PDF Plan de Trabajo Pdu Sapallanga Lev Observaciones Compress

MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI
FK^ VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH
’M@OLRHMK@EVL F@ IL^
’M@OLRHMK@EVL
Nlesuitlríh phrh ih @ihblrhnkþe fì
^@RQKNKL^ F@ TIHE@HMK@EVL [
F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH
MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@
^HTHII
^HTHIIHE
HECH,
CH, TRL
TRLQKE
QKENKH
NKH F@ JPH
JPHENH
ENH[L,
[L,
F@THRVHM@EVL F@ OPEKE 2424-24”
TIHE F@ VRHBHOL
NLE^LRNKL TIHE@HMK@EVL
TIHE@HMK@EVL & F@^HRRLIIL
MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@ ^HT
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
@IHBLRHNKÞE F@I TIHE F@ M@OLRHMK@EVL F@ IL^ ^@RQKNKL^ F@ TIHE@HMK@EVL [ F@^HRRLIIL
PRBHEL F@ IH MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH, TRLQKENKH F@ JPHENH[L,
F@THRVHM@EVL F@ OPEÍE
2424 „ 242;
’TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH”
Rìhnkþe f` prla`sklehi`s r`spleshbi`s fì `stufkl?
ELMBR@^ [ HT@IIKFL^ NHT / NKT NHRCL NHRR@RH

TRLA@^KLEHI
B@EK
B@EKCE
CEL
L EK
EKEL
EL ^L
^LV
VL 6>23 O@A@ F@ TRL[@NVL HRXPKV@NVL
NHB@IIL
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KH_ 8>16:
>16: TIHE
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LELM
LMK^
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NHRIL^
NHRIL^ RLIHEFL
RLIHEFL ^LV
^LVL
L 8864 TIHEKAKNHFLR ^LNKHI ^LNKLILCL
_HQHIH
HPCP^VL QKNVLR VLMH^V
VLMH^VL
L 0>1>
0>1>>
> KEC@
KEC@EK
EK@R
@RL
L HMBK
HMBK@E
@EV
VHI KEC. C@LCRHAL
BHRR@RH @^T@NKHIK^VH @E C@^VKLE
F@ RK@^CL^ F@ F@^H^VR@^
2
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
TIHE F@ VRHBHOL
MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH „
TRLQKENKH F@ JPHENH
JPHE NH[L
[L - F
F@T
@THRV
HRVHM@EVL
HM@EVL OPEKE -
-R@TPBIKNH F@I T@Rß
’TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@
^HTHIIHECH”
@E@RL F@I 2424
F` phrt` fì Nlesuitlr

’NLE^LRNKL TIHE@HMK@EVL & F@^HRRLIIL”
Hprlbhfl plr? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Akrmh? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Nhrcl?
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
A`njh?
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
@st`
@st` Fl
Flnu
num`
mèt
etll jh skfl
skfl ìhb
ìhblr
lrhf
hfll pl
plrr ì Nl
Nles
esui
uitl
tlrr
Nleslrnkl Tihe`hmkètl & F`shrrliil phrh ih Mueknkphikfhf
M ueknkphikfhf
Fks
Fkstrkt
trkthhi f` ^hp
^hphiih
hiihec
echh, Tr
Trlv
lvke
kennkh f` Juhen
uhenhy
hyl,
l,
F`phrthmètl Oueíe è ih R`pÿbiknh T`ruheh.

Ih ìhblr
ìhblrhnk
hnkþe
þe fì pr`sè
pr`sèt`
t` `stufk
`stufkll jh kevliu
kevliunrh
nrhfl
fl ih
s`rk`f
s`rk`fhf
hf y ì prl
prla`s
a`skle
klehik
hiksml
sml r`qu`r
r`qu`rkfl
kflss housth
housthfl
fl h ils
tërmkels f` rà`rènkh f` ih ètkfhf r`n`ptlrh y ì hplrt`
hfknklehi prlplrnklehfl hi t`mh plr phrt` fì Nlesuitlr.
@st` flnumètl pls`` ì nhrènt`r f` pÿbiknl y `stè hbk`rtl hi
hplrt` f` prla`sklehi`s, ètkfhf`s pÿbiknhs y prkvhfhs y
nuhi
uhiquk`r p`rsleh nlmÿe qu` nletrkbuyh h su
p`ra`nnklehmkètl y vkcènkh è ì tk`mpl.
tk`mpl.
>
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
’TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH
Rìhnkþe f` hutlrkfhf`s f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech
RPB@E R. R@MP_CL THKVHE

Hinhif` f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech
CLFLAR@FL FHMH^ QKIH

@FCHR ^HRMK@EVL CPVK@RR@_
OKM@EH QH^XP@_
QH^XP@_ TLMH
IHPRH CHRNKH TLMH
AR@FF[
R`ckflr`s C.Mueknkphikfhf
f` ih QK INHJPHMHE
QKINHJPHMHE BHIVH_HR
BHIV
Fkstrkthi H_HR
f` ^hphiihech
IKN. HIAR@FL N@EVLE XPK^T@

C`rèt` f` ih Mueknkphikfhf f` ih Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech
HRX. THQ@I
THQ@I CLE_HI@^ NLRLELRHNKLE
ûb C`rèt` f` F`shrrliil Prbhel „ Rurhi y Nhthstrhi
@E@RL 2424
6
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
NLEV@EKFL
8. Ketrlfunnkþe...................................................................................................................................1
2. Lbo`tkvls y hinhen`s.......................................................................................................................1
2.8 Lbo`tl
`tl ff`` ih
ih nl uitlríh.........................................................................................................1
nlesuit
2.2 Èmbktl ff`` @s@stufkl................................................................................................................3
2.
2.>> Hin
inhe
henn` f` ih nl
nles
esui
uitl
tlrí
ríhh.......................................................................................................;
>. Mhrhrnnl nle
lenn`ptuh
ptuhii y f`fàk
akek kle`ss...................................................................................................82
eknnkle`
6. Jlrkzlet`s f` pihe`hmkètl.........................................................................................................83
0. Hi
Hinh
nhen
en`s
`s y f`
f`sn
snrk
rkpn
pnkþ
kþe
eff`` ih nlesu
lesuit
itlr
lríh.......................................................................................83
íh.......................................................................................83
0.
0.88 @ihb
@ihblr
lrhn
hnkþ
kþee ffì
ì fk
fkhc
hceþ
eþst
stkn
knll.................................................................................................8:
0.2
0.2 @ihb
@ihblr
lrhn
hnkþ
kþee f` ihs
ihs pr
prlp
lpuù`st
sths
hs f`
fìi `s
`stu
tufk
fkll..............................................................................22
0.
0.>> Nles
Nlesui
uith
th Tÿb
Tÿbikiknh
nh y Hprprlb
lbhnhnkþ
kþee............................................................................................2>
0.>
0.>.8
.8 @xjkbk
@xjkbknkþ
nkþee y nlesu
nlesuithith f`
f` ihihss pr
prlpu
lpu`st`sths
hs.............................................................................2>
0.>.
0.>.22 Hufk
Hufkè
ènk
nkhh Tÿbi
Tÿbikn knhh.............................................................................................................2>
0.>
0.>.>
.> I`vhet
I`vhethmk
hmkèt
ètll f` lbs`r
lbs`rvhnvhnklekle`s
`s.......................................................................................26
0.>
0.>.6
.6 @etr`
@et ...............................................................................26
0.>.0 Hprr`ch
ch f`
Hprlbhnk þeihfì
lbhnkþe v`rsk
v`TFP
rskþe
þe plr
ak
akehi
plehi
r ìffì
ì `stu
Nlen `stufkl
Nlenòl òlfklf` ih Mueknkphi
Mueknkphikfhf kfhf Trlvken
Trlvkenkhi. khi..................................20
0.6 Nletèkfls.........................................................................................................................20
1. Iíe`hs @strhtëcknhs.......................................................................................................................20
3. M`tlflilcíh.................................................................................................................................2:
3.8 Ahs` f` Fkhceþstknl?.........................

Fkhceþstknl?..............................................................................
..................................................................
.......................
............
.. 2;
3.2 Ahs` f` Trlpu`sths......................
Trlpu`sths...........................................................................
...................................................................................
.............................. >6
3.> Kefknhflr`s........................................................................................................................>:
3.
3.66 Vhii
hii`r
`r`s
`s Th
Thrrtknk
tknkph
phtk
tkvl
vlss.........................................................................................................68
3.0 Ahs` f`
f` Nl
Nlesuith TÿTÿbiknh.....................................................................................................6>
:. R`nl
R`nlpk
pkih
ihnk
nkþe
þe y ^ks
^kst`
t`mh
mhtk
tkzh
zhnknkþe
þe f`f` Kea
Kealr
lrmh
mhnk nkþe ............................................................................04
þe............................................................................04
;. @q
@quk
ukpl
pl Vën
Vënek
eknl
nl ` kes
kestr
trum
umè
èth
thik
ikzh
zhnk
nkþe
þe utk
utkik
ikzh
zhfh............................................................................08
fh............................................................................08
;.8 T`rslehi.............................................................................................................................08
;.2 Kearh`strunturh....................................................................................................................00
84
84.. Nrle
Nrlelc
lcrh
rhmh
mh f`t
f`thi
hiih
ihfl
fl f f`` hntk
hntkvkvkfh
fhf`f`ss...........................................................................................01
88. Mhtr
Mhtrkz
kz f` c`st
c`stkþ
kþe
e f`
f` rk`
rk`sc
scls
ls f`
fìi `st
`stuf
ufkl........................................................................................03
kl........................................................................................03
82. Kealrm`s......................................................................................................................................18
0
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
ÍEFKN@ F@ CRÈAKNL^
Crhaknl E´ 8? Nlen`ptl f` ih slstèkbkikfhf urbheh

Crhaknl E´ 2? Nlen`ptl fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`
Crhaknl E´ >? Trln`sl fì fkhcelstknl
Crhaknl E´ 6? Trln`sl phrh ìhblrhnkþe fì Fkhceþstknl (@etr`chs K y KK)
Crhaknl E´ 0? M`tlflilcíh f` ènhfèhmkètl
Crhaknl E´ 1? Ekvì`s f` m`fknkþe
Crhaknl E´ 3? Trlpu`sth m`tlfliþcknh „ Nlesuith pÿbiknh
Crhaknl E´ :? @squ`mh M`tlfliþcknl f` ih Alrmuihnkþe fì TFP
ÍEFKN@ F@ NPHFRL
Nuhfrl E´ 8? Kefknhflr`s f` Fkhceþstknl phrh ì TFP

Nuhfrl E´ 2? Kefknhflr`s f` C`stkþe phrh ì TFP
Nuhfrl E´ >? @vètls phrtknkphtkvls? akehikfhf s`cÿe tkpl
Nuhfrl E´ 6? @qukpl Vëneknl
Nuhfrl E´ 0? Mhtrkz f` C`stkþe f` Rk`scls fì @stufkl
Nuhfrl E´ 1? Kealrm`s fì TFP
ÍEFKN@ F@ MHTH
Mhph E´ 8? Èmbktl f` `stufkl
8. Ketrl
Ketrlfun
funnkþ
nkþe
e
1
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
F` hnu`rfl nle ils nlmprlmksls `sthbi`nkfls nle ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech,
`s
`st`
t` fln
flnum`
umètl
etl nl
nletk
etkè`
è` ì Ti
Tihe
he f` V
Vrhb
rhbhol
hol ph
phrh
rh ih H
Hntu
ntuhik
hikzhn
zhnkþe
kþe f`
fìi TIH
TIHE
E F@
F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH. @e nlenr`tl, pr`sèth?
 Lbo`tkvls y hinhen`s

Mhrnl nlen`ptuhi y fàkeknkle`s

 Jlrkzlet`s f` pihe`hmkètl
 Hinhen`s y f`snrkpnkþe f` ih nlesuitlríh
 Iíe`hs `strhtëcknhs
 M`tlflilcíh
 R`nursls
 R`spleshbi`s plr hntkvkfhf
 Nrlelcrhmh f`thiihfl f` hntkvkfhf`s
 Mhtrkz f` c`stkþe f` rk`scls fì `stufkl
 @etr`chbi`s
@st` flnumètl nletkè` ils hsp`ntls h tè`r è nuèth phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe fì `stufkl
kefknhefl ils r`nursls aísknls, jumhels, akehenk`rls, t`neliþcknls, `tn. @e ì pr`sèt` pihe
f` hnnkþe, s` ènuètrh ih prlcrhmhnkþe f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s, ihs m`tlflilcíhs h s`r `mpi`hfhs
è nhfh uel f` ils jktls y ih alrmh f` hblrfhr ils fka`rèt`s r`tls phrh numpikr nle ils
lbo`tkvls f` ih nlesuitlríh.
2. Lbo`tkvls y hinhen`s
2.8 Lbo`tl f` ih nlesuitlríh
h. Lb
Lbo`
o`tk
tkvl
vl Tr
Trke
kenk
nkph
phii
Alrmuihr ih ìhblrhnkþe fì Tihe f` Mòlrhmkètl f` ils ^`rvknkls f` Tihe`hmkètl y
F`shrrliil Prbhel f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech, Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl,
F`phrthmètl f` Oueíe 2424-242;.
b. Lb
Lbo`
o`tk
tkvl
vl @s
@sp`
p`ní
níak
aknl
nl??
3
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 Alrmuihr ils kestrumètls tëneknl-elrmhtkvls fì Tihe f` Mòlrhmkètl f` ils
^`rvkfls f` Tihe`hmkètl y F`shrrliil Prbhel f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f`
^hphiihech, Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl, F`phrthmètl f` Oueíe 2424-242;.
 F`t`rmkehr ihs Nhrhnt`rístknhs tëneknhs míekmhs phrh ì Fkhceþstknl, @vhiuhnkþe,

Trlpu`sth
Trlpu`sthss y Q
Qhikfhn
hikfhnkþe
kþe f` ih Alrm
Alrmuihnkþ
uihnkþee fì Ti
Tihe
he f` M`
Mòlrhm
olrhmkètl
kètl f` ils
^`rvkfls f` Tihe`hmkètl y F`shrrliil Prbhel f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f`
^hphiihech, Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl, F`phrthmètl f` Oueíe 2424 - 242;.
 F`t`rmkehr ì nrlelcrhmh y ihs nhrhnt`rístknhs míekmhs phrh ì f`shrrliil f` ih `thph

f` nl
nles
esui
uith
th h ih plbi
plbihn
hnkþ
kþee ` Kest
Kestktu
ktunk
nkle
le`s
`s Tÿbi
Tÿbiknh
knhss m`
m`fk
fkhe
het`
t` ils
ils Vhii`
hii`r`
r`ss
Trlcrhmètknls furhet` ì prln`sl fì Tihe f` Mòlrhmkètl f` ils ^`rvkfls f`
Tihe`hmkè
Tihe`hmkètl
tl y F`sh
F`shrrliil
rrliil P
Prbhel
rbhel ff`` ih Muek
Mueknkphik
nkphikfhf
fhf Fks
Fkstrkthi
trkthi f` ^
^hphiih
hphiihech,
ech,
Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl, F`phrthmètl f` Oueíe 2424-242;.
 Nletrkbukr hi alrthi`nkmkètl mueknkphi m`fkhet` ih nhpkthnkþe y ih hskstènkh tëneknh

è ils t`mhs f` pihe`hmkètl y c`stkþe fì suìl.
2.2 Èmbktl f` @stufkl

@i èmbktl f` `stufkl fì Tihe f` Mòlrhmkètl f` ils ^`rvknkls f` Tihe`hmkètl y
F`shrrliil Prbhel f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech, Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl,
F`phrthmètl f` Oueíe 2424-242;, nlmprèf` ì èr`h f` Tihe`hmkètl f` ils eÿni`ls
urbhels f` ^hphiihech (nkufhf), NN.TT. Ih Tueth, NN.TT. Nlnjhrnhs, NN.TT. Juhyiihsphenh,
He`xl f` Mkiunjhnh y Bhrrkl Mkrhailr`s.
Mhph E´ 8? Èmbktl f` `stufkl
:
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Auèt`? Cllci` @hrtj
@i èmbktl t`rrktlrkhi f` `stufkl fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech, hbhrnh ils skcukèt`s?
h) Èm
Èmbkt
bktll N
Nlen
len`pt
`ptuhi
uhi
 _lekaknhnkþe
Nleouetl f` elrmhs tëneknhs nletèkfhs è ì Tihe f` f`shrrliil plr ihs qu`
s` r`cuih ils usls f` suìl è auenkþe f` ihs f`mhefhs aísknhs, `nleþmknhs y
slnkhi`s f` ih nkufhf, phrh ilnhikzhr hntkvkfhf`s nle ake`s f` vkvkèfh,
r`nr`hnkþe, prlt`nnkþe y `qukphmkètl7 hsí nlml ih prlfunnkþe kefustrkhi,
nlm`rnkl, trhesplrt` y nlmueknhnkle`s.
 @qukphmkètl
F` hnu`rfl h ihs nhrhnt`rístknhs fì `stufkl s` kfètkaknh ì `qukphmkètl
ur
urbh
bhel
el `xks
`xkst`
tèt
et`,
`, ì nuhi
nuhi `s su
suo`
o`tl
tl f` `vhi
`vhiuh
uhnk
nkþe
þe,, fkhc
fkhceþ
eþst
stkn
knl,
l, y
prly`nnkle`s phrh su ubknhnkþe

ubknhnkþe ` kmpi`mèthnkþe è ils pihzls
pihzls `sthbi`nkfls
;
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Qíhs
@e ì `stu
`stufk
fkll s` `vhi
`vhiÿh
ÿh,, y pr
prly
ly`n
`nth
th ih `s
`str
trun
untu
turh
rh vkhi
vkhi ilnh
ilnhikz
ikzhe
hefl
fl ih
kearh`strunturh f` trhesplrt` y nlmueknhnkle`s, è`rcíh y she`hmkètl.
 Ltrls
Ih ehturhi`zh fì èmbktl f` `stufkl nuyhs nhrhnt`rístknhs f` hsèthmkètl
urbhel rurhi, i` nleak`r` hi `stufkl ueh au`rt` rìhnkþe nle su ètlrel
prlfuntkvl.
2.> Hinhen` f` ih nlesuitlríh

Ih skcukèt` thbih rìhnkleh ils nletèkfls cè`rhi`s h r`hikzhr plr ih nlesuitlríh plr
tkplilcíh f` pihe h ìhblrhr, è ì mhrnl f` ih elrmhtkvh vkcèt` F.^. E´ 422-2481 Qkvkèfh,
Qkvkèfh,
VFR y nletrhtl.
TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL
NHTÍVPIL K7 NLE^KF@RHNKLE@^ C@E@RHI@^ F@I @^VPFKL

8.8. Het`n`fèt`s
8.2. Akehikfhf.
8.>. Lbo`tkvls.
8.6. Èmbktl V`rrktlrkhi.
8.0. Jlrkzlet`s f` Tihe`hm8ètl y @o`nunkþe.
8.1. Ike`hmkètls Vëneknls.
8.3. M`tlflilcíh.
NHTÍVPIL KK? MHRNL R@CKLEHI

NHTÍVPIL KKK? FKHCEÞ^VKNL PRBHEL
>.8. MHRNL F@ R@A@R@ENKH
>.8.8. Pbknhnkþe c`lcrèaknh y fìkmkthnkþe pliítknh.
>.8.2. Het`n`fèt`s jkstþrknls.
>.8.>. Rli`s y auenkle`s fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech.
>.8.6. T`rsp`ntkvhs y pr`vkskle`s f` f`shrrliil Fkstrkthi
>.2. NHRHNV@RK_HNKÞE ^LNKL @NLELMKNH
>.2.8. Vèfènkhs
Vèfènkhs jkstþrknhs fì nr`nkèt` plbihnklehi fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech
>.2.2. Trly`nnkle`s f` nr`nkmkètl plbihnklehi fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech
>.2.>. Nhrhnt`rkzhnkle`s slnkl nuiturhi`s f` ih plbihnkþe fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech.
>.2.6. Trkenkphi`s hntkvkfhf`s `nleþmknhs fì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech
84
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
>.>. NHRHNV@RK_HNKÞE AÍ^KNL @^THNKHI

>.>.8. Nlealrmhnkþe urbheh y usls f` suìls.
>.>.2. Kearh`strunturh vkhi y f` trhesplrt`s.
>.>.>. @qukphmkètl urbhel.
>.6. NHRHNV@RK_HNKÞE C@LCRÈAKNL HMBK@EVHI
>.6.8. Nhrhnt`rkzhnkþe Aísknl C`lcrèaknh.
>.6.2. @vhiuhnkþe f` Tìkcrls.
>.6.>. @vhiuhnkþe f` vuie`rhbkikfhf y rk`scls aísknls het` f`shstr`s.
>.6.6. Nhrhnt`rkzhnkþe aísknl hmbkèthi.
>.0. NHRHNV@RK_HNKÞE F@ IH C@^VKÞE PRBHEH
>.0.8. C`stkþe urbheh mueknkphi.
>.0.2. C`stkþe urbheh fì clbk`rel nètrhi è ì èmbktl fkstrkthi.
>.0.>. C`stkþe urbheh prkvhfh.
>.1. ^KEV@^K^ F@ IH NHRHNV@RK_HNKLE PRBHEH
NHTKVPL KQ? TRLTP@^VH C@E@RHI F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL

6.8. Qkskþe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`.
6.2. Heèiksks @strhtëcknl ALFH.
6.>. Mkskþe ff`` ih Mueknkphikfhf.
6.6. Lbo`tkv`s @strhtëcknls f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`
6.0. Mlfìl f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`.
6.1. @strht`ckhs f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`.
6.3. Tliítknhs cè`rhi`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`.
NHTKVPIL Q? TRLTP@^VH @^T@NÍAKNH F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL

0.8. Trlpu`sth f` Nr`nkmkètl Prbhel.
0.2. Trlpu`sth f` ^kst`mh Q
Qkhi
khi Prbhel.
0.>. Trlpu`sth f` _lekaknhnkþe Prbheh.
0.'6. Trlpu`sth f` lrfèhmkètl hmbkèthi y s`curkfhf aísknh het` f`shstr`s ehturhi`s.
0.0. Trlpu`sth f` @qukphmkètl Prbhel.
0.1. Trlpu`sth f` s`rvknkls bèsknls.
0.3. Trlpu`sths f` C`stkþe Prbheh.
NHTKVPIL QK? KE^VRPM@EVL^ F@ C@^VKÞE PRBHEH
^` f`b`rè nleskf`rhr e`n`shrkhmèt` il skcukèt`?
88
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
1.8. R`cihmètl f` zlekaknhnkþe Prbheh.

