 . JAC K S ON ,A . T . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) , " S h e a r S t r e n g t h B e h a v i o r in S i l t
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19 . JO HANNE S S E N , I . J . a n d BJE RRUM , L . , ( 1 9 6 5 ) , " M e a s u r em e n t

o f the C ompr e s s i on o f a S t e e l P i l e t o Roc k Due to
S e t t l emen t of the S u r r o und i n g C l ay " , P r o c e e d i ngs 6 th
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F ound a t io n E n g i n e e r in g , Vo l . I I , M on t r e a l , 1 9 6 5 ,
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KOND NER , R . L . , ( 1 9 6 2 ) , " F r i c t i o n P i l e G ro u p

s in C o h e s iv e
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22 . MAN SUR , C . I . and KAUFMAN , L . J . , ( 1 9 5 8 ) , " P i l e Te s t s

Low S i l l S t ruc ture , O l d R iver , Lou i s i an a " , Tran s � c t i o n s
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23. MATHE S , J . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) , " Th i xo t r op i c E f f e c t s i n a C l a y -Wa t er

S y s tem " , Unpubl i s hed Ma s t e r ' s The s i s , U n i ve r s i t y of
M i s s ou r i - Ro l la , Ro l la , Mi s sour i , 1 9 6 8 .

24 . MO l-IAN , D . , JA IN , G . S . and KUMAR , V . , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , " Load Bear ing

Capa c i ty of P i l e s " , Geo te chnique , Vo l . X I I I , No . 1 ,
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25. MU RP HY , G . , ( 1 9 5 0 ) , S imi l i tud e in Engine e r in g , Ronald

P r e s s Company , New York , 1 9 5 0 .

26 . O RRJE , 0 . and BROMS , B . , ( 1 9 6 7 ) , " E f f e c t s o f P i l e D r i v i n g

on S o i l Proper t i e s " , Pro c e ed in g s o f the Ame r i can
Soc i e t y o f C ivi l Eng i n e e r s , Vol . 9 3 , No . SM 5 , S ept ember ,
1 9 6 5 , pp . 5 9 - 7 3 .

27. PECK , R . B . and DAV I S SON , M . T . , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , D i s c u s s i on on

' ' F r i c t i on P i l e G roup s i n C o h e s ive So i l " , Pro c e e d ings
o f the Ame r i can Soc i e ty of C i vi l Engin e e r s , Vo l . 8 9 ,
No . SM l , F ebruary , 1 9 6 3 , pp . 2 7 9 - 2 8 5 .

28 . P OTYOND Y , J . G . , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " Sk i n F r i c t i o n Betwe e n Var ious

S o i l s and C o n s truc t i on Ma t e r i a l s " , G e o t e c hn ique , Vo l .
X , No . 4 , 1 9 6 1 .

29 . RABA , C . F . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) , " T{le Dynam i c Re spon s e o f a C l ay - P i l e

S y s t em " , Unpub l i shed D i s s e r t a t io n , Te xa s A &M Un ive r s i ty ,
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30 . R I C HARD SON , A . M . and WH I TMAN , R . V . , ( 1 9 6 3 ) , " E f fe c t of

Stra i n Ra t e Upon Undr a i n ed Shear Re s i s tanc e o f a
S a t ur ated F a t Remo lded C l a y " , G e o t echni que , Vo l . X I I I ,
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31 . RUTL EDGE , P . C . , ( 1 9 4 8 ) , " S treng th o f Natur a l C l ays " ,

(pape r pr e s ented a t Amer i c an Soci e ty o f C ivi l Engin e e r s '
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32 . SC HL I TT , H . G . , ( 1 9 5 2 ) , " G roup P i l e Lo ad s i n P l a s t i c So i l " ,
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" Tran s ac t 1 on s o f the Ame r i can
c l a y A l ong F r i c t i on P i l e s ,
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 122

34 . SOD E RBERG , L . , ( 1 9 6 2 ) , " Con so l idation Theory App l i e d to

Found a t i on P i l e T ime E f f ec t s " , G eo t e chnique , Vo l . X I I ,
No . 3 , Sept embe r , 1 9 6 2 , pp . 2 1 7 - 2 2 5 .

35 . SOWER S , G . and MART IN , M . , ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " The Bear i n g C apac i ty

o f F r i c t i on P i l e Group s in a Homog eneous C l ay f rom
Mod e l S t ud i e s '' , Pro c e e d i n g s 5 t h I n t e r na t i o n a l Con f er enc e
on So i l Hechan i c s and Founda t ion Engine e r in g , Vo l . I I ,
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36 . SPENCER , J . , ( 1 9 6 8 ) , " Phy s i ca l Prope r t i e s o f S i l t and C l ay

Mi xture s " , Unpubl i s h e d Ma s t er ' s The s i s , Un i ve r s i ty of
M i s sour i - Ro l l a , Ro l la , Mi s sour i , 1 9 6 8 .

