PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 VARIABLES

QUALI – Discrete; continuous

—Studies inquiry of examination especially investigation
DISCRETE
or experimentation.
Variables whose observations can assume only
— Systematic inquiry that investigates hypothesis
accountable number and values.
new suggestion
CONTINUOUS
— A process of steps used to collect and analyze
Variables whose observations can assume any one of
information
the countless number of values in an interval
— Creation oof knowledge and/or the use of existing
TYPES OF VARIABLES
knowledge to create new concepts
- According to values
- According to the scale of measurement use
RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS
-According to relationship
• Empirical
According to Values
• Systematic
— Variables whose data are non-numerical and
• Controlled
whose observations vary in kind but not in degree.
• Hypothesis testing
EX. religion civil status sex
• Analytical
Continuous variable
• Objective, Unbiased, Logical
— variables whose data are numerical measurements
• Employs statistical methods
and whose observations vary in magnitude.
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
EX. age height
PURPOSE Study Examines
relationship phenomenon as it
According to the scale of measurement
cause and effect is, rich in details
DESIGN Developed prior Flexible evolves Nominal variable
to study during study — variable whose data are no labels that do not reflect
APPROACH Deductive, tests Inductive, way to qualitative information
theories generate theories Ordinal variable
TOOLS Uses Researcher is a — variable where there is a meaningful order or
preselected primary data categories what is no measurable distance between
tools and collection tool categories
instruments Interval variable
SAMPLE Uses a large Uses small sample — variable whose values are arranged in a real interval
sample and can be as large as from negative infinity to positive
ANALYSIS Statistical Narrative infinity
analysis of description Ratio variable
numerical data — highest measurement that has all the characteristics
of the interval plus a true zero part. Both the differences
STRENGTHS and the ratio of the car value are meaningful and there
Can be generalized if selection process is well-designed is always an absolute zero that is meaningful.
and sample is representative of study population.
Easy to analyze
Data can be consistent, precise and reliable

WEAKNESS
Related secondary data is sometimes not available or
accessing available data is difficult.
Difficult to understand context
Data may not be robust enough to explain
According to relationships
Independent variable
— manipulated variable that cause change in another
variable
Dependent variable
— those that are affected by independent variables
Moderating variable
— controlled variable that increases or decreases the
effect of id and dv
Extraneous variable
— variable not considered as iv or dv in a study but
may adversely influence the result of the experiment
Intervening variable
— that handles the change in the dependent variable
due to the change in the independent variable
QUANTI RESEARCH DESIGN
overall strategy or plan for conducting a
research study. It outlines the methods
and procedures that will be used to collect
and analyze data, as well as the goals and
objectives of the study.
it guides the entire research process and
ensures that the study is conducted in a
systematic and rigorous manner.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
-research that lacks the manipulation of an
independent variable. Rather than manipulating an
independent variable, researchers conducting
nonexperimental research simply measure variables
asthey naturally occur.
-researcher observes the phenomena as they occur
naturally and no external variables are introduced
-Researchers collect data without making changes
or introducing treatments
TYPES OF NE
DESCRIPTIVE
-seek cause and effect relationship
-The purpose of descriptive research is basically to
answer questions such as who, what, where, when, and
how much. So this design is best used when the main
objective of the study is just to observe and report a
certain phenomenon as it is happening.
CORRELATIONAL
-conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find
out
the direction, association’s and/or relationship between
different variables or groups of respondents under
study.
-The main goal of this design is to determine if variable
increases or decreases as another variable increases or
decreases
CASUAL COMPARATIVE
-also known as Ex Post Facto
-examines the effects of independent variables that
have
occurred naturally.
-compares groups that have been exposed to different
conditions or have different characteristics
-The goal is to identify possible causes for observed
differences or relationships between variables
EXPERIMENTAL
allows the researcher to control the situation.
In doing so, it allows the researcher to answer
the question,
“What causes something to
occur?” and also allows the researcher to
identify cause and effect relationships between
variables and to distinguish placebo effects
from treatment effects
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
-aims to measure the causal relationship between
variables
-Quasi-experimental designs may involve
manipulation of independent variables, but they often
rely on naturally occurring groups (e.g., age, gender) or
existing conditions.
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
-Based on the scientific method called experiment
with a procedure of gathering data under a controlled
or manipulated environment.
- it applies treatment and manipulation more
extensively compared to quasi-experimental design.
-attempts to affect a certain variable by directly
manipulating the independent variable
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – identifies the
beneficiaries and the benefits the study will give when
the problem is solved
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

WHAT IS A SCOPE?
FORMAT OF WRITING
It specifies the coverage of your study such as variables,
population, participants and timeline. PARAGRAPH FORM

DELIMITATION ENUMERATED FORM

Cites factors of your study that are not included or

excluded or those you will not deal with your study.
SSTLES OF WRITING
IT IS IMPORTANT as it allows the result to be more
HIERARCHICAL STYLE -enumeration of beneficiaries
coherent to the goal of the study and draws boundary in
depends on the position/authority
it.
ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE – enumerates the
COMPONENTS
beneficiaries based from the most benefited to the least
Topic of the study (WHY)

Objective (WHY)

Time frame (WHEN)

Locale (WHERE)

Respondents (WHO)

Methods (HOW)

DELIMIT

Reflect the choice you as the researcher, intentionally

make in terms of what you will and won’t try to achieve
with your study.

LIMIT

The weakness of the study, based on factors that are

often outside of your control as the researcher.

BENEFITS AND BENEFICIARIES

BENEFICIARIES-those persons, or group of person or

organization/s or commmunitires or legal entity that the
researcher/s target to benefit either directly or
indirectly from any action or program, as a result of the
study.

They are found in the significance of the study