1.2. R`cihmètl f` ^kst`mh Qkhi Prbhel.
1.>. R`cihmètl f` Lrfèhmkètl Hmbkèthi
NHTÍVPIL QKK? ^K^V@MH F@ KEQ@R^KLE@^ PRBHEH^

@i Tihe nleskf`rhrh il skcukèt`?
3.8. @strunturh fì Trlcrhmh f` Kev`rskle`s.
3.2. Vkpls f` prly`ntls, qu` f`bè tè`r nlenlrfhenkh nle ì Tihe f` F`shrrliil
Nlen`rthfl.
3.>. Trklrkzhnkþe f` prly`ntls.
3.6. Iksthfl f` prly`ntls f` Kev`rskþe.
3.0. Trlcrhmh f` kev`rskle`s h nlrtl pihzl.
3.1. Aknjh f` prly`ntls prklrkthrkls.
NHTKVPIL Qiii? @Q
@QHIPHNKÞE
HIPHNKÞE HMBK@EVHI @^VRHVËCKNH
:.8 Heèiksks f` ils à`ntls qu` s` pu`fh tè`r slbr` ì m`fkl hmbkèt` ih kmpi`mèthnkþe f`
ihs prlpu`sths alrmuihfhs.
HE@ZL^
8. Theì altlcrèaknl
2. Hnths y aknjhs f` kfètkaknhnkþe f` phrtknkphet`s.
>. R`sliunkle`s y Hnu`rfls f` Nlenòl.
6. Lrfèhezhs Mueknkphi`s.
0. Tihels f` Fkhceþstknl y Trlpu`sths fàkektkvhs.
>. Mhr
Mhrnl nlen
nlen`p
`ptu
tuhi
hi y fàk
fàkek
eknnkle`
kle`ss
Ih bÿsqu`fh f` ueh mòlr lrchekzhnkþe f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s jumhehs è ì `sphnkl nleii`vh,
ètr` ltrls, k) ue ò`rnknkl f` `vhiuhnkþe f` ihs nlefknkle`s hntuhi`s y ihs lplrtuekfhf`s fì
`sphnkl jhbkthfl7 kk) ue prln`sl f` prlsp`ntkvh, kealrmhfh plr heèiksks tëneknls, qu` ii`v` h
ih mòlrh f` ih nhikfhf f` vkfh, ih prlfuntkvkfhf, ih nlmp`tktkvkfhf y ih rìhnkþe nle ì m`fkl
hmbkèt` y7 kkk) ue prln`sl f` hrcumèthnkþe, fksnuskþe y nlen`rthnkþe ètr` hntlr`s qu`
ii`vè h ih tlmh f` f`nkskle`s.
82
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Ihs thr`hs het`rklr`s nleaiuyè jhnkh ue lbo`tkvl nlmÿe f` ils prln`sls f` pihekaknhnkþe
t`rrktlrkhi? ih slstèkbkikfhf urbheh, ètèfkfh s`cÿe ih elrmh p`ruheh nlml ue prln`sl f`
trhesalrmhnkþe pliítknh y tëneknh f` ils nètrls plbihfls urbhels y rurhi`s, hsí nlml f` sus
èr`hs f` keaiuènkh, phrh brkefhr ue hmbkèt` shiufhbi` h sus jhbkthet`s, s`r htrhntkvls
nuitu
nuiturh
rhii y aísk
aísknh
nhm`
mèt
et`,
`, nle
nle hntk
hntkvk
vkfh
fhf`
f`ss `nle
`nleþm
þmkn
knhs
hs à
àkn
knk`
kèt
et`s
`s,, s`r
s`r cl
clb`
b`re
rehb
hbi`
i`ss y
nlmp`tktkvls, hpiknhefl ih c`stkþe fì rk`scl f` f`shstr`s y nle pièl r`sp`tl hi m`fkl
hmbkèt` y ih nuiturh, ske nlmprlm`t`r ih nhphnkfhf f` ihs cè`rhnkle`s auturhs phrh
shtksahn`r sus e`n`skfhf`s . 8
Crèaknl8? Nlen`ptl f` ih slstèkbkikfhf urbheh
Auèt`? Mkekst`rkl f` Qkvkèfh Nlestrunnkle y ^he`hmkètl
@e ì T`rÿ, ì nlet`xtl fì nr`nkmkètl urbhel f`slrfèhfl jh fhfl iuchr h ih nr`hnkþe f`

kestrumè
kestrumètls
tls f` hnlef
hnlefknkle
knklehmkè
hmkètl
tl t`rrkt
t`rrktlrkhi
lrkhi,, ènh
ènhrc
rchf
hfls
ls f` cu
cukh
khrr ì pr
prln
ln`s
`sll f`
trhesalrmhnkþe f` prlvkenkhs y mueknkphikfhf`s f`sf` ì nlmpleèt` aísknl t`rrktlrkhi fì
f`shrrliil. @e cè`rhi, nletkèè ih `strht`ckh phrh hinhezhr ueh lnuphnkþe rhnklehi y
slstèkbi` fì suìl, `sthbi`n`r ueh hrmleíh ètr` ih prlpk`fhf pr`fkhi y ì ket`rës pÿbiknl,
r`funkr ih vuie`rhbkikfhf het` f`shstr`s, ilcrhr ì mòlrhmkètl f` ils ekvì`s f` nhikfhf f`
vkfh f` ih plbihnkþe, mòlrhr ih nllrfkehnkþe ket`rkestktunklehi, hs`curhr ì r`phrtl `qukthtkvl
f` nhrchs y bèàknkls, fhr s`curkfhf ourífknh y pr`sthr ueh àknkèt` flthnkþe f` s`rvknkls h
ih plbihnkþe (MQN^, 2481). @e ih fkmèskþe `sphnkhi fì f`shrrliil, s` trhth f` ils Tihe`s
8
F.^. 422-2481 Qkvkèfh
8>
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
f` Lrfèhmkètl V`rrktlrkhi, ils Tihe`s f` Hnlefknklehmkètl V`rrktlrkhi, ils Tihe`s f`
F`shrrliil M`trlplikthel y ils Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`.
Vèkèfl è nuèth qu` ì lbo`tl f` `sth nlesuitlríh `s ih ìhblrhnkþe f` uel f` ils

het`rklr`s pihe`s mènklehfls, ihs hn`pnkle`s qu` hnlthe ì hinhen` f` ih nlesuitlríh sle ihs
fàkekfhs plr ì Hrtínuil 6´ fì R`cihmètl f` Hnlefknklehmkètl V`rrktlrkhi y F`shrrliil

Prbhel ^lstèkbi`, hprlbhfl plr F`nr`tl ûpr`ml El. 422-2481-QKQK@EFH.
@etr` ihs vhrkhs fàkeknkle`s nletèkfhs è fknjl hrtínuil, s` r`shithe ihs skcukèt`s?
Hnlefknklehmkètl V`rrktlrkhi? Tr
Trln`
ln`sl
sl tënekn
tëneknl
l - hfmkeks
hfmkekstrht
trhtkvl
kvl,, m`
m`fkh
fkhet`
et` ì nuhi
nuhi ì
Cl
Clbk
bk`r
`rel
el Il
Ilnh
nhii fkrk
fkrkc`
c` ih lnup
lnuphn
hnkþ
kþe
e rhnk
rhnkle
lehi
hi y us
usl
l pi
pihe
heka
kakn
knhf
hfl
l fì
fì t`
t`rrk
rrktl
tlrkl
rkl y ih
lrchekzhnkþe aísknl - `sphnkhi f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s jumhehs.
F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`? Trln`sl f` trhesalrmhnkþe pliítknh y tëneknh f` ils nètrls

plbihfls urbhels y rurhi`s, hsí nlml f` sus èr`hs f` keaiuènkh, phrh brkefhr ue hmbkèt`
shiufhbi` h sus jhbkthet`s, s`r htrhntkvls nuiturhi y aísknhmèt`, nle hntkvkfhf`s `nleþmknhs
àknkèt`s, s`r clb`rehbi`s y nlmp`tktkvls, hpiknhefl ih c`stkþe fì rk`scl f` f`shstr`s y nle
pièl r`sp`tl hi m`fkl hmbkèt` y ih nuiturh, ske nlmprlm`t`r ih nhphnkfhf f` ihs
cè`rhnkle`s auturhs phrh shtksahn`r sus e`n`skfhf`s.
Lnuphnkþe fì t`rrktlrkl? Trln`s

Trln`sl
l f` pls`skþe fì `sphn
`sphnkl
kl aísknl nle nhrènt`r
nhrènt`r p`rmheèt`
p`rmheèt`
plr phrt` f` ih slnk`fhf. @stè rìhnklehfl nle fls hsp`ntls?
h) Ih lnuphnkþe fì t`rrktlrkl plr ih plbihnkþe, h trhvës f` sus lrchekzhnkle`s

`nleþmknhs, nuiturhi`s, ètr` ltrls, `s f`nkr nlml slnk`fhf.
b) @i sètkfl `nleþmknl y r`skfènkhi f` ih lnuphnkþe fì t`rrktlrkl, ì nuhi s`

sustèth è ì vhilr f` usl qu` ih slnk`fhf hskceh h ils r`nursls ehturhi`s nle ake`s
f` prlfunnkþe l r`skfènkh.
V`rrktlrkl? @s ì `sphnkl qu` nlmprèf` ì suìl, ì subsuìl, ì flmkekl mhrítkml, y ì

`sphnkl hër`l qu` ils nubr` y è ì qu` s` f`shrrliihe rìhnkle`s slnkhi`s, `nleþmknhs,
pliítknhs y nuiturhi`s ètr` ihs p`rslehs y ì ètlrel ehturhi, è ue mhrnl i`chi `
kestktunklehi.
Psl fì suìl? F`stkel fhfl plr ih plbihnkþe hi t`rrktlrkl, thetl urbhel nlml rurhi, phrh
shtksahn`r sus e`n`skfhf`s f` vkvkèfh, f` `sphrnkmkètl, f` prlfunnkþe, f` nlm`rnkl,
nuiturhi`s, f` nkrnuihnkþe y f` hnn`sl h ils s`rvknkls.
Psl fì suìl? F`stkel fhfl plr ih plbih

plbihnkþe
nkþe hi t`rrktlrkl,
t`rrktlrkl, thetl urbhel nlml rurhi, phrh
shtksahn`r sus e`n`skfhf`s f` vkvkèfh, f` `sphrnkmkètl, f` prlfunnkþe, f` nlm`rnkl,
nuiturhi`s, f` nkrnuihnkþe y f` hnn`sl h ils s`rvknkls.
86
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Quie`rhbkikfhf? @s ih susn`ptkbkikfhf f` ih plbihnkþe, f` ih `strunturh aísknh l f` ihs
hntkvkfhf`s slnkl`nleþmknhs, f` suarkr fhøls plr hnnkþe f` ue pìkcrl l hmèhzh aísknh l
hmbkèthi.2
Ltrls nlen`ptls kmplrthet`s h tè`r è nuèth phrh ì f`shrrliil f` ils pihe`s sle? >
Mlvkikfhf àknkèt`? ^kst`mhs f` Mlvkikfhf, Qkhi`s y f` Vrhesplrt` qu` p`rmktè hinhezhr

àknkènkh urbheh è ih nle`xkþe nle su ètlrel kem`fkhtl y h tlfhs ihs f`mès `snhihs slbr`
ihs nuhi`s `stè pr`sèt`? ehnklehi, ket`rehnklehi y r`cklehi. û nlrr`ntl auenklehmkètl
chrhetkzh ì hnn`sl h bkè`s y s`rvknkls plr phrt` f` ih slnk`fhf nkvki, y slplrth ils aiuols
`nleþmknls y m`rnhetki`s fì t`rrktlrkl.
Nlmp`tktkvkfhf? Nhphnkfhf qu` tkè` ì t`rrktlrkl phrh alrmhr vèthohs nlmphrhtkvhs arèt`
h ltrls t`rrktlrkls, m`fkhet` ih `sp`nkhikzhnkþe f` s`ntlr`s `nleþmknls. Hskmksml, p`rmkt`
qu` surohe rìhnkle`s f` nlmp`tènkh y nlmpi`mèthrk`fhf nle ltrls t`rrktlrkls, m`fkhet` ih
trheshnnkþe mutuh f` bkè`s y s`rvknkls. Ih nleslikfhnkþe f` ih nlmp`tktkvkfhf p`rmktkrè
nr`hr el slil ske`rckhs fètrl f` ih nkufhf skel rìhnkle`s ket`rurbhehs qu` trh`rèe nleskcl
lplrtu
lpl rtuekf
ekfhf`
hf`ss f` `mp
`mpi`l
i`l y f` prl
prlfun
funtkv
tkvkfh
kfhf,
f, mhy
mhylr
lr`s
`s shihrk
shihrkls
ls y è ÿitkmh
ÿitkmhs,
s, mò
mòlr`
lr`ss
nlefknkle`s f` vkfh.
C`stkþ
C`stkþe
e Ke
Ket`c
t`crhi
rhi fì rk`
rk`scl
scl?? Nleskst` è ih ìhblrhnkþe f` heèiksks f` ils ahntlr`s f`
hmèhzh y vuie`rhbkikfhf, phrh ilcrhr kfètkaknhr ils rk`scls h ils qu` `s susn`ptkbi` ì
t`rrktlrkl y su nlmuekfhf. @vhiÿh ih prlvèkènkh f` fknjhs hmèhzhs (ehturhi`s, hetrþpknls,
t`neliþcknls, `tn.), y tkè` è nuèth ils crhfls f` vuie`rhbkikfhf f` ihs nlmuekfhf`s arèt`
h fknjhs hmèhzhs, phrh hsí `mprèf`r m`fkfhs f` mktkchnkþe, hfhpthnkþe y/l pr`vènkþe hi
rk`scl qu` lnhsklehe
Hmèhzh x Quie`rhbkikfhf? Rk`scl
@i prln`sl f` fks`øl fì Tihe, nlml kestrumètl tëneknl y elrmhtkvl qu` lrkèth y r`cuih ih
c`stkþe t`rrktlrkhi y ì f`shrrliil urbhel slstèkbi` f` ihs èr`hs m`trlplikthehs nlealrmhfhs
plr ourksfknnkle`s fkstrkthi`s, nuyhs nkrnuesnrkpnkle`s sle phrt` f` ueh nletkeukfhf aísknh,
slnkhi y `nleþmknh, nlmprèf` hntkvkfhf`s f` fkhceþstknl ket`crhi, alrmuihnkþe, ìhblrhnkþe
f` ue mlfìl t`rrktlrkhi y fksplsknkþe f` ì`mètls qu` hs`curè ih kmpi`mèthnkþe fì
Tihe. @e tlfl nhsl, ih alrmuihnkþe fì Tihe s` ènuètrh sup`fkthfh h il fkspu`stl plr ihs
> F.^. 422-2481

@strht`ckh Qkvkèfh
F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi` ` Ket`crhfl f` Ckoþe 2480
80
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
hutlrkfhf`s ehnklehi`s, r`cklehi`s y prlvkenkhi`s nlmp`tèt`s. Ih skcukèt` akcurh pr`sèth

ì ètèfkmkètl nlen`ptuhi fì Tihe h r`hikzhr6?
Crèaknl 2 ?Nlen`ptl fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi`
Auèt`? @strht`ckh f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi` ` Ket`crhfl f` Ckoþe
F` hnu`rfl hi RHVFP^ ì TFP alrmh phrt` fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Mueknkphi Trlvkenkhi /
Fkstrkthi Nlen`rthfl.
F` hnu
hnu`rf
`rfll hi RH
RHVFP
VFP^,
^, ì èmb
èmbktl
ktl f` ket
ket`rv
`rvèn
ènkþe
kþe fì Tih
Tihee f` F`s
F`shrr
hrrlii
liill Prb
Prbhel
hel,,
nlrr`splef` ils nlecilm`rhfls urbhels y/l èr`hs urbhehs nuyh plbihnkþe sup`rh ils 0,444
jhbkthet`s.
Ih ehturhi`zh fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel `s `strhtëcknh, pu`s fàke` ue mlfìl aísknl
`sphnkhi h ihrcl pihzl fì èr`h Prbheh, h phrtkr f` ue ò`rnknkl f` fkhceþstknl y alrmuihnkþe
f` prlpu`sths è t`mhs f` mlvkikfhf, m`fkl hmbkèt`, c`stkþe fì rk`scl, clb`rehezh,
nihskaknhnkþe fì suìl `, keniusl, f`r`njls f` `fkaknhnkþe. Ih kmpi`mèthnkþe fì Tihe s`
hs
hs`cu
`curh
rh m`f
m`fkhe
khet`
t` ih fà
fàkek
keknkþ
nkþee f` ue prl
prlcrh
crhmh
mh f` kev
kev`rs
`rskle
kle`s
`s y f` m`n
m`nhek
heksml
smlss f`
s`cukmkètl h ih ò`nunkþe f` `st`. Il het`rklr, è ue mhrnl f` rà`rènkh nlmÿe qu` skcu`
ils ike`hmkètls fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel y, h ih v`z, fàke` ì hrr`cil kestktunklehi
phrh mòlrhr ih clb`rehbkikfhf
clb`rehbkikfhf y lp`rhtkvkfhf fì f`shrrliil
f`shrrliil urbhel slstèkbi`.
6
@strht`ckh f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi` ` Ket`crhfl f` Ckoþe 2480
81
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
6. Jlrkzlet`s f` pihe`hmk
hmkètl
^` nleskf`rhe ils skcukèt`s jlrkzlet`s f` pihekaknhnkþe phrh ih alrmuihnkþe fì Tihe? 0
Nlrtl Tihzl? 42 høls
M`fkhel
M`fkhel Tihz
Tihzl?
l? 40 høls
Ihrcl Tihzl? 84 høls
0. Hinh
Hinhen
en`s
`s y f`sn
f`snrk
rkpn
pnkþ
kþe
e f` ih nles
nlesui
uitl
tlrí
ríhh
@i f`s
`shr
hrrl
rlii
iill fì TI
TIHE
HE F@ F@^H
^HRR
RRL
LII
IIL
L PRBH
BHEL
EL F@ IH NKP
KPF
FHF F@
^HTHI
^HT HIIHIHEC
ECH H s` èmh
èmhrn
rnhr
hrèè è ils
ils hinh
hinhen
en`s
`s f`sn
f`snrk
rktl
tlss h nlet
nletke
keuh
uhnk
nkþe
þe,, ils nuhi
nuhi`s
`s
nlestktuyè ihs hntkvkfhf`s y r`nursls míekmls r`qu`rkfls phrh fhr numpikmkètl h ils
lbo`tkvls cè`rhi`s y `sp`níaknls, f` mhe`rh þptkmh y skst`mètknh. Ils hinhen`s s` trhfunkrèe
è ih prlpu`sth m`tlfliþcknh phrh ih nlestrunnkþe fì pihe y, plr thetl, s` hnlpihrèe h ihs
e`n`skfhf`s `sp`níaknhs y phrtknuihr`s fì t`rrktlrkl, tlfl fètrl fì mhrnl f` ils nletèkfls
míekmls r`qu`rkfls phrh nhfh uel f` ils nhpítuils. Thrh ilcrhr il het`rklr, ì pihe s`cukrè ih
skcukèt` `strunturh?
0.8 @ihblrhnkþe fì fkhceþstknl
Nleakcurh ih prkm`rh `thph fì `stufkl, slbr` ih nuhi s` bhshrè ì f`shrrliil f` ihs `thphs y
nletèkfls subs`nuèt`s. @i fkhceþstknl nlmprèf`rè ue heèiksks slbr` ihs nlefknkle`s
hntuhi
hntuhi`s
`s fì t`rrkt
t`rrktlrk
lrkl,
l, è tërmke
tërmkels
ls f` ih r`h
r`hikf
ikfhf
hf f`m
f`mlcr
lcrèak
èaknh,
nh, `nl
`nleþm
eþmknh
knh,, hmb
hmbkè
kèthi
thi,,
t`rrktlrkhi y f`mès ì`mètls qu` p`rmkthe hjlefhr è ih kfètkaknhnkþe f` tèskle`s,
prlbi`mhs y lplrtuekfhf`s phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe f` `strht`ckhs qu` hpuetè hi f`shrrliil
ket`crhi. Hsí pu`s, ì fkhceþstknl nlestktuy` ih bhs` prkmlrfkhi f` kesumls e`n`shrkls phrh ih
tlmh f` f`nkskle`s kealrmhfhs slbr` ì t`rrktlrkl, phrh il nuhi s` lbtèfrè nlml r`suithfls
nuhetkthtkvls y nuhikthtkvls nlml?1
h.- H^T@NVL F@MLCRHAKNL?
1 Hrt. >3´Mheuhi
^`cÿe - F.^. f`
422-2481 Qkvkèfh
F`shrrliil Prbhel 244; - vkvkèfh
83
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 Vèfènkhs f` nr`nkmkètl plbihnklehi. (% f` plbihnkþe urbheh)
 Trly`nnkþe f` plbihnkþe s`cÿe jlrkzlet` f` pihe`hmkètl.
 Fèskfhf plbihnklehi. (% f` plbihnkþe urbheh / sup`raknk` urbheh)
 Fkstrkbunkþe `sphnkhi f` ih plbihnkþe urbheh.
 Tlbihnkþe urbheh plr s`xl.
b.- H^T@NVL ^LNKHI?
 E`n`skfhf`s bèsknhs Keshtksa`njhs.

