REVIEWER

GENERAL MATHEMATICS QUARTER 1

(CONFIDENTIAL)

Note: f ( x )= y

Relation – is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set
of values (called the range).
Domain – the set of all “x” values.
Range – the set of all “y” values.
Functions – is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two orders paired have the same x-
value but different y-values.
Vertical Line Test – A graph represent a function if and only if each vertical line test intersects
the graph at one point.
Evaluation of functions – means replacing the variable in the function in this case (x), with a
value from the functions domain and computing for the result.
Operations on Functions – is the process of taking two functions and applying arithmetical
operations to those functions.

Linear Function – is the function in the form of f ( x )=ax+ b, where a ≠ 0 . The graph of this
function is a straight line.

Ex. f ( x )=2 x +5

Quadratic Function - is the function in the form of f ( x )=a x2 +bx + c, where a ≠ 0 . The graph of
this function is a curve called a parabola.

Ex. f ( x )=2 x 2 +3 x+5

n n−1
Polynomial Function – of degree n, is in the form f ( x )=an x + an−1 x +a1 x+ a0. Where n ≠ 0

Ex. f ( x )=2 x 4 +3 x 3−2 x 2 +5 x−1

p(x )
Rational Function – a function in the form of f ( x )= , where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial
q (x)
functions and q(x) is not equal to zero.
3 x +1 3 x+ 1
Ex. f ( x )= or y=
2 x+ 3 2 x+ 3
Rational Equation – an equation involving rational expressions.
 1 2
Ex. =
x X +3
Rational Inequality - an inequality involving rational expressions
3 1
Ex. ≥
x+5 2 x
Exponential Function – a function in the form of f ( x )=b x, where b> 0 , b ≠1

Ex. f ( x )=3 x+1 or . y=3 x+1

Exponential Equation - an equation involving exponential expressions.

Ex. 4 x−1=16

Exponential Inequality - an inequality involving exponential expressions.

Ex. 3 x−1 ≤ 9 x

Logarithmic function – a function in the form of f ( x )=log b x, where b> 0 , b ≠1

Ex. f ( x )=log 2 5 x or y=log 2 5 x

Logarithmic Equation - an equation involving logarithms.

Ex. log x 2=4

Logarithmic Inequality – an inequality involving logarithms.

2
Ex. log 2 2 x ≥ log 2 3 x

Inverse Function – a function that returns the original value for which a function has given the
output. It is denoted by f −1 (x)

−1 x−3
Ex. f ( x )=
5
____________________________________________________________________________

The domain of the logarithmic function f (x)=log 2 x is

(∞, -∞)
(positive infinity, negative infinity)

The domain of the function: f ( x)=3x are All real numbers

Function - a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range
by some rules

One-to-one Function – different output for different input. It has an INVERSE function.

A-1
B-2
C-3
D -4

Example:
one passport to one person
one ID for one student
one key to one padlock

Evaluating functions - is to Replace each letter in the expression with the assigned value and
simplify.

Operations on Functions:
Formulas:

Finding the sum of two functions: ( f +g ) ( x ) =f ( x )−g(x )

Finding the difference of two functions: ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g ( x )
Finding the product of two functions: ( f ∙ g ) ( x )=f ( x ) ∙ g ( x )

Finding the quotient of two functions: ()

f
g
( x )=
f (x )
g (x)

f ( x ) + g ( x )=g ( x )+ f ( x ) (equal)

f ( x )−g ( x ) ≠ g ( x )−f ( x ) (not equal)

f ( x ) ∙ g ( x )=g ( x ) ∙ f ( x ) (equal)

f (x ) g(x)
≠ (not equal)
g (x) f (x )
____________________________________________________________________________

If x=3 , then x−7 is equal to −4

Note:

0
=0
3

3
=undefined∨math error
0

____________________________________________________________________________
x−3
In the rational function f (x)= the domain is all real numbers except 3.
x +3

Intercepts - the points of intersection of its graph and an axis

Asymptotes - an imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and closer as the x or y increases
or decreases its value without limit

Horizontal Asymptote - If the degree of the leading coefficient of the numerator is equal to the
degree of the leading coefficient of the denominator of a rational function.
- is a horizontal line y = b where the graph approaches the line as the inputs approach ∞
or –∞.

