USCP REVIEWER
Culture is symbolic in the sense that it renders meanings
to what people do believe.
CULTURE comes from the latin word clique or cultus
significance plowing, or developing or refining and love.
In total it implies developing and refining
Culture thus refers to a human-made environment
which includesall the material and nonmaterial products
of group life that are transmitted from one generation
to the next.
TWO UNMISTAKABLE SEGMENTS
Material culture - comprises of articles that are
identified with the material part of our lifelike our dress,
food, and family products.
Eg. Schools, materials,churches,homes
Non material - culture alludes to thoughts, standards,
musings and conviction.
Eg. Symbols,language,values,norms
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Action – justice,work,religion
Language – mother tongue,dialect
Identity – self esteem
Validity – opinions,laws
Space – living space
Experience - rituals
History – myths
ANTHROPOLOGISTS
Edward Burnett Taylor - "that complex whole which
includes knowledge,belief, art, law, morals, custom,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as amember of society."
Robert Ranulp - tend to define culture in terms of
“communicable intelligence,” “conventional
understandings” or “communicated ideas.”
Radcliffe Brown - culture as cultivation the process of
transmitting and acquiring traditions as a result of
which society is perpetuate
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture is learned and acquired
- People acquire them from their folks, gained
from relatives
Culture is shared by a group of people
- Activity might be called culture if shared and
accepted by a gathering of individuals
Culture is cumulative
- Infos in culture can be passed with one age to
the next age
Culture changes
- Potential outcomes of social changes inside the
specific culture over the long haul
Culture is dynamic
- No culture stays on the perpetual state
Culture gives us a scope of passable standards of
conduct
- How individual should act properly
Culture is diverse
- Has few commonly reliant parts
- They are related with each other framing
culture as entirely
Culture is ideational
- Expected to be trailed by people in order to
acquire social acknowledgment.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
SYMBOLS – anything that gives meaning to the culture
LANGUAGE – symbols used to communicate with others
TECHNOLOGY – application of knowledge to ease the
task
VALUES – how individuals will respond to any
circumstances
BELIEFS – the faith of an individual
NORMS – rules or standard to guide for appropriate
behavior
TYPES
Proscriptive norm - defines and tells us things not to do
Prescriptive norm - defines and tells us things to do
FORMS
Folkways – everyday behavior that people follow for the
sake of tradition
Mores - control moral and ethical behavior
Laws - controlled ethics
MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE
IMITATION – Have the tendency to imitate the values,
attitudes in their social environment
INDOCTRINATION OR SUGGESTION – form of formal
training or informal teaching
Formal- the person learns from school
Informal – acquire by listening or watching etc
CONDITIONING -The values, beliefs, and attitudes of
other people are acquired through conditioning. This
conditioning can be reinforced through reward and
punishment. Adaptation of Culture
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
1.Parallelism - means that the same culture may take
place in two or more different places.
Example: The domestication of dogs, cats, pigs and
other animals may have semblance in other places
2. Diffusion - refers to those behavioral patterns that
pass back and forth from one culture to another. This is
the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another
brought about by change agents such as people or
media
Examples: food and eating practices, marriage and
wedding ceremonies, burial rituals, feast celebrations
3. Convergence - takes place when two or more cultures
are fused or merged into one culture making it different
from the original culture.
4. Fission - takes place when people break away from
their original culture and start developing a different
culture of their own.
5. Acculturation - refers to the process wherein
individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other
cultures into their own either voluntarily or by force.
Voluntary acculturation occurs through imitation,
borrowing, or personal contact with other people.
6. Assimilation - occurs when the culture of a larger
society is adopted by a smaller society, that smaller
society assumes some of the culture of the larger
society or cost society.
7. Accommodation - occurs when the larger society and
smaller society are able to respect and tolerate each
other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged
contact of each other’s culture.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGES
DISCOVERY – finding a new place eg, the discovery of
fire led to the art of cooking
INVENTION – creative mental process devising
something new
DIFFUSION – the spread of cultural traits to another
belonging the same society
COLONIZATION – The political social and political policy
establishing state
REBELLON/REVOLUTONARY – aim to change the whole
social order and replace the leadership
ENTHOCENTRISM – the feeling that one’s culture is
better than the other
XENOCENTRISM – believes that one culture is inferior
compared to others
CULTURAL RELATIVISM - It is a principle that an
individual person’s beliefs and activities should be
understood by others in terms of that individual’s own
culture.
Culture Shock is the feeling of disoriented, uncertain,
out of place or even fearful when immersed in an
unfamiliar culture
Cultural Relativism is the practic by assessing a culture
by its own standards rather that viewing it through
the lens of one’s own culture.It is the practice that
one must understood in the context of their locality.
 It promotes cooperation. Embracing the
differences of the different society can create
cooperation because it allows a stronger
bond with one another in the society.
 Respect and Equality is encouraged.People
from different culture with different ideas that
share their own perspectives and experiences in
the society can promote respect and equality.
  It preserves human cultures. Respect with the
diverse set of traditions, ideas and practices
would help preserve the culture.
 Cultural relativism creates a society without
judgement.Worrying and practicing your own
culture prevent disagreement & judgement in
the society.
Cultural Change is observed when new opens up new
ways of living and when new ideas enter a culture as a
result of globalization.
Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and
Practices
Symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for
something else, without natural relationship, that is
culturally defined. Symbols such as gestures, signs,
objects, signals, and words, help people understand the
world. Symbols provide clues to understanding
experiences.
Functions of Symbols and Symbolism
Social symbols are used to transfer culture, ideologies,
or beliefs from group to another group of people.
Symbols are also used to preserve traditions or
beliefs of a certain group of people.
All symbols contain the face and hidden values,
the hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds
greater meaning and importance than the face value.
Symbols and symbolism have been used to create
movements, spread ideas, and share advocacies that
surpasses time and distance.
Types of Symbols
Cultural Symbols – manifestation that signifies ideology
of a particular culture that has meaning within that
culture. (ph flag,ph eagle,ph national anthem,national
hero)
Social symbols – relating to human societies and its
modes of organization (i.e., social classes, social
problems, social issues, etc.)
Political symbols – used to represent a political
standpoint; seen in various media and forms such as
banners, flag, motto, etc.
Economic symbols – used in production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services like currency,
market, labor, demands and other economic activities.
Cultural Practices are the manifestation of a culture
or sub-culture, especially concerning the traditional
and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other
cultural group.
Examples: religious and spiritual, medical treatment,
forms of artistic expressions, culinary, housing and child-
rearing practices
TRADITIONAL MEDICAL PRACTICES - belief in herbal
medicines or alternatives
RELIGIOUS/SPIRITUAL PRACTICES - obando festival in
bulacan
CULINARY PRACTICES - rice 3m a day, adobo,sinigang
STATUS SYMBOL- refers to how individuals and groups
interact and interpret various cultural symbols, can be
seen in clothing and possessions such as red heart for
love.
POLITICAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES
different political meanings related to power,Political
symbols are usually used to embody an ideology, an
advocacy, or a group of people with same principles.
Political practices are common things that are done
within a state or country. It is related to the practices
done in the administration, distribution and attainment
of power, bureaucratic composition, etc.
Political Dynasties – it is the concentration,
consolidation or perpetuation of public office and
political power by persons related to one another.
Economic Symbols
This represents economic standpoint. It can be seen in
various media such as Stock Exchange, Money, and
Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance, Banking,
etc.
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
FORMS OF SOCIAL GROUP
people who often interact with each other on the basis
of a common outlook concerning behavior and a sense
of
common identity.
EX. Family relatives couples
Friends church mate schoolmate
co-worker business neighborhood
organization team mate clubs
PRIMARY GROUP - is just a small group with members 3 parts of socialization
engaged in tight, private and lasting relationships. This
group is noticeable by the care the members have for context
each other as well as the common activities and culture content and process
they share. results and outcome