 Tlbr`zh
 @mpi`l
 Ekvì `funhtkvl.
 ^hiuf (mlrbkikfhf, f`seutrknkþe, mlrthikfhf.
 Kecr`sl ahmkikhr (ekvì`s slnkl `nleþmknls).
 F`shrrliil Jumhel.
n.- H^T@NVL @NLELMKNL?
 Trlfunnkþe hcrínlih.
 QBT Hcrínlih.
 Trlfunnkþe Kefustrkhi.
 QBT Kefustrkhi Trlfunnkþe hcrlkefustrkhi.

T@H
 Nlm`rnkhi.
 Hntkvkfhf`s @nleþmknhs kealrmhi`s.
 Fkstrkbunkþe `sphnkhi f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s `nleþmknhs.
 Hntkvkfhf Akehenk`rh.
f.- H^T@NVL AK^KNL HMBK@EVHI?
 Nlealrmhnkþe urbheh y usls fì suìl. (% f` suìl urbhel, Jh. f` usl f` suìl
r`skfènkhi, Jh. f` usl f` suìl nlm`rnkhi, Jh. f` usl f` suìl kefustrkhi, Jh. f`
ltrls usls, `tn.)
8:
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 @strunturhnkþe urbheh.
 Hntkvkfhf`s urbhehs.
 Ket`crhnkþe y hrtknuihnkþe vkhi y f` trhesplrt`(gm f` víhs, Gm. F` víhs hsahithfhs,

Gm. F` víhs hakrmhfhs, Gm. F` víhs è mhi `sthfl, E´ f` `mpr`shs f` trhesplrt`
pÿbiknl).
 @vhiuhnkþe fì `qukphmkètl urbhel (E´ f` kearh`strunturhs `funhtkvhs, E´ f`

`sthbi`nkmkètls f` shiuf, E´ f` huihs).
 @vhiuhnkþe f` s`rvknkls pÿbiknls? Hcuh, F`shcù`, è`rcíh ìëntrknh, ikmpk`zh pÿbiknh

(% nlb`rturh fì s`rvknkl f` hcuh, f`shcù`, è`rcíh ìëntrknh, f`mhefh f` hcuh
plthbi`, f`mhefh f` è`rcíh
è`rcíh ìëntrknh, VE. F` pprlfunnkþe
rlfunnkþe f` r`skfuls ssþikfls.)
þikfls.)
 @vhiuhnkþ
@vhiuh nkþee f` ihs vkv
vkvkè
kèfhs
fhs y èr`
èr`hs
hs f`t
f`t`rk
`rklrh
lrhfhs
fhs (E
(E´´ f` vkv
vkvkè
kèfhs
fhs,, fëa
fëaknk
knktt f`
vkvkèfhs)
 M`fkl hmbkèt` (@nlskst`mhs, r`nursls ehturhi`s)

 @vhiuhnkþe f` pìkcrls
Thrh hinhezhr
hinhezhr `stl
`stl,, `s kmplrthet` ih r`nlp
r`nlpkihnkþ
kihnkþee keknkh
keknkhii f` tlfh ih kealr
kealrmhnkþe
mhnkþe c`lcrèaknh,
c`lcrèaknh,
bkbiklcrèaknh, `sthfístknh y hiaheumërknh fksplekbi` y `xkstèt`, phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe f` ihs
mhtrkn`s f` heèiksks keknkhi`s. Tlr thetl, `s kmplrthet` ò`rn`r f` mhe`rh trhesv`rshi, ih
kfè
kfètk
tkak
aknh
nhnkþ
nkþee f` tlfl
tlflss ils
ils hntl
hntlr`
r`ss nihv
nihv`` qu`
qu` s` nlev
nlevk`
k`rt`
rtèe è au
auè
èt`
t`ss pr
prkm
kmhr
hrkhs
khs f`
kealrmhnkþe, ils nuhi`s s` ènuètrhe è ihs `sa`rhs kestktunklehi`s, hnhfëmknhs y f` ih
slnk`fhf nkvki.
Crhaknl E´ >? Trln`sl fì fkhcelstknl
8;
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Auèt`? @qukpl tëneknl TFP ^hphiihech
Ih nlmprèskþe fì t`rrktlrkl nlml ue skst`mh, s`rè ì ì`mètl f`t`rmkehet` phrh ih i`nturh
f` ils fka`rèt`s ì`mètls qu` il nlmpleè. @e `s` sètkfl, ì heèiksks f` ih altlcrhaíh
hn
hntu
tuhi
hi f`
fìi t`
t`rr
rrktl
ktlrk
rkll keniu
keniukr
krèè ih fàke
fàkeknk
knkþe
þe f` ihs
ihs r`
rìh
ihnkl
nkle`
e`ss y hethc
hethcle
leks
ksml
mlss qu`
qu` s`
mht`rkhikzhe f` alrmh skcekaknhtkvh slbr` ì t`rrktlrkl. @e thi vkrtuf, r`suith kmplrthet` ih
pr`sènkh ke sktu fì `qukpl tëneknl qu` phrtknkph è ih ìhblrhnkþe fì pihe, tèkèfl è
nuè
nuèth
th ih e`
e`n`
n`sk
skfh
fhff f` tè`
tè`rr nlel
nlelnk
nkmk
mkè
ètl
tl f` pr
prkm`
km`rh
rh mh
mhel
el ar
arè
èt`
t` h ihs
ihs fkeè
fkeèmk
mknh
nhss
t`rrktlrkhi`s fì èr`h h trhbhohr. @stl hyufh, plr ueh phrt`, h i`vhethr kealrmhnkþe hfknklehi
phrh ih
i h ìhblrhnkþe f` heèiksks y, plr ltrh phrt`, h ih keniuskþe fì ahntlr phrtknkphtkvl è ì
prln`sl f` pihekaknhnkþe fì
fì t`rrktlrkl.
Nles`nuèt`mèt`, tlfh ih kealrmhnkþe f`b`rè s`r prln`shfh, skst`mhtkzhfh y hrtknuihfh nle

ih hyufh f` fkstketls prlcrhmhs y slatwhr`. @e ì nhsl f` ih kealrmhnkþe bkbiklcrèaknh, s`
`mphqu`thrè ih kealrmhnkþe s`cÿe ils tþpknls qu` htkèfh y h ils nuhi`s nlrr`splefh. @e
nuhetl h ih kealrmhnkþe c`lcrèaknh, s` lrchekzhrè tèkèfl è nuèth sk `s kealrmhnkþe f`
kesuml l kealrmhnkþe prlfunkfh plr ì nlesuitlr. F` kcuhi mhe`rh, s` hcruphrè fètrl f`
ueh bhs` f` fhtls ih nuhi p`rmktkrè ih kfètkaknhnkþe phrtknuihr f` nhfh uel f` ils ì`mètls
fètrl f` ihs fkstkeths èr`hs f` heèiksks qu` s` mheòè.
Vlfl prlfuntl qu` ì nlesuitlr r`hikn` tlmhrè nlml bhs` ih kealrmhnkþe `xkstèt` y
fksplekbi` y s` f`shrrliihrè è ih `snhih p`rtkeèt` phrh ils heèiksks fì t`rrktlrkl. Ih
kealrmhnkþe f` bhs`, sle ils fhtls míekmls phrh nlmèzhr h r`nlpkihr, skst`mhtkzhr y
hehikzhr ihs prkenkphi`s vhrkhbi`s fì èr`h f` `stufkl.
24
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Ih ahs` fkhceþstknh f`b`rè hrrlohr nlml r`suithfls ih kfètkaknhnkþe f` ils r`tls mès
kmplrthet`s fì t`rrktlrkl, ils r`nursls prkmlrfkhi`s nle ils qu` nuèth phrh htèf`r h fknjls
r`tls y, plr èf`, ih kfètkaknhnkþe f` ils lbo`tkvls y `snèhrkls h hinhezhr fètrl fì nlrtl,
m`fkhel y ihrcl pihzl.
@e `sth ahs` s` keniuy` ih r`hikzhnkþe fì prkm`r Vhii`r f` vhikfhnkþe y slnkhikzhnkþe nle
phrtknkphnkþe f` ih plbihnkþe.
Hsí mksml, ì `qukpl tëneknl r`ckstrhrè ih kealrmhnkþe nlrr`splefkèt` h `sth `thph è ih

`s
`stru
trunt
ntur
urhh f` fhtls
fhtls `sph
`sphnk
nkhi
hi`s
`s phrh
phrh ì skst
skst`m
`mhh f` keal
kealrm
rmhn
hnkþ
kþee c`lc
c`lcrè
rèak
aknh qu`` ih
nh,, qu
Mueknkphi
Mueknkphikfhf
kfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphi
^hphiihech
ihech pufk`rh tè`r l è tlfl nhsl ih Nlesu
Nlesuitlrh
itlrh r`nhbhrè
fknjh kealrmhnkþe f` ltrhs kestktunkle`s nlml ì KCE (Kestktutl C`lcrèaknl Ehnklehi fì
T`rÿ) ils puetls c`lfësknls `xkstèt`s è ì Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech.
Ihs hntkvkfhf`s qu` hyufhrhe h f`shrrliihr ì Fkhcelstknl, alnus crlup, thii`r`s m`shs f`
trhbhol sle?
 Ils trhbhols f` nhmpl
0.2 @ih
ihb
blr
lrhn
hnkþ
kþe
eff`` ih
ihss prlp
prlpu`
u`st
sths
hs fì `st
stuf
ufkl
kl
Ih ìhblrhnkþe f` prlpu`sths nletèfrè ì f`shrrliil ouknklsl y f`thiihfl f` nhfh uel f` ils
lbo`tkvls pihet`hfls phrh ì f`shrrliil ket`crhi fì t`rrktlrkl. û èalqu` s`rè ì f` ue
F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi` y ^hiufhbi` y, plr èf`, nleskf`rhrè r`sliv`r ils prlbi`mhs
hntuhi
hntuhi`s
`s fì t`rrkt
t`rrktlrk
lrkl,
l, pr`
pr`vè
vèkr
kr ils auturl
auturlss rk`scl
rk`scls,
s, hpr
hprlv`
lv`njh
njhrr ihs lpl
lplrtu
rtuekf
ekfhf`
hf`ss phr
phrhh
shtksahn`r ihs f`mhefhs f` ih plbihnkþe.
Ihs prlpu`sths fì `stufkl s` nlenr`thrèe è ih nlestrunnkþe f` tr`s tkpls f` m`fkfhs
`sp`níaknhs, ihs nuhi`s sle?

8. R`cuihnkþe? Ihs
Ihs nuhi
nuhi`s
`s nlea
nleakc
kcur
urhr
hrèe
èe ì ètr
ètrhm
hmhf
hfll elrm
elrmht
htkv
kvll qu`
qu` fknt
fknthh il
ilss
hprlv`
hprlv`njh
njhmkè
mkètls
tls,, usl
usls,
s, prl
prljkb
jkbknk
knkle`
le`s,
s, p`r
p`rmks
mksls
ls,, y f`m
f`mès
ès hnn
hnnkle
kle`s
`s qu` s`
mhekak`sthe è ì t`rrktlrkl.
2. Ket`rvènkþe? Ihs nuhi`s s` mhekak`sthe m`fkhet` pihe`s, prlcrhmhs y prly`ntls, y

qu` supleè nhmbkls skcekaknhtkvls phrh ì tòkfl urbhel.
>. C`stkþe? Ihs

Ihs nuhi
nuhi`s
`s nlmp
nlmpr`
rèf
efè
è ils
ils pr
prln
ln`s
`sls
ls y r`
r`nu
nurs
rsls
ls e`n`
e`n`sh
shrk
rkls
ls phrh
phrh ih
ò`nunkþe f` ihs hnnkle`s è ì t`rrktlrkl.
28
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
@e `st` hsp`ntl, `s kmplrthet` ih ket`rrìhnkþe nle tlfls ils hntlr`s p`rtkeèt`s phrh ih
`strunturhnkþe nleoueth f` ils fkstketls kestrumètls, prly`ntls y `strht`ckhs, nle ì ake f`
qu` ih nlmuekfhf qu` jhbkth ì t`rrktlrkl s`h phrtknkp` fì prln`sl f` pihekaknhnkþe y, h su
v`z, s` kealrmè slbr` ihs f`nkskle`s qu` s` vhe h tlmhr. @stl s` keniukrè phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe
f` kestrumètls f` c`stkþe, prlcrhmhs f` kev`rskle`s, kestrumètls f` s`cukmkètl y nletrli
y tlfls ils f`mès ì`mètls è ils nuhi`s s` r`quk`rh phrtknkphnkþe nkufhfheh y/l hskstènkh
tëneknh plr phrt` f` hntlr`s kestktunklehi`s.
Nlml r`suithfls s` ènletrhrèe ih nlestrunnkþe f`thiihfh f` ils tr`s tkpls f` m`fkfhs y ils
kestrumètls qu` ihs hnlmphøhe, hsí nlml ih cè`rhnkþe f` fhtls `sphnkhi`s phrh ì slplrt`
c`lcrèaknl f` ihs prlpu`sths ìhblrhfhs.
@e `sth ahs` f` ìhblrhnkþe f` ihs prlpu`sths fì TFP s` keniuy` ih r`hikzhnkþe fì s`cuefl
Vhii`r f` vhikfhnkþe y slnkhikzhnkþe f` ih prlpu`sth ils nuhi`s s` ii`vhrèe h nhbl è nhfh
eÿni`l urbhel (s` hfoueth è ì nrlelcrhmh f` Vrhbhol)
0.> Nlesuith T
Tÿ
ÿbiknh y Hprlbhnkþe
@etèfkèfl qu` ì f`shrrliil fì `stufkl `stè èmhrnhfl fètrl f` ih `sa`rh pÿbiknh, `s
kmpr`snkefkbi` fhr nhbkfh y f`bkfl numpikmkètl h nhfh ueh f` ihs `thphs plr ihs nuhi`s
f`b` phshr ì flnumètl. @e thi sètkfl, s`rè e`n`shrkl ì phsl plr nhfh uel f` ils
skcukèt`s nkenl (0) mlmètls phrh ih pubiknkfhf y hprlbhnkþe fì TFP.
0.>
.>.8
.8 @x
@xjk
jkbk
bknk
nkþe
þe y nnle
lesu
suit
ithh f
f`` ih
ihss p
prl
rlpu
pu`s
`sth
thss
Nlmprèf` ih hntkvkfhf f` `xjkbknkþe fì `stufkl è ih ètkfhf t`rrktlrkhi nlmprèfkfh è ì

èmbktl f` ih ket`rvènkþe, ihs pèckehs w`b f` fknjhs ètkfhf`s, ih r`mkskþe fì flnumètl hi
Mkekst`rkl f` Qkvkèfh,
Qkvkèfh, Nlestrunnkþe y ^he`hmkètl y hi Clbk`rel R`cklehi f` Oueíe, nle ì
ake f` qu` s`h slm`tkfl h r`vkskþe, lbs`rvhnkle`s y r`nlmèfhnkle`s, fètrl fì pihzl f`
tr`ket
tr`kethh (>4
(>4)) fíh
fíhss nhi
nhièf
èfhrk
hrkl,
l, fètr
fètrll f` ils nuh
nuhi`s
i`s s` f`b
f`b`rè
`rè f`sh
f`shrrl
rrliih
iihrr hi mèls ueh
Hufkènkh Tÿbiknh qu` p`rmkth `vhiuhr ì nletèkfl fì `stufkl.
0.>.2 Hufkènkh Tÿbiknh
^`rèe
^`rèe nle
nlevl
vlnhf
nhfhs
hs f` hnu
hnu`rf
`rfll h ils prl
prln`f
n`fkmk
kmkèt
ètls
ls qu
qu`` `sthbi
`sthbi`n`
`n` ih elr
elrmht
mhtkvh
kvh hnt
hntuhi
uhi
rà`rèt` hi t`mh. Ils flnumètls f` nlevlnhtlrkh, hsí nlml ì hnth f` ih hufkènkh, f`b`rèe
keniukrs` nlml phrt` f` ih v`rskþe akehi fì `stufkl. @i nlesuitlr phrtknkphrè è ih l ihs
22
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
hufkènkhs nle ih ìhblrhnkþe fì mht`rkhi tëneknl y ih `xplsknkþe fì nletèkfl tëneknl f`
tlfh ih prlpu`sth fì TFP.
0.>.>
.>.> I`vh
`vheth
thmk
mkè
ètl
tl f
f`` lb
lbss`r
`rvh
vhnnkl
kle
e`s
Ih r`spleshbkikfhf fì prln`sl f` i`vhethmkètl f` lbs`rvhnkle`s nlrr`splef` hi Nlesuitlr,

qukè r`hikzhrè ih `vhiuhnkþe ` keniuskþe l f`s`stkmhnkþe f` ihs lbs`rvhnkle`s, suc`rènkhs
y/l r`nlmèfhnkle`s alrmuihfhs ` kecr`shfhs è ì prln`sl f` fkauskþe, `xjkbknkþe y
nlesuith pÿbiknh, sustèthefl ih keniuskþe l f`s`stkmhnkþe phrh nhfh nhsl è phrtknuihr,
m`fkhet` ih `mkskþe f` kealrm`s tëneknls. Fknjl pihzl è nlenlrfhenkh nle ì RHVFP^,
f`b`rè s`r r`hikzhfl è ue pihzl mèxkml f` quken` (80) fíhs plst`rklr`s h ih Nlesuith
Tÿbiknh, vènkfl fknjl pihzl, ì Nlesuitlr f`b`rè pr`sèthr ih v`rskþe akehi fì `stufkl ì
nuhi f`b` nletè`r ih keniuskþe f` ihs lbs`rvhnkle`s y r`nlmèfhnkle`s hnlckfhs y ih
`fknkþe akehi f` ihs m`mlrkhs, mhphs, pihels y f`mès ì`mètls qu` alrmh phrt` fì `stufkl.
0.>
.>.6
.6 @e
@etr
tr`c
`chh f
f`` ih
ih vv`r
`rsk
skþe
þe akeh
akehii fì
fì `s
`stu
tufk
fkll
Iu`cl fì pihzl f` nuhrèth y nkenl (60) fíhs nhièfhrkl qu` keniuy` ih `xplsknkþe f` ih
v`rskþe è nlesuith, ih alrmuihnkþe f` lbs`rvhnkle`s, ih r`hikzhnkþe f` ih l ihs hufkènkhs
pÿbiknhs y ih hbsliunkþe f` ihs lbs`rvhnkle`s r`hikzhfhs, ì Nlesuitlr pr`sèthrè ih v`rskþe
akehi fì `stufkl phrh su r`sp`ntkvh `vhiuhnkþe y alrmuihnkþe f` lbs`rvhnkle`s sk h ìil fk`rh
iuchr.
F` alrmh pr`vkh y nlml nlefknkþe phrh ih `mkskþe f` ih nlealrmkfhf f` s`rvknkl r`sp`ntkvl,