37 . TER ZAG H I , K . and PECK , R . B . , ( 1 9 6 7 ) , Soi l Mechan i c s i n

Eng i n e ering P r a c t ic e , John Wi l ey and Son s , Inc . ,
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Movement o f F r i c t i o n a n d End - Bearing P i les Embedded in
U n i f o rm and Strat i f i ed Soi l s " , Pro c e ed ings 6 th
I n t erna t i ona l C on f erence on So i l Mechan i c s and Foundation
Eng in e e r i n g , Vol . I I , Montrea l , 1 9 6 5 .

39 . TOML I N SON , M . J . , ( 1 9 5 7 ) , " The Adh e s ion o f P i l e s D r i ve n in

C l a y So i l s " , Pro c e edi ngs 4 th Internati ona l C o n f erence
on So i l Mechani c s and F ounda tion Engi n e ering , Vol . I I ,
London , 1 9 5 7 , pp . 6 6 - 7 1 .

40 . VAN WEELE , A . F . , ( 1 9 5 7 ) , " A Method o f S eparati ng the

Be ar ing C a pac i ty of ·a Te s t P i l e into Skin F r i c t i on and
Po i n t Re s i s tanc e " , Proc eeding s 4 th Interna t i ona l
C o n f erenc e on S o i l Mechani cs and F ound a t i o n Engine e r i ng ,
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41. WH I TAKER , T . a nd C OOKE , R . W . , ( 1 9 6 l ) , " A New Approach to P i l e

Te s t i ng " , Proceed ings 5 th Internationa l C on f e renc e on
S o i l Mec han i c s an d Founda tion Engine e r ing , Vo l . I I ,
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42 . Z EEVAERT , L . , ( 1 9 5 0 ) , D i s cu s s ion o f " E f f e c t s o f Driving

P i l e s into So f t C l ay " , Tran s ac t i o n s of the Amer i c a n
S o c i e ty o f C ivi l Eng i ne er s , Vo l . 1 1 5 , 1 9 5 0 , pp . 2 8 6 - 2 9 3 .

43. Z IMMERMAN K . , ( 1 9 15 ) , " D i e Ramm iwirkun g im Erdre i ch " ,

h
ver suc e auf n euer Grund lage , Berl in , i n F r e eman , G . L .
�
and Pa r s o n s , J . D . , D i s cus s ion o f " E f f e c t s o f D r v i ng
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 123

IX . V I TA

R i c h a r d Mi l to n Franke wa s born on July 5 , 1 9 4 3 in

Centra l ia , I l l i no i s . He r e c e ived hi s p r imary and s e co ndary

educa t i on i n the C e ntr a l i a , I l l i noi s P ub l i c School S y s t em .

I n J u n e , 1 9 6 3 h e wa s graduated f r om the C entra l i a Jun ior

C o l l e g e with the degree of As s o c i ate i n Ar t s . Aft er s tudying

e l ec t r i ca l eng i n e e r in g a t the Un i ver s i ty of I l l ino i s , Urban a ,

I l l i n o i s , h e wa s e n t e r e d a t the Univer s i ty o f Mi s sour i - Ro l l a

i n F ebruar y , 1965 . A Un i o n O i l Scho l a r s h i p wa s awarded him

dur i n g h i s unde r g r aduate wo rk and he wa s gradua ted wi th the

d e g r e e o f Bac h e l o r of S c i e nce in C i vi l Engine e r i ng i n June o f

1967 . I n Aug u s t , 1 9 6 7 he wa s c e rt i f i ed an " Engin e e r i n

Tra i n i ng " by t h e Mi s s our i S t a t e Boa r d o f Arch i t e c t s and

Eng in e e r s . I n S e p t embe r of 1 9 6 7 he entered g r adua te s c hoo l

at t he Unive r s i ty o f Mi s sour i - Ro l l a an d wa s awarded a Nati o n a l

Sc i e nc e F ounda t i on tra i n e e s h ip .

Mr . F r anke i s ma rr i ed to t he former Mi s s Caro lyn V i n e tt e

Ma c h o f Kan s a s C i ty , M i s s o ur i . He i s a membe r o f Chi Ep s i l on ,

Ta u Beta P i , and P h i Kapp a P h i honora ry f r a t e r n i ti e s .