Slant Asymptote - occurs when the degree of the numerator is 1 more than the degree of the
denominator.
- a slanted line y = mx + b where the graph approaches the line as the inputs approach ∞
or –∞.

Vertical asymptote - is a vertical line x = a where the graph tends toward positive or negative
infinity as the inputs approach a

Exponential Function y=b x

b=base
x=exponent
x
The first step in solving for x in the exponential inequality 2 ( 5 ) >10 is dividing both sides by 2

The exponential function y=10 x−2 shows the relationship between two variables.
____________________________________________________________________________

Laws of exponents:
1. Negative Exponent Rule

−m 1
a = m
a
−2 1
Ex: x = 2
x
−x 1
3y = −x
3y
¿¿ __________________________
−4 −4
2 2
( ) = −4
3 3

Put up 3−4 to make exponent positive

Put down 2−4 to make exponent positive

4
3 81
4
=
2 16
 _______________________________________

2. Fractional Exponent Rule

m
a n =√ am
n

1
Ex: x 2 =√
2 1
x =√ x
¿¿

3. Zero Exponent Rule

0
a =1
Ex: (3 x)0 =1
0
10000000 =1

4. Product Rule
m n m +n
a ∙ a =a
Ex: x 2 ∙ x 3=x 3+2=x 5
4 5 4 +5 9
3 x ∙3 x =( 3 x ) =( 3 x )

5. Quotient Rule
m n m−n
a ÷ a =a
Ex: x 5 ÷ x 3=x 5−3=x 2
4 5 4 −5
3 x ÷3 x =(3 x) =¿

6. Power of a Power Rule

¿
Ex: ¿
¿

7. Power of a Quotient Rule

m m
a a
( ) = m
b a
2 2
3x 3x
Ex: ( )= 2
y y
2 2
2 2 4
( ) = 2=
3 3 9

Logarithm - refers to an exponent which b must have to produce y

Logarithmic form log b x= y

 y
Exponential form b =x

Ex: Log form: log 3 x=5 or 5=log 3 x

5 5
Exp form: 3 =x or x=3

Laws of logarithms:

1. Log of 1

log b 1=0
Ex. log 20 1=0
log 5 x 1=0
log 1000000 1=0

2. Log of the same number as base

log b b=1
Ex: log 10 1 0=1
log 4 x 4 x=1
log 10 00000 10 00000=1

3. Product Rule

log b m+ log b n=log b (mn)

Ex: log 2 3 x+ log 2 y=log 2 ( 3 x ) ( y )
log x 4+ log x 6=log x ( 4 ) ( 6 )=¿ log x (24)¿

4. Quotient Rule

m
log b m−log b n=log b ( )
n
3x
Ex: log 2 3 x−log 2 y=log 2 ( )
y
log x 10−log x 5=log x
10
5 ( )
=log x (2)

5. Power Rule
n
log b m =n log b m
x
Ex: log 2 3 =x log 2 3
4 log 5 2 x ¿ log 5 ( 2 x )4=¿ log 5 16 x 4 ¿
Find the x-intercept of f ( x )=log 3 x
Step 1: Let y=0
f ( x )=log 3 x
y=log 3 x
0=log 3 x

Step 2: Transform to exponential form and solve for x

0
3 =x
x=1
(any number raised to 0 is 1)

Find the y-intercept of y=3 x

Step 1: Let x=0
0
y=3

Step 2: Solve for y

0
y=3
y=1
(any number raised to 0 is 1)

INVERSES:

Addition is the inverse of subtraction (vice versa)

Multiplication is the inverse of division (vice versa)

Steps in finding the inverse of a function:

f ( x )=1.5 x

Step 1: change f (x) to y

y=1.5 x
Step 2: interchange x and y
x=1.5 y
Step 3: Solve for y
x=1.5 y
x 1.5 y
=
1.5 1.5
x
y=
1.5
Step 4: Change y to f −1 ( x)
−1 x
f ( x )=
1.5

Note: The domain (x-values) of the original function is the range (y-values) of its inverse.
If the domain of the original function is (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2)
Then the range of the inverse is (-2, -1, 0, 1, 2)

Note: 10 problems taken from the project

ALL 50 items multiple choice
Passing score: 38