ì nlesuitlr ètr`chrè ihs v`rskle`s akehi`s `fkthfhs fì `stufkl, f`bkfhmèt` alikhfhs y
vkshfhs plr ì Oà` f` @qukpl y ils prla`sklehi`s r`spleshbi`s fì `stufkl.
0.>.0
0.>.0 Hp
Hprl
rlbhn
bhnkþe
kþe fì TFP plr ì Nle
Nlenò
nòll f
f`` ih Mue
Mueknkp
knkphik
hikfhf
fhf Tr
Trlvk
lvkenk
enkhi.
hi.
Ih prlpu`sth akehi fì TFP nle su r`sp`ntkvl Kealrm` Vëneknl i`chi `s prlpu`stl plr ih
C`rènkh Mueknkphi nlmp`tèt` hi Nlenòl Mueknkphi Fkstrkthi, è ils nhsls qu` ih prlpu`sth
s` jhyh alrmuihfl plr ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi, l Trlvkenkhi phrh su hprlbhnkþe m`fkhet`
Lrfèhezh.3
0.6 Nletèkfls
@e nlenlrfhenkh nle ì VFR y ì nletrhtl fì s`rvknkl f` nlesuitlríh ì nletèkfl fì TFP,
mènklehfls è ì KV@M 2.>. fì pr`sèt` Tihe f` Vrhbhol.
3
Hrt. >1, ít`m 1, RHVFP^
2>
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
1. Iíe`hs @strhtëcknhs
Ih pi
pihe
he`h
`hnk
nkþe
þe t`rr
t`rrkt
ktlr
lrkh
khii f`b`
f`b` busn
busnhr
hr iuch
iuchr`
r`ss mè
mèss à
àkn
knkè
kèt`
t`ss y pr
prlf
lfun
untkv
tkvls
ls,, m`
mèl
elss
s`
s`cr`
cr`chf
chfls,
ls, ken
kenius
iuskvl
kvls,
s, nhp
nhphn`
hn`ss f` r`s
r`sple
plef`r
f`r h `v`
`vètl
etlss eht
ehturh
urhi`s
i`s,, y, het
het`` tlf
tlfl,
l, f`b
f`b``
èalnhrs` è ì bkè`sthr f` ihs p`rslehs qu` jhbkthe `s` t`rrktlrkl nle ì ake f` mòlrhr su
nhikfhf f` vkfh.
@s plr il het`rklr qu`, f` alrmh `strhtëcknh, ih ìhblrhnkþe fì `stufkl fì TFP è tlfls ils
jkt
jktls
ls fì prl
prln`s
n`sll f` alr
alrmui
muihnk
hnkþe
þe y nle
nlesu
suith
ith,, f`b
f`b`` pih
pihet`
et`hr
hr lbo
lbo`tk
`tkvls
vls,, m`t
m`tlfl
lflilc
ilcíhs
íhs,,
`strht`ckhs y hntkvkfhf`s, f` hnu`rfl nle ihs skcukèt`s iíe`hs `strhtëcknhs? :
 V`rrktlrkls slstèkbi`s? Ihs `strht`ckhs f` nr`nkmkètl y f`shrrliil urbhel f`bè

prlpèf`r plr ì hnn`sl `qukthtkvl h bkè`s y s`rvknkls urbhels, vkvkèfh y p`rmktkr
hsí ih r`funnkþe f` ih s`cr`chnkþe. @st` nr`nkmkètl f`b` s`r lrfèhfl y lrkèthfl

è r`nup`rhr ils ì`mètls
ì`mètls hmbkèthi`s nle ì ake f` hnn`f
hnn`f`r
`r y fksaruthr f` ìils.
ìils. ^`
f`
f`b`
b` bu
busn
snhr
hr qu
qu`` ì t`rr
t`rrkt
ktlr
lrkl
kl s`h
s`h r`sk
r`skik
ikè
èt`
t`,, nhph
nhphzz f` hfhp
hfhpth
thrs
rs`` y nr
nr`n
`n`r
`r
kef`pèfkèt`mèt` f` `vètls qu` cè`r` kmphntls y tèskle`s è ils t`rrktlrkls. @i
mheòl àknkèt` y hprlv`njhmkètl f` ils s`rvknkls `nlskst`mknls, f`b` s`r ueh
pr`mksh auefhmèthi nle ì ake f` ilcrhr ih slstèkbkikfhf t`rrktlrkhi.
t`rrktlrkhi.
Pe t`rrktlrkl lrchekzhfl
lrchekzhfl y àknk`
àknkèt`,
et`, `s ue t`rrk
t`rrktlrkl
tlrkl nle jèbkth
jèbktht,t, `sph
`sphnkls
nkls v`rf`s y
ètlrels prlpknkls phrh ì f`shrrliil jumhel, qu` keniuy` ih kmpi`mèthnkþe f`
hit`
hit`re
reht
htkv
kvhs
hs pr
prlf
lfun
untkv
tkvhs
hs f` f`sh
f`shrr
rrli
liil
il sl
slst
stè
èkb
kbi`
i` h phrt
phrtkr
kr f` ih pr
prlf
lfun
unnk
nkþe
þe
hmbkè
hmbk èth
thim
imè
èt`
t` hm
hmkc
kchb
hbi`
i` f` bkè
bkè`s
`s,, s`rv
s`rvkn
knkl
kls,
s, `nlt
`nltur
urks
ksml
ml,, `te
`telt
ltur
urks
ksml
ml y
hcrlturksml.
 Mlvkikfhf àknkèt`? @sthbi`n`r `strht`ckhs f` mlvkikfhf qu` p`rmkthe ilcrhr ih

àknkènkh urbheh è nle`xkþe nle su ètlrel kem`fkhtl y m`fkhtl, h ekvì r`cklehi,
ehnklehi ` ket`rehnklehi. @sths `strht`ckhs f`bè nleslikfhr ì slplrt` fì t`rrktlrkl
phrh ihs hntkvkfhf`s jumhehs y ì f`shrrliil `nleþmknl. ^` f`b` ilcrhr ueh mhylr
àk
àknk`
nkènk
enkhh è`
è`rc
rcëtk
ëtknh,
nh, r`p
r`pr`s
r`sèt
èthfh
hfh è ih fks
fksmke
mkeunk
unkþe
þe f` ils trh
trhy`n
y`ntls
tls f` ils
f`spihzhmkètls l è ih lptkmkzhnkþe f` ils mksmls. @stl nletrkbuy` h tè`r ue
t`rrktlrkl mès nlmp`tktkvl
:
@strht`ckh F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lstèkbi` ` Ket`crhfl f` Ckoþe 2480
26
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 V`rrktlrkl nlmp`tktkvl? Ils t`rrktlrkls bkè pihe`hfls f`bè chrhetkzhr qu` ihs
vètho
vèthohs
hs nlm
nlmphr
phrhtk
htkvhs
vhs qu` tkèè
tkèè ëstls
ëstls è nk`
nk`rtl
rtlss s`n
s`ntlr
tlr`s
`s f` ih `nl
`nlelm
elmíh
íh s`
hprlv`njè hi mèxkml. Ih nleslikfhnkþe f` `stl p`rmktkrè nr`hr el slil ske`rckhs
fètrl f` ih nkufhf skel rìhnkle`s ket`rurbhehs qu` trh`rèe nleskcl lplrtuekfhf`s
f` `mpi`l y f` prlfuntkvkfhf, mhylr`s shihrkls y è ÿitkmhs, mòlr`s nlefknkle`s
f` vkfh.
Thrh ilcrhr il het`rklr, ils t`rrktlrkls f`bè prlv``r ue míekml f` nlefknkle`s phrh
trhkche nleskcl kev`rskþe prkvhfh? prkm`rl, plils f` f`shrrliil `nleþmknl flef`
nk`rtl tkpl f` kefustrkh pu`fh hsèthrs` ouetl nle tlfh su nhfèh f` prlfunnkþe y hsí
ìkmkehr nlstls f` trheshnnkþe7 s`cuefl, kestktunkle`s pliítknhs qu` hs`curè el slil
ih `sthbk
`sthbkikf
ikfhf
hf è ihs i`y
i`y`s
`s y elr
elrmhs
mhs,, ske
skell thm
thmbkë
bkëee qu` kmp
kmpi`m
i`mèt
èt`` pli
pliítk
ítknhs
nhs
èalnhfhs jhnkh ih prlfuntkvkfhf y h ih kearh`strunturh7 t`rn`rl, ket`crhnkþe fì
t`rrktlrkl nle su r`ckþe phrh hsí ilcrhr f`snètrhikzhr ì hphrhtl `nleþmknl y fhr
`sphnk
`sphnkll h ih `sp
`sp`nk
`nkhik
hikzhn
zhnkþe
kþe f` hnt
hntkvk
kvkfhf
fhf`s
`s77 y nuh
nuhrtl
rtl,, pr`
pr`s`r
s`rvhn
vhnkþe
kþe fì m`f
m`fkl
kl
hmbkèt`. Chrhetkzhefl `sths nuhtrl nlefknkle`s f`sf` ih pihekaknhnkþe s` ilcrhrè
chrhetkzhr lplrtuekfhf`s f` nr`nkmkètl phrh tlfls.
 C`stkþ
C`stkþe
e Ket
Ket`cr
`crhi
hi fì rk`sc
rk`scl?
l? @i t`rrktlrkl f`b` `sthr pr`phrhfl phrh èarèthr,
pr`vèkr y mktkchr `vètls f` rk`scl hmbkèthi, phrh il nuhi `s e`n`shrkl kfètkaknhr
ihs plskbi`s hmèhzhs y è tlfls ils jktls f` alrmuihnkþe kenlrplrhr `strht`ckhs qu`
f` alrmh ket`crhi r`splefhe h ueh c`stkþe ket`crhi fì rk`scl. Thrh il het`rklr
thmbkëe `s e`n`shrkl kenr`mèthr ih r`skikènkh f` ih kearh`strunturh urbheh, kmpuishr
nhmbkl jhnkh ueh mlvkikfhf slstèkbi`, mòlrhr nhikfhf hmbkèthi ` kenr`mèthr ì

usl hf`nuhfl f` ils ì`mètls hmbkèthi`s.
 F`shrrliil Jumhel? ihs p`rslehs nlml s`r`s jumhels els f`shrrliihmls è ì
t`rr
t`rrktl
ktlrk
rkll urbh
urbhel
el „ rurh
rurhi,
i, plr
plr thi
thi ml
mltk
tkvl
vl ì `s
`sph
phnk
nkll ur
urbh
bhel
el f`b`
f`b` tè`
tè`rr ue h
pihekaknhnkþe urbheh phrh ì mòlr
mòlr f`shrrliil f` ils s`r`s jumhels.
Hfknklehimèt`, nlml pr`mkshs f` alrmuihnkþe s` f`b`rè?
Kfètkaknhr ils mòlr`s hprlv`njhmkètls y usls fì suìl, f` hnu`rfl

nle ihs fkeèmknhs fì t`rrktlrkl y nle ì ake f` jhn`ril slstèkbi`, nlmp`tktkvl y
àknkèt`.
20
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Kenlrplrhr ils hinhen`s f` ils Lbo`tkvls f` F`shrrliil ^lstèkbi` - LF^

htkecèt`s hi skst`mh f` pihekaknhnkþe phrh ì f`shrrliil t`rrktlrkhi.
Tihet`hr nr`nkmkètl fì t`rrktlrkl lrfèhfl y `sthbi`n`r `strht`ckhs phrh

qu` ils prln`sls f` urbhekzhnkþe r`splefhe h ihs e`n`skfhf`s f` s`rvknkls f` sus
jhbkthet`s.
Fks`øh
Fks`øhrr m`n
m`nhek
heksml
smlss f` c`s
c`stkþe
tkþe,, pih
piheka
ekaknh
knhnkþ
nkþee y ake
akehen
henkhn
khnkþe
kþe qu`
p`rmkthe kestrumèthikzhr ihs `strht`ckhs qu` s` prlpleche è ì mlfìl aísknl
`sphnkhi y qu` hplyè ih nles`nunkþe f` ils lbo`tkvls.
Chrhetkzhr ih prlt`nnkþe f` ils ì`mètls hmbkèthi`s, y jhn`r usl

slstèkbi` f` ils r`nursls ehturhi`s.
Chrhetkzhr qu` è ih alrmuihnkþe, s`cukmkètl y `vhiuhnkþe fì Tihe ih

phrtknkphnkþe nkufhfheh s`h à`ntkvh y s` utkikn` nlml ue ì`mètl nètrhi y
auefhmèthi phrh ih tlmh f` f`nkskle`s
@e tlfls ils èmbktls f` pihekaknhnkþe, prlt`c`r ì Thtrkmlekl Nuiturhi

(ehturhi y nlestrukfl) y cè`rhr hprlv`njhmkètls hmbkèthi`s, slnkhi`s, nuiturhi`s y
`nleþmknls slbr` ì mksml.
Tihet`hr ue skst`mh f` s`cukmkètl y `vhiuhnkþe fì TFP
3. M`tlflilcíh
Ih prlpu`sth m`tlfliþcknh phrh ih nlestrunnkþe fì pihe y qu` s` f`thiih h nletkeuhnkþe,
phrt` f` ih bhs` f` nleln`r ì nlmplrthmkètl tèfènkhi f` ih fkeèmknh fì t`rrktlrkl, f`
kfètkaknhr ils f`tlehet`s phrh ì f`shrrliil ket`crhi, y f` `sthbi`n`r k) lbo`tkvls h auturl nle
ì ake f` nlestrukr ènhfèhmkètls qu` p`rmkthe ì numpikmkètl à`ntkvl f` ils mksmls7 y
kk) ue skst`mh f` s`cukmkètl nle hi`rths t`mprhehs qu` p`rmkth ih f`t`nnkþe f` m`fkfhs
e`n`shrkhs phrh ilcrhr ils lbo`tkvls.
21
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Ihs m`tlflilcíhs qu` s` pihet`he è ì skcukèt` pihe f` trhbhol s` fkvkfè s`cÿe ils
skcukèt`s jktls nles`nutkvls?
8. Fkhce
khceþþstknl
tknl77
2. Trl
rlpu
pu`s
`sth
thss7 y
>. Nl
Nles
esui
uith
th pÿ
pÿbi
bikn
knh.
h.
@s kmplrthet` helthr qu` è tlfhs ihs m`tlflilcíhs qu` hquí s` pihet`he, s` keniuy` ì ahntlr
f` phr
phrtkn
tknkphn
kphnkþe
kþe nlm
nlmll ì ì`
ì`mè
mètl
tl f`t
f`t`rm
`rmkeh
kehet`
et` phr
phrhh nle
nlenr`
nr`thr
thr ihs hit`re
hit`rehtk
htkvhs
vhs y ihs
prlpu`sths qu` s` nlestruyhe. Tlr il het`rklr, ih m`tlflilcíh `stè lrkèthfh h chrhetkzhr ue
sustètl tëneknl y phrtknkphtkvl è tlfls ils jktls f` nlestrunnkþe fì `stufkl.
3.8 Ahs
Ahs`` f
f`` Fkhc
Fkhceþs
eþstknl
tknl??
H phrtkr f` kealrmhnkþe prkmhrkh y s`nuefhrkh fksplekbi` s` r`hikzhrè ueh nhrhnt`rkzhnkþe fì
t`rrktlrkl y sus fkeèmknhs. Il het`rklr p`rmktkrè slplrthrè ih tlmh f` f`nkskle`s y `sthbi`n`rè

ihs prlpu`sths tëneknhs qu` mòlr s` hf`nÿè h ihs pltènkhikfhf`s, aèþmèls, prlbi`mhs y
htrkbutls fì t`rrktlrkl. H su v`z, thmbkëe s` kfètkaknhrèe ils kmphntls `nleþmknls, aísknls y
slnkhi`s prlfunkfls plr ì nr`nkmkètl urbhel.
@i fkhceþstknl s` f`scilshrè è ihs skcukèt`s hntkvkfhf`s? k) R`nlpkihnkþe y heèiksks f`

kealrmhnkþe prkmhrkh y s`nuefhrkh7 kk) R`vkskþe bkbiklcrèaknh kkk) @etr`vksths `strunturhfhs h
`xp`rtls slbr` ils fka`rèt`s aèþmèls fì t`rrktlrkl7 kv) Nlestrunnkþe phrtknkphtkvh fì
fkhceþstknl v) Nlestrunnkþe fì mlfìl bhs` fì t`rrktlrkl.
k) Heèiksks nuhetkthtkvl? ^` r`nlpkihrè, prln`shrè y hehikzhrè ih kealrmhnkþe

prkmhrkh y s`nuefhrkh fksplekbi`. H trhvës f` ih kfètkaknhnkþe f` fka`rèt`s
auè
auèt`
t`ss f` keal
kealrm
rmhn
hnkþ
kþee (hia
(hiahe
heum
umër
ërknh
knh y c`lc
c`lcrè
rèak
aknh
nh),
), s` r`
r`hi
hikz
kzhr
hrèè ih
r`nlpkihnkþe, prln`shmkètl y heèiksks f` ihs prkenkphi`s vhrkhbi`s urbhehs y
t`rrktlrkhi`s hslnkhfhs nle ì`mètls f` ih `strunturh hmbkèthi, ì`mètls
f` ih `strunturh aísknh y t`rrktlrkhi urbheh (trhesplrt` y mlvkikfhf, `sphnkl
pÿbiknl, `qukphmkètls urbhels y s`rvknkls pÿbiknls), y ì`mètls f` ih
`strun
`struntur
turhh `nl
`nleþm
eþmknh
knh y sln
slnkhi
khi (f`
(f`mlc
mlcrha
rhaíh,
íh, hnt
hntkvk
kvkfhf
fhf`s
`s `nl
`nleþm
eþmknh
knhs,
s,
vkvkèfh, `tn.)
23
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Hfknklehimèt`, s` jhrè thmbkëe ue bhihen` f` ils kestrumètls fksplekbi`s
f` akehenkhnkþe, f` c`stkþe y f` pihekaknhnkþe, f` ils kestrumètls f` nhpturh
f` vhilr y f` ih kev`rskþe è kearh`strunturh urbheh y t`rrktlrkhi.
kk) Heèiksks nuhikthtkvl? ^` ii`vhrèe h nhbl ètr`vksths `strunturhfhs h `xp`rtls

slbr`
slbr` ils fka`r`
fka`rèt`
et`ss aè
aèþm`
þmèls
els fì t`r
t`rrkt
rktlrk
lrkl.
l. @st
@stll ken
keniuy
iuy`` ue heè
heèiks
iksks
ks
prlvèkèt` f` kealrmhnkþe nuhikthtkvh, ètr`vksths s`mk`strunturhfhs y
t`st
t`stkm
kmle
lekl
kls.
s. ^` pr
prlc
lcrh
rhmh
mhrè
rèee s`
s`sskle`
kle`ss nle
nle ils
ils skcuk
kcukè
èt`
t`ss cr
crup
upls
ls??
Nlmuekfhf,
Nlmuekfhf, Lrc
Lrchekzhn
hekzhnkle`s
kle`s ^lnkh
^lnkhi`s,
i`s, Cr`m
Cr`mkls,
kls, Kestk
Kestktunkle
tunkle`s
`s Tÿbik
Tÿbiknhs
nhs y
Trkvhfls.
Nhfhh s`s
Nhf s`skþe
kþe f` trhbho
trhbholl s`r
s`rèè sus
sustè
tèthf
thfhh nle nle
nlevln
vlnhtl
htlrkh
rkhs,
s, prl
prlcrh
crhmhs
mhs,,
r`ckstrls f` hskstèt`s, f`shrrliils f` thii`r, r`ckstrls altlcrèaknls, y hnths f`
hnu`rfls.
kkk) R`vkskþe bkbiklcrèaknh? s` r`h
r`hikz
ikzhrè
hrè r`n
r`nlpk
lpkihn
ihnkþe
kþe f` heè
heèiks
iksks
ks y `stufk
`stufkls
ls
fksplekbi`s nle r`sp`ntl h ihs fkeèmknhs hmbkèthi`s, aísknhs y `nleþmknhs
fì t`rrk
t`rrktlrkl
tlrkl.. Hskm
Hskmksml,
ksml, ih kealr
kealrmhnkþ
mhnkþee bkbikl
bkbiklcrèak
crèaknh
nh s`rè f`bkf
f`bkfhmèt
hmèt``
nlfkaknhfh y hcruphfh plr ils fkstketls tþpknls h ils qu` jhnè rà`rènkh.
kv) Nlestrun
Nlestrunnkþe
nkþe phrtknkpht
phrtknkphtkvh
kvh fì fkhceþstknl
fkhceþstknl?? ^` f`shr
f`shrrliih
rliihrè
rè nhrtlc
nhrtlcrhaíh
rhaíh
slnkhi, alrls, m`shs f` trhbhol y thii`r`s, nle ì ake f` nlmpi`mèthr ì
fk
fkhc
hceþ
eþst
stkn
knll pr
prlf
lfun
untl
tl f` ils
ils heèi
heèiks
ksks
ks nuhe
nuhetkt
tktht
htkv
kvls
ls y nuhi
nuhikt
kthtk
htkvl
vls.
s. ^`
r`hikzhrèe thmbkëe thii`r`s phrtknkphtkvls y m`shs f` trhbhol qu` p`rmktkrèe
kfètkaknhr y vhikfhr ihs prkenkphi`s fkeèmknhs t`rrktlrkhi`s. ^` prlcrhmhrèe
`sphnkls nle ils skcukèt`s crupls? Nlmuekfhf, Lrchekzhnkle`s ^lnkhi`s,
Cr`mkls, Kestktunkle`s pÿbiknhs y prkvhfhs.
Nhfh s`skþe f` trhbhol s`rè sustèthfh nle nlevlnhtlrkh, prlcrhmh, r`ckstrl

f` hskstèt`s, f`shrrliil f` thii`r, r`ckstrl altlcrèaknl, y hnth f` hnu`rfls.
v) Mlf`
Mlfìl
il bhs`
bhs` f` fkhc
fkhceþ
eþst
stkn
knll f`
fìi t`rr
t`rrkt
ktlr
lrkl
kl (M4)? H phrtkr
tkr f` ih
r`nlpk
r`nlpkihnk
ihnkþe,
þe, prl
prln`s
n`shmk
hmkèt
ètll y heè
heèiks
iksks
ks f` kea
kealrm
lrmhnkþ
hnkþee fks
fksple
plekbi`
kbi`,, s`
nlestrukrè ue mlfìl bhs` fì t`rrktlrkl, ì nuhi `sthbi`n`rè ì `sthfl fì hrt`
è tlfls ils hsp`ntls t`rrktlrkhi`s. @e `sth `thph, s` fàkekrèe ils kefknhflr`s
iíf`r`s qu` f`snrkbè f` alrmh sketëtknh ih sktuhnkþe fì t`rrktlrkl è tlfhs
ihs vhrkhbi`s f` fkhceþstknl. @stls f`bè `sthr t`rrktlrkhikzhfls y s`rèe
2:
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
`xpr`shfls `sphnkhimèt` nuhefl ih kealrmhnkþe hsí il p`rmkth. @st` s`rè ì
puetl f` phrtkfh phrh ih prlpu`sth
prlpu`sth f` f`shrrliil t`rr
t`rrktlrkhi.
ktlrkhi.
Ils heèiksks nuhetkthtkvls, nuhikthtkvls y ih r`vkskþe bkbiklcrèaknh s` r`hikzhrèe è ueh prkm`rh