SECONDARY GROUP - can be a small or a big

social group usually formed for a short-term period. The CONTEXT OF SOCIALIZATION
members are not related to one another and are not
influenced by personal feelings. Membership is founded BIOLOGICAQL CONTEXT
on what a person can do for each other. This group is PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
commonly found in schools and at the workplace.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
REFERENCE GROUP- serve as an element or component family
that individuals use as a standard towards the peers
achievement of a desired behavior in making judgement school
about the quality of life or things. It is not necessary mass media
that we become a member of a reference group; this
can be a person’s favorite fashion style, artist, pop idols, KINSHIP- A socially accepted relations that defines the
sports team, mentor, or a well know personality we relationship of individuals linked and developed by
admire and want to emulate. blood, marriage ties, culturally accepted rituals and legal
adoption.
IN-GROUP - which a person identifies with, he or she
may feel loyalty and respect KINSHIP BY BLOOD – relationship by descent which
refers to biological relations
OUT-GROUP - which a person does not identify with
they may feel dislike or hatred Lineage/linked

2types of descent
networks - created because of the need to establish
connection A. Unnatural
B. Biological
SOCIALIZATION - The process by which a person learns
the social norms and customs of the society KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE – A type of relationship
developed when marriage takes place
SOCIALIZATION FOCUSES ON THE
ENDOGAMY
Acquisition of knowledge
language MONOGAMY
values
habits POLYGAMY
skill in the society
a. Polygeny (a man has more than 1 wife)
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION b. Polyandry (a woman has more than one husband)

REFFERAL MARRIAGE
PRIMARY - small groups who interacts
SECONDARY - learns behavior within a small group ARRANGE MARRIAGE/FIXED
which is still part of larger society
ANTICIPATORY - adolescensce stage wherein you are
expecting certain roles KINSHIP BY RITUALS – done in a form of baptism,
PROFESSIONAL - develop skills and attitudes confirmation of baptism
RE-SOCIALIZATION - Learns new values and groups for
the new group FAMILY
– NUCLEAR
– EXTENDED
– RE CONSTITUTED