`thph „ ìhblrhnkþe7 ih nlestrunnkþe phrtknkphtkvh fì fkhceþstknl s` r`hikzhrè è ueh s`cuefh
`thph „ vhikfhnkþe7 y ih nlestrunnkþe fì Mlfìl bhs` f` fkhceþstknl è ueh t`rn`rh `t
`thph.
hph.
@e ì skcukèt` crèaknl, s` pu`f` vksuhikzhr ì prln`fkmkètl f` ìhblrhnkþe fì Fkhceþstknl?
Crhaknl 6? Trln`sl phrh ìhblrhnkþe fì Fkhceþstknl (@etr`chs K y KK)
Auèt`? @qukpl t`neknl TFP ^hphiihech

@e ì he
het`
t`rk
rklr
lr crèa
crèakn
knl,
l, s` s`øh
s`øhih
ihee ihs
ihs vhrk
vhrkhb
hbi`
i`ss f` fkhc
fkhceþ
eþst
stkn
knll h s`r
s`r hehi
hehikz
kzhf
hfhs
hs..
Thrtknuihrmèt` phrh lrchekzhr ì heèiksks fì fkhceþstknl y ihs prlpu`sths, s` lrchekzhrè ì
ò`rnknkl è ils skcukèt`s nlmpleèt`s?
2;
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 Nlmpleèt` f`mlcrèaknl y slnkhi7

 Nlmpleèt` hmbkèthi7
 Nlmpleèt` aísknl-t`rrktlrkhi? trhesplrt` y mlvkikfhf, s`rvknkls pÿbiknls, `sphnkl
pÿbiknl y `qukphmkètls, usls

usls y hprlv`njhmkètls ffì
ì suìl7
 Nlmpleèt` `nleþmknl7 y
 Nlmpleèt` kestktunklehi.
 Nlmpleèt` f` rk`scls7 ì nuhi keniuy` ih kfètkaknhnkþe y `vhiuhnkþe f` pìkcrls,
Heèiksks f` vuie`rhbkikfhf y @stkmhnkþe f` Rk`scls.
@e `sth `thph thmbkëe s` keniuy` ì r`ckstrl, plr phrt` fì `qukpl tëneknl, f` ih kealrmhnkþe
nlrr`splefkèt` h ih `strunturh f` fhtls `sphnkhi`s phrh ì skst`mh f` kealrmhnkþe c`lcrèaknh
qu` s`rè prlplrnklehfh plr ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech.
Nlestrunnkþe phrtknkphtkvh fì fkhceþstknl?
M`tlfliþcknhmèt` `sth hntkvkfhf prlpèf`rè plr cè`rhr `sphnkls phrh ih phrtknkphnkþe

nlmuekthrkh, ih nuhi `s auefhmèthi phrh ih kmpi`mèthnkþe y ih slstèkbkikfhf f` `strht`ckhs
f` f`shrrliil ilnhi, hsí nlml phrh ì `mplf`rhmkètl f` s`ntlr`s slnkhi`s, pliítknls y
`nleþmknls, hs`curhefl su vkskbkikzhnkþe nlml hntlr`s f` f`shrrliil.
Tlr `sth rhzþe, ih m`tlflilcíh prlpu`sth phrh `st` ò`rnknkl `stè bhshfh è ils prkenkpkls
nlen
nlen`p
`ptu
tuhi
hi`s
`s f` ih kev`
kev`st
stkc
kchn
hnkþ
kþee y hnnk
hnnkþe
þe phrtk
phrtknkp
nkpht
htkv
kvh,
h, fàke
fàkekf
kfhh nlml
nlml ue pr
prln
ln`s
`sll
m`tlfl
m`tlfliþc
iþcknl
knl qu` ’p`
’p`rmk
rmkt`
t` nr`
nr`hr
hr víe
víenui
nuils
ls vkr
vkrtul
tulsls
sls f` rài`x
rài`xkþe
kþe-- fkè
fkèilc
ilcl-
l- hnn
hnnkþe
kþe--
hprèfkzho` ètr` ihs p`rslehs y hcèt`s `xt`rels ket`r`shfls è prlmlv`r hnnkle`s phrh ì
f`shrrliil y ì `mplf`rhmkètl slnkl pliítknl f` ihs nlmuekfhf`s y crupls. @e su nleouetl
s` nleakcurh nlml ueh j`rrhmkèth f` mltkvhnkþe y prlmlnkþe jumheh, qu` p`rmktkríh
chrhetkzhr ih phrtknkphnkþe hntkvh y f`mlnrètknh f` ih plbihnkþe, è ì pihe`hmkètl y ih
ò`nunkþe f` sus prlcrhmhs y prly`ntls f` f`shrrliil.”;
Vèk
èkèf
èfll è nu`
nuèth
eth il het
het`rk
`rklr
lr,, s` fks
fks`øh
`øhrèe
rèe fls `sn
`snèh
èhrkl
rklss f` phr
phrtkn
tknkph
kphnkþ
nkþee phr
phrhh ih
nlestr
nlestrunn
unnkþe
kþe fì fkh
fkhceþ
ceþstk
stknl,
nl, ils nuh
nuhi`s
i`s plf
plfrèe
rèe s`r nlm
nlmpi`
pi`mè
mèthf
thfls,
ls, sk s` nle
nleskf
skf`rh
`rh
e`n`shrkl, nle ètr`vksths h hntlr`s nihv` f` nhfh nlmuekfhf.
;
Nletr`rhs Rlfrkcl. @xp`rkènkhs y m`tlflilcíh f` ih kev`stkchnkþe phrtknkphtkvh.
phrtknkphtkvh. N@THI. ^hetkhcl f` Njki`, 2442. Fksplekbi`
è? jttps?//r`plsktlrkl.n`phi.lrc/bkts
jttps?//r`plsktlrkl.n`phi.lrc/bktstr`hm/jhefi`/8
tr`hm/jhefi`/88>12/142>
8>12/142>/^42>8;8\`s.p
/^42>8;8\`s.pfa
fa
>4
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
@e prkm`r iuchr, s` r`hikzhrèe alrls qu` s` prlpleè nlml `sphnkls f` fkèilcl slbr` ihs
iíe`hs `strhtëcknhs phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe f` ils pihe`s. @sths hntkvkfhf`s nlethrèe nle `xp`rtls
qu` r`hikzhrèe ueh `xplsknkþe slbr` ih t`mètknh fì alrl y, plst`rklrmèt`, s` ahnkikthrè ih
phrtknkphnkþe f` ils hskstèt`s h trhvës f` pr`cueths cè`rhflrhs qu` p`rmkthe kfètkaknhr
hsp`ntls nihv` slbr` ì t`rrktlrkl.
[, è s`cuefl iuchr, s` r`hikzhrèe m`shs f` trhbhol nle ils prkenkphi`s hntlr`s kfètkaknhfls
è ì t`rrktlrkl. @e `st` `sphnkl s` f`shrrliihrè ue ò`rnknkl f` ueh nhrtlcrhaíh slnkhi,
j`rrhm
j`rrhmkè
kèth
th p`f
p`fhcþ
hcþckn
cknhh qu` p`r
p`rmkt
mkt`` kf`
kfètk
etkakn
aknhr
hr y vhi
vhikfhr
kfhr ihs pr
prkenk
kenkphi
phi`s
`s fke
fkeèmk
èmknhs
nhs
t`rrktlrkhi`s, nle ì ake f` nlmpi`mèthr ì fkhceþstknl prlfuntl f` ils heèiksks nuhetkthtkvls
y nuhikthtkvls. Thrh `sth hntkvkfhf plfrèe c`stklehrs` `sphnkl nle ils skcukèt`s crupls?
Nlmuekfhf, Lrchekzhnkle`s ^lnkhi`s, Cr`mkls, Kestktunkle`s pÿbiknhs y prkvhfhs.
Peh v`z nleslikfhfl ì fkhceþstknl t`rrktlrkhi ì `qukpl tëneknl lrchekzh ì prkm`r Vhii`r
Thrtk
Thrtknkp
nkphtk
htkvl
vl f` Qhikfhn
hikfhnkþe
kþe y ^ln
^lnkhi
khikzh
kzhnkþ
nkþee nle ih ake
akehik
hikfhf
fhf f` r`n
r`nlc`
lc`rr ils hpl
hplrt`
rt`ss y
lbs`rvhnkle`s f` ihs hutlrkfhf`s y auenklehrkls mueknkphi`s, hsí nlml f` ihs kestktunkle`s
pÿbiknhs y prkvhfhs, è rìhnkþe h ih prlbi`mètknh urbheh, nlml phrt` f` ue prln`sl f`
pihekaknhnkþe `strhtëcknh phrtknkphtkvh.
phrtknkphtkvh. @iil nletrkbukrè h f`sènhfèhr ueh eu`vh prèntknh f`
c`stkþe nlen`rthfh fì f`shrrliil t`rrktlrkhi.
3.
3.22 Ah
Ahs`
s` f` T
Trl
rlpu
pu`st
`sths
hs
Peh v`z qu` s` tkè` ì fkhceþstknl fì t`rrktlrkl vhikfhfl, s` keknkhrè ih ahs` f` nlestrunnkþe
f` prlpu`sths nle ì ake f`?
8. Fhr sl
sliunkþ
iunkþee h ihs pr
prkenkp
kenkphi`s
hi`s pr
prlbi`m
lbi`mètknhs
ètknhs kfèt
kfètkaknhf
kaknhfhs
hs è ì tt`rrktl
`rrktlrkl7
rkl7
2. Trlpl
Trlple`r
e`r ils lb
lbo`tkvl
o`tkvlss f` f`shr
f`shrrliil
rliil t`
t`rrktl
rrktlrkhi,
rkhi, h phr
phrtkr
tkr f` ih vlnhn
vlnhnkþe
kþe kfè
kfètkaknhf
tkaknhfhh y
ihs pltènkhikfhf`s fì t`rrktlrkl7
>. Fàke
Fàkekr
kr hit`
hit`rehtkv
rehtkvhs
hs phr
phrhh sht
shtksahn
ksahn`r
`r ihs f`mhef
f`mhefhs
hs f` ih plb
plbihnkþe
ihnkþe77
6. Nump
Numpikr
ikr nle ils llbo`tkv
bo`tkvls
ls prlp
prlpu`stl
u`stlss è ì @ealq
@ealqu`
u` f` F`s
F`shrrli
hrrliil
il Prbh
Prbhel
el ^ls
^lstèkbi
tèkbi``
y ^hiufhbi` - @FP^^ (F`nr`tl 42>-2483 „ QKQK@EFH)7
0. @sthb
@sthbi`n`r
i`n`r il
ilss kestru
kestrumètl
mètlss y j`rrhm
j`rrhmkèth
kèthss phrh ì num
numpikmk`
pikmkètl
etl f` ils lb
lbo`tkvl
o`tkvlss (>
nihs`s f` m`fkfhs? r`cuihnkþe, ket`rvènkþe y c`stkþe)7 y
1. @st
@sthbi
hbi`n`
`n`rr ì mlf
mlfìl
ìl f` ln
lnuph
uphnkþ
nkþee t`rr
t`rrktl
ktlrkh
rkhi.
i.
Thrh ilcrhr ils ake`s f`snrktls het`rklrmèt`, s` r`hikzhrèe ihs skcukèt`s hntkvkfhf`s? k)
nlestrunnkþe f` vkskþe y f` prlpu`sths utkikzhefl ih m`tlflilcíh f` ènhfèhmkètl7 kk)
>8
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
nlestrunnkþe y vhikfhnkþe f` ihs prlpu`sths h trhvës f` ih m`tlflilcíh phrtknkphtkvh7 kkk)

fàkeknkþe f` mlfìl aísknl `sphnkhi „ vhilrhnkþe f` mòlr hit`rehtkvh7 y kv) Qhikfhnkþe y
slnkhikzhnkþe f` mlfìl y nletèkfls f` ih prlpu`sth.
k) Nlestrunnkþe f` vkskþe y prlpu`sths utkikzhefl m`tlflilcíh f`
ènhfèhmkètl (ake`s, m`fkls y r`suithfls)?
Nle ì ake f` nlestrukr ihs prlpu`sths phrh nhfh uel f` ils nlmpleèt`s s`øhihfls, ì
prlpþsktl f` ih m`tlflilcíh `s r`splef`r, f` mhe`rh s`nuènkhi, h ihs pr`cueths ¼phrh quë<,
¼Tlr quë< y ¼Nþml<
¼Nþml< Nle ìil s` cè`rh ue ènhfèhmkètl iþcknl qu` p`rmkt` kfètkaknhr
ils ake`s, m`fkls y r`suithfls?
h. ¼T
¼Thr
hrh
h qu
quë<
ë< „ ak
ake`s. Nl
e`s. Nlrr
rr`s
`spl
plef
ef`` h ih kfè
kfètk
tkak
aknh
nhnk
nkþe
þe f` ils
ils ò`s
ò`s t`mè
t`mètkn
tknls
ls l
ike`hmkètls f` pihekaknhnkþe t`rrktlrkhi, f` ihs prlbi`mètknhs h r`sliv`r y f` ils
r`tls y pltè
pltènkhikf
nkhikfhf`s
hf`s yh kfèt
kfètkaknhf
kaknhfhs.
hs. @stl f`b` r`splef
r`splef`r
`r hi ò`rn
ò`rnknkl
knkl f` vkskþ
vkskþee
r`hikzhfl.
b. ¼Tlr quë< „ ake`s. Nlrr`

Nlrr`sple
splef`
f` h ih kfètk
kfètkaknhnkþ
aknhnkþee f` lbo`t
lbo`tkvls
kvls (`strhtëc
(`strhtëcknls
knls y
`s
`sp`
p`ní
níak
aknl
nls)
s) y f` ils
ils r`su
r`suith
ithfl
flss qu`
qu` s` `s
`sp`
p`rh
rhee ilcr
ilcrhr
hr phrh
phrh nump
numpikr
ikr nle
nle ils
ils
ike`hmkètls.
n. ¼Nþm
¼Nþml<
l< „ m`fk
m`fkls
ls y r`
r`sui
suith
thfl
fls.
s. Nlrr`splef` h ih kfètkaknhnkþe f` kestrumètls f`
pihekaknhnkþe, c`stkþe y akehenkhnkþe, pliítknhs, prlcrhmhs y prly`ntls, nle ì ake f`
numpikr nle ils lbo`tkvls.
Crhaknl E´ 0? M`tlflilcíh f` ènhfèhmkètl
>2
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
@s
@sth
th nle
nlestr
strunn
unnkþe
kþe phr
phrtkrè
tkrè fì fkh
fkhceþ
ceþstk
stknl
nl r`h
r`hikz
ikzhfl
hfl,, s` lr
lrche
chekzh
kzhrè
rè pl
plrr nlm
nlmple
pleèt
èt`s
`s y
pr`tèf` nleniukr nle prlpu`sths cè`rhi`s, prlpu`sths `sp`níaknhs, kestrumètls f` c`stkþe,
prlcrhmh f` kev`rskle`s
kev`rskle`s ` kestrumètls f` nle
nletrli
trli y f` c`stkþe.
@sth nlestrunnkþe tëneknh y nlen`ptuhi f`b` hnlmphøhrs` f` ueh bht`ríh f` kefknhflr`s qu`
lb`f`n` h nhfh ueh f` ihs `thphs f` ènhfèhmkètl qu` mkfè? prln`sls y c`stkþe,
prlfuntls, r`suithfls y à`ntls.
Crhaknl E´ 1? Ekvì`s f` m`fknkþe
Auèt`? @qukpl t`neknl TFP ^hphiihech
kk)
kk) Nles
Nlestr
trun
unnk
nkþe
þe y vh
vhikf
ikfhn
hnkþ
kþe
e f` prlp
prlpu`
u`st
sths
hs h trh
trhvë
vëss f` m`tl
m`tlfl
flil
ilcí
cíh
h phrt
phrtkn
knkp
kpht
htkv
kvh
h
Ih à
à`n
`ntk
tkvk
vkfh
fhff è ih alrm
alrmui
uihn
hnkþ
kþee f` prlp
prlpu`
u`st
sths
hs h tr
trhv
hvës
ës f` ih nles
nlestr
trun
unnk
nkþe
þe f`
ènhfèhmkètls f`pèf` è su mhylríh f` ils prln`sls phrtknkphtkvls. Tlr nlmpleèt`
t`mètknl, `s auefhmèthi busnhr `xp`rtls qu` nletrkbuyhe è ì fks`øl f` ihs kf`hs y
>>
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
ènhunè ih fksnuskþe thetl è ih nlestrunnkþe f` ih vkskþe f` nkufhf, nlml è ihs prlpu`sths

cè`rhi`s y `sp`níaknhs.
Th
Thrh
rh `s
`stl
tl,, s` pi
pihe
het`h
t`hee m`
m`tl
tlfl
flil
ilcí
cíhs
hs nuhi
nuhikt
ktht
htkv
kvhs
hs nl
nlml
ml?? Alnu
Alnuss cr
crlu
lup,
p, ètr
ètr`v
`vks
ksth
thss
s`
s`mk`
mk`str
strunt
unturh
urhfhs
fhs y/l ò`
ò`rnk
rnknkl
nklss f` m`t
m`th-p
h-pihe
ihe,, nle `xp
`xp`rt
`rtls
ls è ì t`m
t`mhh (k.`.
(k.`. cr`
cr`mkl
mkls,
s,
nlmuekfhf, lrchekzhnkle`s slnkhi`s, hnhf`mkh, `tn.). F` hnu`rfl nle ihs bhs`s fì nlenursl,
ue crupl `strhtëcknl è `sth nlestrunnkþe s`rèe ils r`ckflr`s f` ih mueknkphikfhf. Nhfh
s`
s`skþ
skþee f` trhbho
trhbholl s`r
s`rèè sus
sustè
tèthf
thfhh h trhvë
trhvëss f` nle
nlevln
vlnhtl
htlrkh
rkhs,
s, prl
prlcrh
crhmhs
mhs,, r`c
r`ckst
kstrls
rls f`
hskstèt`s, f`shrrliils f` thii`r`s, r`ckstrls altlcrèaknls, y hnths f` hnu`rfls.
Nhfh prlpu`sth f`b` s`r nlmpi`thmèt` vhikfhfh nle ils `xp`rtls è nhfh nlmpleèt`, plr
il nuhi ihs s`skle`s s` r`p`tkrèe sk hsí il nleskf`rh e`n`shrkl ì nlesuitlr.
^` r`hikzhrè ì r`ckstrl nlrr`splefkèt` è ih `strunturh f` fhtls `sphnkhi`s.
kkk)
kkk) Fàk
Fàkek
eknk
nkþe
þe f
f`` Mlf`
Mlfìl
il aísk
aísknl
nl `sp
`sphn
hnkh
khii „ vhil
vhilrh
rhnkþ
nkþe
e f` mòl
mòlrr hit`
hit`re
reht
htkvh
kvh
Ih vkskþe fì Mlfìl aísknl `sphnkhi `s prlfuntl fì heèiksks f` ènhfèhmkètl y f` ihs
s`skle`s f` phrtknkphnkþe nle ils fka`rèt`s crupls f` ket`rës. F` `sth mhe`rh, s` nlestktuy`
ì Mlfìl aísknl `sphnkhi f` Alrmuihnkþe (M 8).
Nle ì ake f` r`hikzhr ueh vhilrhnkþe fì mlfìl f` f`shrrliil alrmuihfl y pihet`hr ils
kefknhflr`s f` s`cukmkètl, s` r`hikzhrè ueh nlmphrhnkþe f` r`suithfls f` kefknhflr`s
iíf`r`s sì`nnklehfls è ì fkhceþstknl phrh ì M 4, nle ih prly`nnkþe f` r`suithfls f` ils
kefknhflr`s fì mlfìl f` alrmuihnkþe M 8.
F` `sth mhe`rh s` plfrè `sthbi`n`r f` mhe`rh rìhtkvh ì hvhen` `sp`rhfl è nhfh uel f` ils
nlmpleèt`s alrmuihfls y ih tlthikfhf fì Mlfìl. F` ih skcukèt` mhe`rh?
Flef` `s ì kefknhflr fì mlfìl bhs` M4, `s ì kefknhflr fì mlfìl f` alrmuihnkþe
M8 ` `s ì kf
kfètkaknhflr
ètkaknhflr fì kefknhflr iíf`r.
>6
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Iu`cl f` elrmh
elrmhikzhr
ikzhr tlfls ils kefknhflr
kefknhflr`s,
`s, `s plskb
plskbi`
i` nles
nlestrukr
trukr ue kefknh
kefknhflr
flr sketëtknl qu`
p`rmkth vhilrhr ì nhmbkl `sp`rhfl y jhn`r s`cukmkètl h ils r`suithfls fì mlfìl f`
alrmuihnkþe, hsí
Flef` `s ì kefknhflr fì mlfìl bhs` M4, `s ì kefknhflr fì mlfìl f` alrmuihnkþe
M8, `s ì kf
kfè
ètk
tkakn
aknhf
hflr
lr f`
fìi kef
kefkn
knhf
hflr
lr ií
iíf`
f`r7
r7 y `s ì eÿm`rl f` kefknhflr`s iíf`r`s
fàkekfls.
kv))
kv Qhi
hikf
kfhn
hnkþ
kþe
e y slnk
slnkhi
hikz
kzhn
hnkþ
kþe
e f` mlf`
mlfìl
il y nl
nlet
etè
èkf
kfls
ls f`
f` ih pr
prlp
lpu`
u`sth
sth..
^` r`hikzhrè ì s`cuefl thii`r phrtknkphtkvl nle ì ake f` slnkhikzhr ils r`suithfls lbtèkfls f`
ih nlestrunnkþe f` ih vkskþe, fì mlfìl y f` ihs prlpu`sths nlenr`ths. Nhfh s`skþe f` trhbhol
s`rè sustèthfh nle nlevlnhtlrkhs, prlcrhmhs, r`ckstrls f` hskstèt`s, f`shrrliils f` thii`r,
r`ckstrls altlcrèaknls, y hnths f` hnu`rfls7 qu` s` nlestktuyè è m`fkls f` v`rkaknhnkþe.
3.> Kefknhflr`s
Ils kefknhflr`s h lbtè`r s`rèe ils prkenkphi`s s`øhihfls è ils nuhfrls skcukèt`s, vìhefl
ih lptkmkzhnkþe fì èmbktl f` `stufkl è ì f`shrrliil fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel sle?
NPHFRL E´ 8? Kefknhflr`s f` Fkhceþstknl phrh ì TFP

KEFKNHFLR@^ F@ FKHCEÞ^VKNL THRH TIHE@^ F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL
NLMTLE@EV@ QHRKHBI@ KEFKNHFLR
E´ F@^NRKTNKÞE
Aísknl hmbkèthi Rk`scl
Rk`sclss 8 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` plbihn
plbihnkþe
kþe hs`
hsèth
ethfh
fh è zle
zlehs
hs f` muy hitl
hitl rk`scl
rk`scl
2 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` vkvkè
vkvkèfhs
fhs urbh
urbhehs
ehs hsèt
hsèthfh
hfh è zleh
zlehss f` mu
muyy hitl
hitl rk`
rk`scl
scl
> Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` `qukp
`qukphmk
hmkèt
ètll urbhel
urbhel hhsè
sèthf
thfhh è zlehs
zlehs f`
f` muy hitl
hitl
rk`scl, plr tkpl
6 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` kearh`
kearh`str
strunt
unturh
urh urbh
urbheh
eh hsèt
hsèthfh
hfh è zzlehs
lehs f` muy hitl
hitl
rk`scl, plr tkpl
Pslss fì ûìl
Psl ûìl 0 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` usls
usls fì su`
suìl
il urbhel,
urbhel, plr tkp
tkpll
1 Tl
Tlrn
rnè
èth
tho`
o` f` suì
suìll pÿb
pÿbik
iknl
nl
3 Rh
Rhec
ecll ffì
ì vh
vhil
ilrr fì
fì suì
suìl,
l, plr
plr ss`nt
`ntlr
lr
Prbhel : Tlrnètho` ff`` ppllbihnkþe hs
hsèthfh `èe bh
bhrrkls ur
urbhel
hel m
mhhrckehi`s
^lnklnuiturhi Tlbihnkþe ; Vhsh ff`` nnrr`nkmkètl pl
plbihnklehi pr
prly`nthfh
84 Fè
èsk
skfh
fhff ur
urbh
bheeh
88 Cr
Crhf
hfll f` nhik
nhikak
aknhn
nhnkþ
kþee f` ih
ih plbi
plbihnk
hnkþe
þe
@nleþmknl Hntkvkfhf`s 82 Tlb
Tlbihn
ihnkþe
kþe `nleþm
`nleþmknh
knhmè
mèt`
t` hntkvh,
hntkvh, pl
plrr s`nt
s`ntlr`
lr`ss `nleþmk
`nleþmknls
nls
prlfuntkvl @nleþmknhs
>0
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Trlfuntkvhs
Trlfuntkvhs 8> Rìhnkþe
Rìhnkþe f` ih sup`raknk`
sup`raknk` ètr` ihs hntkvkfhf`s
hntkvkfhf`s `nleþmknhs
`nleþmknhs
Aísknl `sphnkhi Qkvkè

Qkvkèfh
fh 86 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt nuhetk
nuhetktht
thtkvl
kvl f` ih vkvkè
vkvkèfh
fh
80 Fë
Fëak
aknk
nktt nuhi
nuhikt
ktht
htkv
kvll f` iihh vkvk`
vkvkèf
efhh
81 Tlr
Tlrnè
nètho
tho`` f` ih
ih tèèn
tèènkh
kh f`
f` ih vkvkè
vkvkèfh,
fh, pplr
lr tkpl
tkpl
^`rvknkls 83 Tlrnètho`
Tlrnètho` f`
f` plbihnkþe
plbihnkþe nle hn
hnn`sl
n`sl hhii hcuh
hcuh plth
plthbi`
bi` nnle`nthf
le`nthfll h ih r`
r`ff
Tÿbiknls pubiknh
8: Tlrnètho`
Tlrnètho` f`
f` plbihnkþe
plbihnkþe nle hn
hnn`sl
n`sl h ih r`f
r`f pÿbiknh
pÿbiknh f` hinhethrk
hinhethrkiihfl
iihfl
8; Tlrnètho`
Tlrnètho` f` plbihnk
plbihnkþe
þe qqu`
u` fk
fksple`
sple` f` hi hiumbrhfl
umbrhfl ìëntrknl
ìëntrknl nle`nth
nle`nthfl
fl
h ih r`f pÿbiknh
24 Tlr
Tlrnè
nètho
tho`` f` plbihn
plbihnkþe
kþe nle
nle hn
hnn`s
n`sll h tìàle
tìàleíh
íh ` ke
ket`r
t`re`t
e`t
28 Nl
Nles
esum
umll p`r
p`r nèpk
nèpkth
th f` hcu
hcuhh pl
plthb
thbi`
i`
22 Cè
Cè`rhn
`rhnkþe
kþe p`r nèpkth
nèpkth f` hhcuhs
cuhs r`skfu
r`skfuhi`
hi`ss
2> Tlr
Tlrnè
nètho
tho`` ff`` hcuh
hcuhss r`skfu
r`skfuhi`
hi`ss ttrht
rhthfhs
hfhs
@qukphmkètl 26 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Pr
Prbhel
bhels?
s? @
@funh
funhnkþ
nkþee
Prbhel 20 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f`
f` @quk
@qukphm
phmkè
kètls
tls Pr
Prbhel
bhels?
s? ^hi
^hiuf
uf
21 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Prb
Prbhel
hels?
s? R`
R`nr`
nr`hnk
hnkþe
þe Tubikn
Tubiknhh
23 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Prb
Prbhel
hels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ Nlm`r
Nlm`rnkl
nkl
2: Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Prb
Prbhel
hels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ Nuitu
Nuiturhi
rhi
2; Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Prb
Prbhel
hels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ F`plr
F`plrt`
t`
>4 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukph
@qukphmk`
mkètl
etlss Prb
Prbhel
hels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ ^`cur
^`curkfh
kfhff
>8 Fëa
Fëaknk
knktt f` @qukphm
@qukphmkè
kètls
tls Prbhel
Prbhels?
s? Ltr
Ltrls
ls Psls
Psls „ Vrhespl
Vrhesplrt`
rt`
Mlvkikfhf >2 Vk`mp
Vk`mpll Trlm
Trlm`f
`fkl
kl f`
f` Qk
Qkho
ho`s
`s Prb
Prbhe
hels
ls
Prbheh >2 Tlr
Tlrnè
nètho
tho`` f` ih Tlbihnk
Tlbihnkþe
þe qu` ss`` F`s
F`spih
pihzh
zh è M`fkl
M`fklss f` Mlv
Mlvkik
kikfhf
fhf
@aknkèt`s
>> Tlrnètho`
Tlrnètho` f` Kmpi`mèthnk
Kmpi`mèthnkþeþe f` ih Kearh`
Kearh`strun
strunturh
turh f` Mlvkikf
Mlvkikfhf
hf
Prbheh Tihekaknhfh
>6 Tlr
Tlrnè
nètho
tho`` f`
f` Q
Qíhs
íhs Prbhehs
Prbhehs Thvkm`
Thvkmèthethfhs
fhs
Tliítknl C`stkþ
C`stkþee Prbheh
Prbheh >0 Íef
Íefkn`
kn` f` @sau`r
@sau`rzl
zl Aks
Aksnhi
nhi Mue
Mueknk
knkphi
phi
kestktunklehi >1 Íef
Íefkn`
kn` f`
f` @o
@o`nu
`nunkþe
nkþe f` Ke
Kev`r
v`rskl
skle`s
e`s Mue
Mueknk
knkphi
phi`s
`s
>3 Íef
Íefkn`
kn` f`
f` Nh
Nhphnk
phnkfhf
fhf f` @efù
@efùfhm
fhmkè
kètl
tl M
Muek
ueknkp
nkphi
hi
Auèt`? Mheuhi f` @ihblrhnkþe f` Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil urbhel 248:
NPHFRL E´ 2? Kefknhflr`s f` C`stkþe phrh ì TFP

KEFKNHFLR@^ F@ C@^VKÞE THRH TIHE@^ F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL
NLMTLE@EV QHRKHBI@ KEFKNHFLR
@ E´ F@^NRKTNKÞE
Aísknl hmbkèthi Rk`scl
Rk`sclss 48 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` plbihn
plbihnkþe
kþe hs`
hsèth
ethfh
fh è zle
zlehs
hs f` muy hitl
hitl rk`scl
rk`scl
42 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` vkvkè
vkvkèfhs
fhs urbh
urbhehs
ehs hsèt
hsèthfh
hfh è zleh
zlehss f` mu
muyy hitl
hitl rk`
rk`scl
scl
4> Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` `qukphm
`qukphmkè
kètl
tl urbhel
urbhel hsèt
hsèthfh
hfh è zl
zlehs
ehs ff`` muy hitl
hitl rk`s
rk`scl,
cl,
plr tkpl
46 Tlrnètho`
Tlrnètho` f` kearh`s
kearh`struntu
trunturhrh urbheh hsèthfh
hsèthfh è zlehs f` muymuy hitl
hitl rk`scl,
rk`scl,
plr tkpl
Ps
Psls
ls f`
fìi û`
ûìl
il 40 Tl
Tlrn
rnè
èth
tho`
o` f` us
usls
ls fì
fì ssu`
uìl
il ur
urbh
bhel
el,, plr
plr tkpl
tkpl
Prbh
Prbhel
el 41 Tl
Tlrn
rnè
èth
tho`
o` f` pplb
lbih
ihnk
nkþe
þe hs
hsè
èth
thfh
fh è bhrr
bhrrkl
klss ur
urbh
bhel
el mh
mhrc
rcke
kehi
hi`s
`s
^lnklnuiturhi Tlbihnkþ
nkþe 43 Vhs
hshh ff`` nnrr`nkmkètl pl
plbihnklehi prly`nthfh
hfh
>1
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
4: Fèskfhf urbhe
hehh
@nleþmknl Hntkvkfhf`s 4; Rìhnkþ
Rìhnkþee f` ih sup`r
sup`rakn
aknk`
k` ètr`
ètr` ihs
ihs hntkvk
hntkvkfhf
fhf`s
`s `n
`nleþ
leþmknh
mknhss
prlfuntkvl @nleþmknhs
Trlfuntkvhs
Aísknl `sphnkhi Qkvkè
Qkvkèfh
fh 84 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt nuhetk
nuhetktht
thtkvl
kvl f` ih vkvkè
vkvkèfh
fh
88 Fë
Fëak
aknk
nktt nnuh
uhik
ikth
thtk
tkvl
vl f` ih vkv
vkvk`
kèf
efhh
^`rvknkls 82 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` plbihn
plbihnkþe
kþe nle
nle hn
hnn`s
n`sll hi hcuh
hcuh plth
plthbi`
bi` nnle`
le`nthf
nthfll h ih r`f
r`f
Tÿbiknls pubiknh
8> Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` plbihn
plbihnkþe
kþe nle
nle hn
hnn`s
n`sll h ih r`f pÿbi
pÿbiknh
knh ff`` hinheth
hinhethrki
rkiihf
ihfll
86 Tlrnè
Tlrnètho
tho`` f` plbihnk
plbihnkþe
þe qu` fkspl
fksple`
e` f` hiumbr
hiumbrhfl
hfl ìënt
ìëntrkn
rknll nle`nthf
nle`nthfll h ih
r`f pÿbiknh
@qukphmkètl 80 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt ff`` @quk
@qukphm
phmkè
kètls
tls Prb
Prbhels
hels?? @
@funh
funhnkþ
nkþee
Prbhel
81 Fë
Fëak
aknk
nktt f` @q
@quk
ukph
phmk
mkè
ètl
tlss Prbhe
Prbhels
ls?? ^hiuf
^hiuf
83 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @quk
@qukphm
phmkè
kètls
tls Prb
Prbhels
hels?? R`nr`h
R`nr`hnkþ
nkþee Tubikn
Tubiknhh
8: Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @quk
@qukphm
phmkè
kètls
tls Prb
Prbhels
hels?? Ltrls
Ltrls Psls
Psls „ Nlm`rn
Nlm`rnkl
kl
8; Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @qukp
@qukphmk
hmkèt
ètls
ls Prbhel
Prbhels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ Nuit
Nuiturh
urhii
24 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @quk
@qukphm
phmkè
kètls
tls Prb
Prbhels
hels?? Ltrls
Ltrls Psls
Psls „ F`plrt
F`plrt``
28 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @qukp
@qukphmk
hmkèt
ètls
ls Prbhel
Prbhels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ ^`cur
^`curkfh
kfhff
22 Fëaknk
Fëaknktt f` @qukp
@qukphmk
hmkèt
ètls
ls Prbhel
Prbhels?
s? Lt
Ltrls
rls Psls
Psls „ Vrhe
Vrhespl
splrt`
rt`
Mlvkikfhf 2> Vk
Vk`mp
`mpll T
Trl
rlm`
m`fk
fkll f`
f` Qkh
Qkho`
o`ss P
Prb
rbhe
hels
ls
Prbheh 26 Tl
Tlrn
rnè
èth
tho`
o` f` Qíh
Qíhss Prbh
Prbhehs
ehs Thvk
Thvkm`
mèt
ethf
hfhs
hs
Tliítknl C`
C`st
stkþ
kþee P
Prb
rbhe
hehh 20 Íe
Íefk
fkn`
n` f` @o
@o`n
`nun
unkþ
kþee f`
f` Ke
Kev`
v`rs
rskl
kle`
e`ss Mue
Muekn
knkp
kphi
hi`s
`s
kestktunklehi
Auèt`? Mheuhi f` Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel fì Trlcrhmh R`nlestrunnkþe nle Nhmbkls „ MQN^
3.6 Vhii`r`s Th
Thrtknkphtkvls
Ils `vètls phrtknkphtkvls furhet` ì prln`sl f` alrmuihnkþe fì TFP, s` lrchekzhe tèkèfl
è nuèth prkenkphimèt`, ihs phuths alrmuihfhs plr ì Mheuhi phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe f` ils
Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel
h) Kfètkaknhnkþe f` hntlr`s nihv`s qu` ket`rvkèè è ì f`shrrliil fì TFP

@s ih prkm`rh hnnkþe qu` s` r`hikzh ueh v`z keknkhfh ih ìhblrhnkþe fì Tihe. ^` ìhblrhrè ue
fkr`ntlrkl f` hntlr`s nihv`s nihskaknhfl f` hnu`rfl h su ehturhi`zh ` ket`r`s`s r`sp`ntl hi
f`shrrliil è ih prlvkenkh, nlml?
 Hcèt`s `nleþmknls y `mpr`shrkls.

 @mpr`shs y lp`rhrkls qu` prlv`è ils s`rvknkls bèsknls.
 Lrcheksmls f` ih hfmkekstrhnkþe pÿbiknh.
 R`pr`sèthet`s f` lrchekzhnkle`s f` ih nlmuekfhf.
b) Nlevlnhtlrkh y f`shrrliil f` ils `vètls phrtknkphtkvls
>3
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
^` ìhblrhrè ue nrlelcrhmh f` `vètls phrtknkphtkvls phrh nlesuith, phrhiìl y skenrlekzhfl

nle ihs `thphs f` ìhblrhnkþe fì TFP, pr`vkèfl ih r`hikzhnkþe f` ihs skcukèt`s hntkvkfhf`s?
 @ihblrhnkþe y nursl f` kevkthnkle`s è nllrfkehnkþe nle ih MF^

 Trlcrhmhnkþe f` r`qu`rkmkètls ilcístknls
 Lrchekzhnkþe y pr`phrhnkþe fì `vètl
 Nleakrmhnkþe f` hskstèt`s
 Trlcrhmh fì `vètl
 F`shrrliil fì `vètl
 Akrmh fì hnth f` hnu`rfls
 ^kst`mhtkzhnkþe f` nleniuskle`s
@e ì skcukèt` nuhfrl s` pr`sèth ils tkpls f` `vètls qu` cè`rhimèt` sle utkikzhfls è ih
alrmuihnkþe f` Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel- TFP, f`pèfkèfl fì nrlelcrhmh cè`rhi f`
hntkvkfhf`s qu` s` alrmui`?
NPHFRL E¿ 4>? @vètls phrtknkphtkvls? akehikfhf s`cÿe tkpl

Vkpl f` `vètl Akehikfhf
 R`nlc`r y fksnutkr kealrmhnkþe.
 Nlesuithr ihs prlpu`sths plr fkstrktls y hntlr`s
M`shs f` trhbhol y/l nlen`rthnkþe nihv`s.
 Nlesèsuhr ih lpkekþe
 R`vkshr hsp`ntls y prlpu`sths `sp`níaknhs
 Nlevhikfhr ì fkhcelstknl
 Nlestrukr ih vkskþe nlmÿe
Vhii`r`s phrtknkphtkvls
 Nlesuithr ihs prlpu`sths cè`rhi`s
 Nlesuithr ils prlcrhmhs y prly`ntls `sp`níaknls
Auèt`? Mkekst`rkl f` Qkvkèfh Nlestrunnkþe y ^he`hmkètl, 244:
n) Nlevhikfhnkþe fì fkhceþstknl nlmphrtkfl.

Nleskf`rhefl qu` ih ket`rpr`thnkþe f` ils prlbi`mhs fì t`rrktlrkl el `s thr`h `xniuskvh fì
`qukpl tëneknl ènhrchfl f` ih alrmuihnkþe fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel- TFP f` ih
nkufhf f` ^hphiihech7 ì Nleslrnkl prlple` phrtknkphr y nlesuithr h ih nlmuekfhf ihs nkarhs
lbtèkfhs plr ì `qukpl tëneknl y ihs prkm`rhs nleniuskle`s, h ake f` qu` ils s`ntlr`s y
hcèt`s fì t`rrktlrkl fkstrkthi pu`fhe `xpr`shr sus lpkekle`s. @e `st` sètkfl, s` lrchekzhrè ì
prkm`r Vhii`r Thrtknkphtkvl, è nlenlrfhenkh nle ils VFR (Vhii`r`s Thrtknkphtkvls), flef` ì
`qukpl tëneknl r`hikzhrè `xplsknkle`s kealrmhtkvhs y mltkvhflrhs7 plst`rklrmèt`, m`fkhet`
mëtlfls ket`rhntkvls, s` kfètkaknhrèe y prklrkzhrèe ils prkenkphi`s prlbi`mhs qu` pr`sèth ì
fkstrktl.
>:
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
f) Alrmuihnkþe nleoueth f` ils prly`ntls.

Ils prly`ntls sle ils ì`mètls mès kmplrthet`s fì TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL
F@ IH NKP
NKPFH
FHF
F F@ ^H
^HT
THII
HIIHE
HECH
CH y e`n
e`n`sh
`shrkh
rkhmè
mèt`
t` tkè`
tkè` qu` nle
nlestr
strukr
ukrs`
s` nle ih
phrtknkphnkþe f` ih nlmuekfhf, f` il nletrhrkl, el s` tèfríh ì sustètl e`n`shrkl phrh su
alrmuihnkþe, qu` ehnè y s` lrkckehe h phrtkr f` ue lbo`tkvl y m`th nlmÿe.

@s
@st`
t` ò
ò`r
`rnk
nknkl
nkl s` r`hi
r`hikzh
kzhrè
rè è ì s`cu
s`cuef
efll Vhii`
hii`rr Thrt
Thrtkn
knkp
kpht
htkvl
kvl qu`
qu` f`p`
f`pèf
efk`
kèf
efll fì
fì
nrlelc
nrlelcrhm
rhmhh f` hnt
hntkvk
kvkfhf
fhf`s
`s s` r`h
r`hikz
ikzhrè
hrè pr`vkh
pr`vkhmè
mèt`
t` hi kealrm
kealrm`` qu` nlr
nlrr`s
r`sple
plef`
f` y s`
nlestk
nlestktuk
tukrè
rè è ì Vhii`r
hii`r f` Qhikf
hikfhnk
hnkþe
þe y ^ln
^lnkhi
khikzh
kzhnkþ
nkþee f` ihs Tr
Trlpu
lpu`st
`sths
hs fì TIH
TIHE
E F@
F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH
`) Nlesuith p`rmheèt` y skst`mètknh è tlfhs ihs `thphs fì prln`sl

Ihs m`shs f` trhbhol y ils thii`r`s phrtknkphtkvls sle m`nheksmls muy ÿtki`s phrh qu`, è
nhfh `thph f` ih ìhblrhnkþe fì TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@
^HTHIIHE
^HTHIIHECH
CH s` vhyh nlesuithe
nlesuithefl
fl ihs prlp
prlpu`sth
u`sthss `sp`n
`sp`níaknhs
íaknhs.. Il kf`hi `s qu` nhfh
kestrumètl f` c`stkþe t`rrktlrkhi s`h il suaknkèt`mèt` kealrmhfl y nlesuithfl nle ils
fka`rèt`s hntlr`s f` ih nlmuekfhf, h ake f` qu` nuhefl s`h hprlbhfl, ih plbihnkþe s` skèth
kfètkaknhfh nle ì mksml y f`nkfkfh h `xkckr su numpikmkètl è ils pihzls `sthbi`nkfls è
ì Tihe.
3.0 Ahs` f` Nlesuith Tÿbiknh

Nhfh uel f` ils mlmètls fks`øhfls è ih nlesuith pÿbiknh, `sp`nkhimèt` ih `xjkbknkþe y ih
hufkènkh pÿbiknh, f`b`rèe r`splef`r h ueh `strht`ckh fkrkckfh h kenètkvhr ueh phrtknkphnkþe
kea
kealrm
lrmhfh
hfh,, nle
nlesk`
skèt`
et` y nle
nlesth
sthet`
et` the
thetl
tl f` ih nlm
nlmuek
uekfhf
fhf,, nlm
nlmll f` ils f`m
f`mès
ès hnt
hntlr`
lr`ss
kfètkaknhfls è nhfh uel f` ils t`rrktlrkls. Tlr `sth rhzþe, m`tlfliþcknhmèt` s` prlple`
f`shrrliihr fls iíe`hs f` trhbhol phrhiìhs? iíe`h f` p`fhclcíh y iíe`h f` nlmueknhnkle`s.
>;
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Crèaknl E´ 3? Trlpu`sth m`tlfliþcknh „ Nlesuith pÿbiknh
Auèt`? @qukpl tëneknl fì TFP f` ^hphiihech
Iíe`h f` p`fhclcíh? nle ì lbo`tkvl f` nuhikaknhr ì prln`sl phrtknkphtkvl f` ih nlmuekfhf y

ils hntlr`s, `s e`n`shrkl qu` ihs p`rslehs nuètè nle j`rrhmkèths y nlelnkmkètls qu` i`s
p`rmkthe tlmhr f`nkskle`s y phrtknkphr nrítknhmèt` è ì prln`sl. Thrh ìil, ì nlesuitlr
vìhrè plr f`shrrliihr pk`zhs f` nlmueknhnkþe y/l `sphnkls f` ènuètrl phrh slnkhikzhr ihs
prlpu`sths fì `stufkl
`stufkl è nhfh t`rrktlrkl.
Iíe`h f` nlmueknhnkle`s? ì nlesuitlr prlplefrè ueh `strht`ckh f` nlmueknhnkþe, flef` s`

`sthbi`znhe ils m`fkls f` nlmueknhnkþe mès hprlpkhfls phrh ii`chr h ih plbihnkþe lbo`tkvl
nle ì ake f` kealrmhr slbr` ì prln`sl y ils `sphnkls f` phrtknkphnkþe hbk`rtls h ih
nlmuekfhf.
Fknjhs iíe`hs s` kmpi`mèthrèe hrtknuihfhmèt` furhet` ì f`shrrliil f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s

rìhnklehfhs nle ih `xjkbknkþe f` ihs prlpu`sths fì TFP y ih hufkènkh pÿbiknh, thi y nlml
s` pr`sèt` h nletkeuhnkþe.
@e nlenlrfhenkh nle ì RHVFP^, ì pihzl phrh ih nlesuith pÿbiknh fì TFP `s f` 60 fíhs
nhièfhrkl, f` hnu`rfl hi prln`fkmkètl skcukèt`?
@xjkbknkþe
64
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Ih hntkvkfhf f` `xjkbknkþe tkè` nlml lbo`tkvl prkenkphi fhr h nleln`r, mhskvhmèt`, ihs
prlpu`sths fì `stufkl è nhfh uekfhf t`rrktlrkhi. Thrh fhr numpikmkètl h il het`rklr, s`
suck`r` ì f`shrrliil f` ueh `strht`ckh f` nlmueknhnkþe qu` s`rvkrè phrh slnkhikzhr ihs
prlpu`sths, r`splef`r
r`splef`r kequk`tuf`s y pr`phrh
pr`phrhrr h ih nlmuekfhf phrh ih hufkènkh
hufkènkh pÿbiknh.
Thrh ihs hntkvkfhf`s f` `xjkbknkþe s` r`nlmkèfh?

 Fks`øl f` mèsho`s nihv` y pk`zhs crèaknhs nle kealrmhnkþe f` ihs prlpu`sths.
 Trlfunnkþe f` mht`rkhi p`fhcþcknl
 Thrh `sthbi`n`r ils iuchr`s f` `xjkbknkþe, s` f`b`rè kfètkaknhr sktkls nihv` è ihs
nlmuekfhf`s thi`s nlml? ì Clbk`rel mueknkphi, pihzhs, ètkfhf`s cub`rehmèthi`s, `tn.
 C`stkþe f` `sphnkls f` slnkhikzhnkþe nle fka`rèt`s hntlr`s.
 Trlmlnkþe f` ils m`nheksmls phrh ì i`vhethmkètl f` ihs lbs`rvhnkle`s
Ih Mueknkphikfhf Trlvkenkhi `xjkb` ih prlpu`sth fì TFP è sus ilnhi`s y è su pèckeh w`b,
hsí nlml è ils ilnhi`s f` ihs Mueknkphikfhf`s Fkstrkthi`s f` su ourksfknnkþe, furhet` tr`keth
(>4) fíhs nhièfhrkl.
Thrhiìhmèt`, r`mkt` ih nkthfh prlpu`sth hi MQN^ y hi Clbk`rel R`cklehi, nlrr`splefkèt`

h ake qu`, f` nleskf`rhril p`rtkeèt`, `mkthe sus lpkekle`s tëneknhs sustèthfhs fètrl fì
pihzl f` tr`keth (>4) fíhs nhièfhrkl y fètrl fì mhrnl ff`` sus nlmp`tènkhs.
Hufkènkh pÿbiknh
Ih hufkènkh pÿbiknh `s nlen`bkfh nlml ue `sphnkl f` slnkhikzhnkþe y phrtknkphnkþe qu` s`
r`hikzhrè è ì Clbk`rel mueknkphi, nle ì ake f` `xple`r ihs prlpu`sths fì `stufkl,
r`splef`r kequk`tuf`s y ahnkikthr ì fkèilcl nle ils nkufhfhels phrh `snunjhr ` ket`rnhmbkhr
puetls f` vksth f` fka`rèt`s
fka`rèt`s crupls y f` ihs hutlrkfhf`s
hutlrkfhf`s pÿbiknhs.
Fknjhs hufkènkhs f`b`rèe tè`r è nuèth?
8. Ih nkufh
nkufhfheíh
fheíh y sus llrche
rchekzhnkl
kzhnkle`s
e`s sl
slnkhi`s
nkhi`s ff`bè
`bè nlev
nlevlnhrs
lnhrs`` plr fka`
fka`rèt`
rèt`ss m`fkls
f` nlmueknhnkþe nle hetknkphnkþe suaknkèt`.
2. ^` f`b
f`b`` prlml
prlmlv`r
v`r pr`v
pr`vkhmèt
khmèt`,
`, furh
furhet`
et` ih `thp
`thphh f` `xjkb
`xjkbknkþe
knkþe,, ih pr`ph
pr`phrhnkþe
rhnkþe f` ils
plskbi`s hskstèt`s phrh su phrtknkphnkþe, h trhvës f` mht`rkhi `funhtkvl l mlmètls
f` fkèilcl het`s f` `st` `vètl.
>. Ih m`tl
m`tlfli
flilcí
lcíhh f`b` tè`r nlm
nlmll prklr
prklrkfh
kfhff ih pr`
pr`sè
sèthn
thnkþe
kþe f` ihs prlpu
prlpu`st
`sths
hs y ì
fkèilc
fkèilcll èt
ètr`
r` ih nku
nkufhf
fhfheí
heíh,
h, lrche
lrchekzh
kzhnkl
nkle`s
e`s y ih hfm
hfmkek
kekstr
strhnkþ
hnkþee pÿb
pÿbiknh
iknh77 `sth
`sth
68
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
m`tlflilcíh pu`f` s`r m`shs t`mètknhs flef` ih fksnuskþe s` lrkèt` h trhvës f`

pr`cueths cè`rhflrhs.
cè`rhflrhs.
6. Ils hs
hskstè
kstèt`s
t`s f`b
f`bè
è `vh
`vhiuhr
iuhr ih hhufkè
ufkènkh
nkh è al
alrmhtls
rmhtls fks`ø
fks`øhfls
hfls ph
phrh
rh thi ak
ake.
e.
@e nlenlrfhenkh nle ì RHVFP^ y ì Mheuhi f` ìhblrhnkþe f` ils TFP vkcèt`, ih

hufkènkh pÿbiknh s` r`hikzhrè furhet` ì pihzl f` `xjkbknkþe fì TFP 7 `s f`nkr
f`nkr,, fètrl fì
nkthfl pihzl f` tr`keth (>4) fíhs nhièfhrkl, flef` s` `xplefrè slbr` ì nletèkfl tëneknl f`
ih prlpu`sth fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil
F`shrrliil Prbhel -TFP
-TFP f` ih nkufhf f` ^hphiihech nlevlnhefl
nlevlnhefl
prkenkphimèt` h ils r`pr`sèthet`s f` ils lrcheksmls kevliunrhfls fì Clbk`rel Ehnklehi,
R`cklehi y Fkstrkthi, hsí nlml h ihs uekv`rskfhf`s, lrchekzhnkle`s f` ih slnk`fhf nkvki `
kestktunkle`s r`pr`sèthtkvhs fì s`ntlr `mpr`shrkhi, prla`sklehi y ihblrhi f` ih ourksfknnkþe.
I`vhethmkètl f` lbs`rvhnkle`s
Thrh `st` ake s` fks`øhrè ue skst`mh f` kealrmhnkþe qu` p`rmhe`n`rè hntkvl h phrtkr f` ih
`thph f` `xjkbknkþe (nlestktukfh furhet` >4 fíhs nhièfhrkl) y qu` s`rè ueh j`rrhmkèth qu`
p`rmkth r`nkbkr lbs`rvhnkle`s p`rmheèt`mèt`, f` mhe`rh ì`ntrþeknh y `snrkth, h il ihrcl
f`
fìi prln
prln`s
`sl.
l. Hi
Hicu
cueh
ehss f` ihs j`rr
j`rrhm
hmkè
kèth
thss prlp
prlpu`
u`st
sths
hs phrh
phrh hikm
hikmè
èth
thrr ì sk
skst
st`m
`mhh f`
kealrmhnkþe
kealrmhnkþe pu`fè s`r? nlrr`l
nlrr`l ì`nt
ì`ntrþeknl
rþeknl,, buzle
buzle`s
`s ubknh
ubknhfls
fls è ì Clbk`
Clbk`rel
rel mueknkphi y
alrmhtls kmpr`sls qu` pu`fè s`r fkstrkbukfls plr iíf`r`s ilnhi`s y r`nkbkfls è ihs laknkehs
fì prly`ntl.
@e nlenlrfhenkh nle ì RHVFP^, iu`cl f` ih hufkènkh ì `qukpl tëneknl tkè` quken` (80)
fíhss nhi
fíh nhièf
èfhrk
hrkll phr
phrhh `vh
`vhiuh
iuhrr sk ken
keniuy
iuy`` l f`s
f`s`st
`stkmh
kmh lbs
lbs`rv
`rvhnk
hnkle`
le`s,
s, y/l hpl
hplrt`
rt`ss h ihs
prlpu`sths fì TFP.
TFP.
F` hnu`rfl h ils VFR, iu`cl s` pr`sèthrè ih v`rskþe akehi fì TFP, ì nuhi nletèfrè ih
keniuskþe f` ihs lbs`rvhnkle`s y r`nlmèfhnkle`s hnlckfhs y ih `fknkþe akehi f` mhphs,
pihels, t`xtls y f`mès ì`mètls qu` nlealrmè ì TFP.
R`ckstrl f` ih Kealrmhnkþe Vëneknh
@e nlenlrfhenkh nle ì ’Mheuhi phrh ih ìhblrhnkþe f` Tihe`s f` F`shrrliil Prbhel”, s`

r`hikz
r`hikzhrè
hrèee ihs thr`hs
thr`hs f` cè
cè`rh
`rhnkþ
nkþee f` ih kea
kealr
lrmhn
mhnkþe
kþe c`l
c`l`sp
`sphnk
hnkhi
hi y ih r`p
r`pr`s
r`sèt
èthnk
hnkþe
þe
62
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
nhrtlcrèaknh phrh ils r`suithfls fì Tihe qu` nleii`vè h ih auturh keniuskþe è ih pihthalrmh
w`b kestktunklehi.
@sths `sp`nkaknhnkle`s tëneknhs s` nlet`mpihe f`sf` ih ahs` f` hnlpkl f` ih kealrmhnkþe

c`l`sp
c`l`sphnk
hnkhi7
hi7 nle
nletke
tkeuhe
uhefl
fl plr ihs `th
`thphs
phs f` trhthm
trhthmkè
kètl,
tl, hnl
hnlefk
efknkl
nklehm
ehmkèt
kètl,
l, heè
heèiks
iksks,
ks,
mlfìhmkètl y r`pr`sèthnkþe f` fhtls y s` f`shrrliihrèe è ihs @thphs fì Fkhceþstknl fì
Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel 2424 „ 242;.
Furhet` ì prln`sl f` ìhblrhnkþe fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel -TFP f` ih nkufhf f`

^hphiihech s` f`shrrliihrè ih `thph f` hnlpkl l r`nlpkihnkþe f` kealrmhnkþe7 hnlmphøhefl h
ih kea
kealrm
lrmhnk
hnkþe
þe `sp
`sphnk
hnkhi
hi y el `sp
`sphnk
hnkhi,
hi, ueh br`
br`v`
v` f`s
f`snrk
nrkpnk
pnkþe
þe f` ihs au`
auèt`
et`ss `xh
`xhnth
nthss
(kestktunkþe y a`njh), h ake f` mhetè`r ì r`ckstrl f` ih kealrmhnkþe è ueh iíe`h f` tk`mpl.
Hsí thmbkëe s` nleskf`rhrè qu` tlfhs ihs nhphs f` kealrmhnkþe c`lcrèaknh himhnèhfhs
f`bè utkikzhr ì Fhtum Laknkhi? SC^ :6 y sk hicuehs f` ihs nhphs kesuml (prlvèkèt` f`
kealrmhnkþe s`nuefhrkh) nuèth nle ltrl skst`mh f` rà`rènkh s` r`hikzhrè ih r`prly`nnkþe
qu` nlrr`splefh (rà`rènkhi nle ils slatwhr`s fksplekbi`s è m`rnhfl).
Hsí mksml, ih lrchekzhnkþe y `strunturh f` ils fhtls s` r`hikzhrè è bhs` hi PBKC@L y/l hi
Kfètkaknhflr f` ih prlvkenkh s`cÿe fhtls fì KE@K, nhsls `xn`pnklehi`s s` ushrè hf`mès ì
nþfkcl fì nètrl plbihfl.
@i Nleslrnkl fksplefrè il e`n`shrkl h su `qukpl tëneknl phrh r`sp`thr tlfhs ihs phuths
cè`rhi`s y `sp`níaknhs qu` s`øhih ì Mheuhi, h ake f` ètr`chr ils hrnjkvls fkckthi`s f` ils
fhtls c`lcrèaknls nletèkèfl ih prly`nnkþe nlrr`nth s`cÿe su zleh f` ket`rvènkþe y

`stufkl7 r`splefkèfl h ih `xkcènkh s`cÿe VFR f` r`ckstrhr ih kealrmhnkþe nlrr`splefkèt`
h ih `strunturh f` fhtls `sphnkhi`s phrh ì skst`mh f` kealrmhnkþe c`lcrèaknh qu` s`rè
prlplrnklehfh plr ih Mueknkphikfhf
Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hp
^hphiihech
hiihech .
H nletkeuhnkþe, s` pr`sèth ì `squ`mh m`tlfliþcknl f` alrmuihnkþe fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil

Prbhel (TFP) f` ih nkufhf f` ^hphiihech 2424 „ 242;?
6>
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
Crhaknl E´ :? @squ`mh M`tlfliþcknl f` ih Alrmuihnkþe fì TFP
66
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
:. R`nlpkihn
R`nlpkihnkþe
kþe y ^kst`mhtkzhnkþ
^kst`mhtkzhnkþe
e f` Kealrmhnkþe
Kealrmhnkþe
@sth `thph nlmprèf` ih kfètkaknhnkþe, r`nlpkihnkþe y r`vkskþe f` ih kealrmhnkþe `xkstèt`,

rà`rkfh h ihs vhrkhbi`s, s`cÿe ekvì f` zlekaknhnkþe.
Thrh à`ntls f` nlethr nle ih kealrmhnkþe aísknh, slnkl „`nleþmknh, hmbkèthi fì èmbktl f`
ket`rvènkþe s` `stè r`nlpkihefl ih kealrmhnkþe r`sp`ntkvh f` ihs ètkfhf`s nlml sle
Muekn
Mu eknkph
kphikf
ikfhf
hf Fks
Fkstrk
trkthi
thi f` ^hp
^hphii
hiihec
hechh èt
ètr`
r` ltrhs
ltrhs èt
ètkfh
kfhf`s
f`s nle
nleskf
skf`rh
`rhefl
efl ihs èr`
èr`hs
hs f`
keaiuènkh kem`fkhth.
Hf`mès, è `sth `thph s` `stè r`hikzhefl ì prln`shmkètl f` ih kealrmhnkþe f` ils fhtls

crèaknls, mhphs, t`xtls y `sthfístknhs `st` skst`mh p`rmktkrè ih ket`rnle`xkþe kesthetèe`h
ètr` ils fka`rèt`s f`sphnjls ` kesthenkhs mueknkphi`s f` ih r`hikfhf Prbheh fì èmbktl f`
ket`rvènkþe y/l `stufkl.
@s pr`nksl s`øhihr qu` ih skst`mhtkzhnkþe f` ih kealrmhnkþe, nlestktuy` è crhe phrt` ì

fkhceþstknl f` ih r`hikfhf Prbheh, yh qu` ih kealrmhnkþe qu` `sth prlplrnklehrè ràiòh
puetls kmplrthet`s f` ils puetls prlpu`stls è ih m`tlflilcíh y `squ`mh f` pr`sèthnkþe
fì Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel (TFP) f` ih Nkufhf f` ^hphiihech, skèfl prln`shfhs s`cÿe
ì nrlelcrhmh plr phrt` f` ih nlesuitlrh.
F` kcuhi mhe`rh, ih r`nlpkihnkþe f` kealrmhnkþe f` auèt` s`nuefhrkh `xkstèt` slbr` ì

fkstr
kstrkt
ktl,
l, qu
qu`` s`rè
s`rè lr
lrf`
fèh
ehfh
fh y skst
skst`m
`mht
htkz
kzhf
hfh.
h. Vhm
hmbk
bkëe
ëe s` r`
r`hi
hikz
kzhr
hrèe
èe hnnk
hnnkle
le`s
`s f`
r`nlelnkmkètl fì t`rrktlrkl, qu` p`rmktkrè ue nlelnkmkètl lbo`tkvl f` ih r`hikfhf .
60
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
;. @qukpl
@qukpl Vëneknl
Vëneknl ` kestrumèth
kestrumèthikzh
ikzhnkþe
nkþe utkikzhfh
utkikzhfh
;.8 T`rslehi
Thrh ih kmpi`mèthnkþe y numpikmkètl fì Tihe f` Vrhbhol s` tèfrè è nuèth qu` ils
phrtknkphet`s sle p`rslehs kfþe`hs
kfþe`hs è ihs èr`hs hskcehfhs, hs`curhefl
hs`curhefl f` `sth mhe`rh ì buè
auenklehmkètl y ih þptkmh r`hikzhnkþe f` ils trhbhols y flnumètls furhet` ih ò`nunkþe fì
prly`ntl. Ih kfle`kfhf s` `sthbi`n` nle ì numpikmkètl fì p`raki `sthbi`nkfl è ils
Vërmkels f` Rà`rènkh. Ils ket`crhet`s fì prly`ntl sle r`spleshbi`s f` f`shrrliihr ihs
hntkvkfhf`s `sthbi`nkfhs è ì prly`ntl, su ò`nunkþe s`rè nletrlihfh plr ì Oà` f` Trly`ntl
y, h ekvì f` nhfh prln`sl, plr ì r`spleshbi` fkr`ntl fì mksml.
@i `qukpl tëneknl il nlealrmh ue Oà` f` prly`ntl, prla`sklehi`s `sp`nkhiksths, prla`sklehi`s

hskstèt`s y p`rslehi f` hplyl. @qukpl qu` jh skfl hskcehfl s`cÿe VFR nuyh nhikaknhnkþe y
`xp`rkènkh prla`sklehi hf jln jh skfl vhikfhfh plr ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech

furhet` ì prln`sl f` nletrhthnkþe pÿbiknh `sp`nkhi.
^` trhth f` ue `qukpl muitkfksnkpikehrkl qu` pu`fh hehikzhr ì t`rrktlrkl y ih nkufhf è nhfh

uel f` sus nlmpleèt`s? aísknl - `sphnkhi, `nleþmknl, slnkhi, hmbkèthi, f` rk`scls `
kestktunklehi. H nletkeuhnkþe, s` sket`tkzh ihs auenkle`s cè`rhi`s fì `qukpl tëneknl plr
`sp`nkhikfhf.
Nuhfrl E´ 6? @qukpl Vëneknl TFP

Elmbr` Auenkþe
Mh. ^n. Hrq. Bèkcel Ekel ^ltl Nhbìil Oà` fì Trly`ntl
Hrq. Arhez I. Qkfhi Fíhz Tihekaknhflr Prbhel
@nle. Piks`s Nhstrl Hrrlyl Tihekaknhflr @nlelmksth
^ln. Nhrils Rlihefl ^ltl _hbhih Tihekaknhflr ^lnkhi
Kec. C`lc. Hucustl Qíntlr Vlmhstl Bhrr`rh @sp`nkhiksth è C`stkþe f` Rk`scls f`
F`shstr`s
O@A@ F@ TRL[@NVL
ALRMHNKLE HNHF@MKNH
 Hrqukt`ntl tktuihfl, nli`ckhfl y jhbkikthfl f`bkfhmèt` hnr`fkthfl nle nlpkh skmpi`
fì títuil prla`sklehi.
 @stufkls nleniukfls è Mh`stríh è Prbheksml.
61
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
@ZT@RK@ENKH
@xp`rkènkh ihblrhi nlml? Oà` f` Trly`ntl7 @xp`rkènkh míekmh f` 1 høls, è ils
ÿitkmls 80 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f` prlpu`sth, nlml Nlesuitlr l Oà` f` Trly`ntl, è
r`hikzhnkþe f` nlesuitlríhs skmkihr`s f` Tihe`s Prbhels (Tihe f` F`shrrliil Prbhel, Tihe
Prbhel Fkstrkthi, Tihe @sp`níaknl, @squ`mhs f` Lrfèhmkètl Prbhel), fètrl fì mhrnl
fì F^ E¿ 423-244>-QKQK@EFH, F^ E¿ 446-2488-QKQK@EFH y F^ E¿ 422-2481-
QKQK@EFH, è ì èmbktl Ehnklehi.
NHTHNKVHNKLE
 Nhphnk
Nhphnkthn
thnkþe
kþe `stuf
`stufkls
kls f` `sp
`sp`nk
`nkhikz
hikzhnk
hnkþe
þe l fkp
fkpilm
ilmhfl
hfl è ils skc
skcuk`
ukèt`
et`ss nur
nursls
sls,,
Tihe
Tihe`h
`hmk
mkè
ètl
tl y c`st
c`stkþ
kþee ur
urbh
bheh
eh,, Lr
Lrf`
fèh
ehmk
mkè
ètl
tl t`rr
t`rrkt
ktlr
lrkh
khii y f`sh
f`shrr
rrli
liil
il ilnh
ilnhii y
Jhbkikthnkle`s urbhehs, nle ue tk`mpl mhylr h 824 jlrhs i`ntkvhs sumhfhs tlfls ils
`stufkls f` `sp`nkhikzhnkþe sliknkthfls, nle ueh vkcènkh f` 84 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f`
prlpu`sths
TIHEKAKNHFLR PRBHEL
ALRMHNKLE HNHF@MKNH
 Hrqukt`ntl tktuihfl, nli`ckhfl y jhbkikthfl f`bkfhmèt` hnr`fkthfl nle nlpkh skmpi`
@ZT@RK@ENKH
 @xp`rkènkh ihblrhi nlml Tihekaknhflr Prbhel? @xp`rkènkh míekmh f` 42 høls è ue
p`rklfl f` ils ÿitkmls 84 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f` prlpu`sth, è r`hikzhnkþe f`
nlesui
nlesuitlr
tlríhs
íhs skm
skmkih
kihr`s
r`s f` Tih
Tihe`s
e`s Prb
Prbhel
helss (Ti
(Tihe
he f` F`s
F`shrr
hrrlii
liill Prb
Prbhel
hel,, Tih
Tihee Prb
Prbhel
hel
Fkstrkthi, Tihe @sp`níaknl, @squ`mhs f` Lrfèhmkètl Prbhel), fètrl fì mhrnl fì F^
E¿ 423-244>-QKQK@EFH, F^ E¿ 446-2488-QKQK@EFH
446-2488-QKQK@EFH y F^ E¿ 422-2481-QKQ
422-2481-QKQK@EFH,
K@EFH,
è ì èmbktl Ehnklehi.
NHTHNKVHNKLE
 Nhphnk
Nhphnkthn
thnkþe
kþe `stuf
`stufkls
kls f` `sp
`sp`nk
`nkhikz
hikzhnk
hnkþe
þe l fkp
fkpilm
ilmhfl
hfl è ils skc
skcuk`
ukèt`
et`ss nur
nursls
sls,,
^he`hmkètl aísknl i`chi, Tihe`hmkètl y Fks`øl V`rrktlrkhi, Lrfèhmkètl V`rrktlrkhi,
@xp`fkèt`s phrh nhmbkls f` zlekaknhnkþe y usls f` suìl, @sp`nkhikzhnkþe Vëneknl
nhthstrhi fì skst`mh Ehnklehi f` Kealrmhnkþe Nhthstrhi pr`fkhi „ ÊNT y Kef`pèfkzhnkþe
f` pr`fkls rurhi`s y jhbkikthnkle`s Prbhehs, nle ue tk`mpl mhylr h 824 jlrhs i`ntkvhs
sumhfhs tlfls ils `stufkls f` `sp`nkhikzhnkþe sliknkthfls, nle ueh vkcènkh f` 84 høls h
ih pr`sèthnkþe f` prlpu`sths.
TIHEKAKNHFLR @NLELMK^VH
63
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
ALRMHNKLE HNHF@MKNH
 @nlelmksth tktuihfl, nli`ckhfl y jhbkikthfl f`bkfhmèt` hnr`fkthfl nle nlpkh skmpi`
@ZT@RK@ENKH
 @xp`rkènk
@xp`rkènkhh ihblr
ihblrhi
hi nlml @nlel
@nlelmksth
mksth Tiheka
Tihekaknhfl
knhflrr y/l @nlel
@nlelmksth
mksth?? @xp`r
@xp`rkènkh
kènkh
míekmhh f` 48 høl è ue p`rklfl nlml mèxkml f` ils ÿitkmls 84 høls h ih pr`s
míekm pr`sèthnk
èthnkþe
þe
f` prl
prlpu`
pu`sth
sth,, è r`h
r`hikz
ikzhnk
hnkþe
þe f` nle
nlesui
suitlr
tlríhs
íhs skm
skmkihr
kihr`s
`s f` Tih
Tihe`s
e`s Prb
Prbhel
helss (Ti
(Tihe
he f`
F`shrrliil Prbhel, Tihe Prbhel Fkstrkthi, Tihe @sp`níaknl, @squ`mhs f` Lrfèhmkètl
Pr
Prbh
bhel
el),
), fèt
fètrl
rl fì
fì mh
mhrn
rnll fì
fì F^ E¿ 42
423-
3-24
244>
4>-Q
-QKQ
KQK@
K@EF
EFH,
H, F^ E¿ 44
446-
6-24
24888-
QKQK@EFH y F^ E¿ 422-2481-QKQK@EFH, è ì èmbktl Ehnklehi.
NHTHNKVHNKLE
 Nhphnk
Nhphnkthn
thnkþe
kþe `stuf
`stufkls
kls f` `sp
`sp`nk
`nkhikz
hikzhnk
hnkþe
þe l fkp
fkpilm
ilmhfl
hfl è ils skc
skcuk`
ukèt`
et`ss nur
nursls
sls,,
F`b`rè tè`r `stufkls f` `sp`nkhikzhnkþe l fkpilmhfl è ils skcukèt`s nursls, Trly`ntls
f` Kev`rskþe Tÿbiknh, nle ue tk`mpl mhylr h 844 jlrhs i`ntkvhs sumhfhs tlfls ils

prlpu`sths.
TIHEKAKNHFLR ^LNKHI
ALRMHNKLE HNHF@MKNH
 ^lnkþilcl y/l Vrhbhohflr ^lnkhi, nli`ckhfl y jhbkikthfl f`bkfhmèt` hnr`fkthfl nle
nlpkh skmpi` fì títuil prla`sklehi.
@ZT@RK@ENKH
 @xp`rkènkh ihblrhi nlml Tihekaknhflr ^lnkhi y/l ^lnkþilcl? @xp`rkènkh míekmh f`
48 høl, è ue p`rklfl nlml mèxkml f` ils ÿitkmls 84 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f`
prlpu`sth, è r`hikzhnkþe f` nlesuitlríhs skmkihr`s f` Tihe`s Prbhels (Tihe f` F`shrrliil

Prbhel, Tihe Prbhel Fkstrkthi, Tihe @sp`níaknl, @squ`mhs f` Lrfèhmkètl Prbhel),
fètrl fì mhrnl fì F^ E¿ 423-244>-QKQK@EFH, F^ E¿ 446-2488-QKQK@EFH y F^ E¿
422-2481-QKQK@EFH,
422-2481-QKQK@EFH, è ì èmbktl Ehnklehi.
NHTHNKVHNKLE
 Nhphnkthnkþ
Nhphnkthnkþee `stuf
`stufkls
kls f` `sp`
`sp`nkhikz
nkhikzhnkþe
hnkþe l fkpil
fkpilmhfl
mhfl è ils skcukèt`
skcukèt`ss nursl
nursls?
s?
Ahnkikthflr`s ^lnkhi`s y Tihe`hmkètl y Fks`øl V`rrktlrkhi, nle ue tk`mpl mhylr h 844
jlrhs i`ntkvhs sumhfhs tlfls ils `stufkls f` `sp`nkhikzhnkþe sliknkthfls, nle ueh vkcènkh
f` 84 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f` prlpu`sths.
6:
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
KEC@
KEC@EK@R
EK@RL
L HMBK
HMBK@EV
@EVHI
HI @^T@
@^T@NKHI
NKHIK^V
K^VH
H @E C@^V
C@^VKÞE
KÞE F@ RK@
RK@^CL^
^CL^ F@
F@^H^VR@^
ALRMHNKLE HNHF@MKNH
 Kec`
Kecèk
ek`r
`rll Hm
Hmbk
bkè
èth
thii l Kec`
Kecèk
ek`r
`rll C`
C`þc
þcrh
rhal
al tktui
tktuihf
hfl,
l, nli`c
nli`ckhf
khfll y jhbk
jhbkikt
ikthf
hfll
f`bkfhmèt` hnr`fkthfl nle nlpkh skmpi` fì títuil prla`sklehi.
@ZT@RK@ENKH
 @xp`rkènkh ihblrhi nlml Tihekaknhflr Prbhel? @xp`rkènkh míekmh f` 8.0 høls è
ue p`rklfl f` ils ÿitkmls 84 høls h ih pr`sèthnkþe f` prlpu`sth è r`hikzhnkþe f`
nlesui
nlesuitlr
tlríhs
íhs skm
skmkih
kihr`s
r`s f` Tih
Tihe`s
e`s Prb
Prbhel
helss (Ti
(Tihe
he f` F`s
F`shrr
hrrlii
liill Prb
Prbhel
hel,, Tih
Tihee Prb
Prbhel
hel
Fkstrkthi, Tihe @sp`níaknl, @squ`mhs f` Lrfèhmkètl Prbhel), fètrl fì mhrnl fì F^
E¿ 423-244>-QKQK@EFH, F^ E¿ 446-2488-QKQK@EFH
446-2488-QKQK@EFH y F^ E¿ 422-2481-QKQ
422-2481-QKQK@EFH,
K@EFH,
è ì èmbktl Ehnklehi.
NHTHNKVHNKLE
 Nhphnkthnkþ
Nhphnkthnkþee `stuf
`stufkls
kls f` `sp`
`sp`nkhikz
nkhikzhnkþe
hnkþe l fkpil
fkpilmhfl
mhfl è ils skcukèt`
skcukèt`ss nursl
nursls?
s?
@ihblrhnkþe y @vhiuhnkþe f` @stufkl f` Kmphntl Hmbkèthi, Lrfèhmkètl V`rrktlrkhi,

^kst`mh f` Kealrmhnkþe C`lcrèaknh, Mheòl y C`stkþe Ket`crhi f` R`skfuls ^þikfls y
Nles`rvhnkþe fì Hmbkèt`, nle ue tk`mpl mhylr h 844 jlrhs i`ntkvhs sumhfhs tlfls ils
prlpu`sths.
;.2 Kearh`strunturh
@i `qukpl tëneknl nlealrmhfl plr prla`sklehi`s f` ihs fka`rèt`s `sp`nkhikfhf`s s`cÿe ils
tërmkels fì nletrhtl fksplefrè, h keknkhtkvh fì Nleslrnkl, f` ueh s`f` f` trhbhol è ih
Nkufhf f` @i Vhmbl - Juhenhyl flef` s` nlenètrh ihs hntkvkfhf`s fì `qukpl ènhrchfl f`
ih Fkr`nnkþe fì Trly`ntl, èihn` nle ihs èr`hs f` trhbhol flef` s` ìhblrhe ils `stufkls y s`
nllrfkehrè ihs thr`hs f` hnu`rfl h ihs ahs`s f` ò`nunkþe fì TFP.
@i p`r
p`rsle
slehi
hi prl
prla`s
a`skle
klehi
hi qu` nle
nlealr
alrmh
mh ì `qu
`qukpl
kpl Vën
Vënekn
eknll p`r
p`rmhe
mhe`n`
`n`rè
rè è ils èmb
èmbktl
ktlss
prklrkzhfls f` ket`rvènkþe furhet` ih ò`nunkþe f` ih ìhblrhnkþe f` IL^ @^VPFKL^,
nlml míekml è ils mlmètls nihv`s f` ih ò`nunkþe f` ils `stufkls, s` ètkèf` nlml
mlmètls nihv`s?
 Ils r`nlelnkmkètls fì èmbktl f` `stufkl

 Ils thii`r`s phrtknkphtkvls
 Ils alnus crlup
6;
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
 Ils mlmètls è qu` ih mueknkphikfhf nr`h plr nlevèkèt` qu` ì `qukpl tëneknl
`xplech ils hvhen`s fì trhbhol qu` s` r`hiknè (plr ò`mpil, nuhefl s` r`ÿehe ì
Hinhif`, ûp`rvkslr, R`ckflr`s y Nlmktë f` C`stkþe fì TFP).
 Ih Hufkènkh Tubiknh
F` hnu`rfl hi f`shrrliil f` ihs thr`hs `sp`níaknhs s` prlcrhmhrèe ihs vkskths f` nhmpl y ì

trhb
trhbho
holl è chbk
chbke`
e`t`
t` f` thi
thi mh
mhe`
e`rh
rh qu`
qu` ils
ils r`nu
r`nurs
rsls
ls f` ml
mlvk
vkikf
ikfhf
hf y tr trhe
hesp
splr
lrt`
t` s`he
s`he
c`stklehfls lplrtuehmèt`.
Ihs èr`hs f` trhbhol `sthrèe `qukphfhs nle mlbkikhrkl y `qukpl, ì`mètls e`n`shrkls phrh ì
f`shrrliil fì mksml nlml m`sh f` rùekle`s, `snrktlrkl y `qukpl kealrmètknl7 tlfl è
auen
auenkþ
kþee f`
fìi eÿm`
eÿm`rl
rl f` ket`
ket`cr
crhe
het`s
t`s f`sh
f`shrr
rrli
liih
ihef
efll thr`
thr`hs
hs y ih
ihss nhrh
nhrhnt
nt`r
`rís
ístkn
tknhs
hs f` ils
ils
flnumètls qu` s` prlfunkrèe s`cÿe ètr`chbi`s f` ils `stufkls.
Hsí mksml, s` brkefhrè ihs ahnkikfhf`s hi ûp`rvkslr Vëneknl f`skcehfl plr ih Mueknkphikfhf
Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech phrh ì nlrr`ntl f`shrrliil fì s`rvknkl, s` prlplrnklehrè ue `sphnkl
aísknl phrh ihs ihblr`s f` sup`rvkskþe y s` jhrè phrtínkp` hi sup`rvkslr f` ihs hntkvkfhf`s
prlpkhs f` ih ìhblrhnkþe f` ils `stufkls, s`cÿe s` f`thiih è ì nrlelcrhmh y ih mhtrkz f`
hskcehnkþe f` r`spleshbkikfhf`s.
 Mlvkikfhf Nhmkle`th 6x6

 Tiltt`r alrmhtl míekml H8.
 Nuhtrl ihptlps, fls kmpr`slrhs y ueh altlnlpkhflrh.
 Fls nlmputhflrhs k3
 @sthnkþe tlthi

Peh nèmhrh fkckthi
 Frle` keniukfl CT^
84. Nrlelcrhmh f`
f`thiihfl f`
f` hn
hntkvkfhf`s
@i nrlelcrhmh f`thiihfl s` pr`sèth nlml He`xl h `st` flnumètl.
04
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
88. Mhtrkz f` c`stkþe f` rk`scls fì `stufkl
F` hnu`rfl nle ils nlmprlmksls `sthbi`nkfls nle ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech,
`st` flnumètl nletkè` ì Tihe f` Vrhbhol f` ih nlesuitlríh. @e nlenr`tl, pr`sèth?

Nuhfrl E´ 0? Mhtrkz f` C`stkþe f` Rk`scls fì @stufkl
F`snrkpnkþe Nht`c. Trlbhbkikfhf Kmphntl ^`v`rkfhf R`spleshbi` Tihe f` R`spu`sth
@qukpl Nlesuitlr, f`b` chehrs`

ih nleakhezh f` ils trhbhohflr`s
Nhmbkls è ihs
f` ih mueknkphikfhf h ake f` qu`
prklrkfhf`s f` ih
8 Hfmkekstrhnkþe 4.1 6 2.6 @qukpl Nlesuitlr vhilr`
vhilrèe ih km
kmplr
plrthe
thenkh
nkh f` ih
muekn
mueknkp
kphik
hikfhf
fhf plr ih
nles
nlesui
uitl
tlrí
ríhh h r`hi
r`hikz
kzhr
hrs`
s` y
nlyueturh pliítknh
nlmprlm`t`rils è ih
alrmuihnkþe f` ils ètr`chbi`s.
Ils prlfun
prlfuntls
tls h ètr`c
ètr`chrs
hrs``
F`sket`rës f` ils
f`bè s`r prèntknls y f` rèpkfl
auenklehrkl s nle
Nlyueturh kmphntl, qu` mltkv` ì ket`rës
2 rìhnkþe h ih nlesuitlríh 4.3 3 6.; @qukpl Nlesuitlr
pliítknh f` ils eu`vls auenklehrkls y f`
plr `sthr nlmprlm`tkfls
nlmprlm`tkfls ils trhbhohflr`s f` piheth f` s`r
è hntkvkfhf`s pliítknhs
ì nhsl.
@i Nles
Nlesuitl
uitlrr f`b` chehrs
chehrs`` ih
nleakhezh f` ils trhbhohflr`s h
@i p`rslehi f` ih
a ke f` qu` vhilrè ih
mueknkphikfhf
kmplrthenkh f` ih nlesuitlríh y
ket
ket`rv
`rvèk
èkfh,
fh, fòhe
fòhe f`
nlmprlm`t`rils
nlmprlm`t`rils è ì f`shrrliil
htèf`r ils
> R`nursls jumhels 4.3 3 6.; @qukpl Nlesuitlr f` ils prlf
prlfuntls
untls,, (f`bkëef
(f`bkëefls`
ls`
r`qu`r
r`qu`rkmk
kmkèt
ètls
ls f` ils
r`hikzhr hnnkle`s kem`fkhths qu`
nlesui
nlesuitlr
tlr`s,
`s, plr `sthr
`sthr
p`rmkth kealrmhr y
hblnhfls è sus
nlmprlm`t`r h ihs hutlrkfhf`s
auenkle`s jhbktuhi`s
mueknkphi`s è ih r`hikzhnkþe f`
ih Nlesuitlríh.
6 @i nhmbkl f` Nlyueturh pliítknh 4.: 1 6.: @qukpl Nlesuitlr Ils pprrlfuntls ff``bè ss``r ff``
hutl rkrkfhf`s f` ih munjh rì`vhenkh, prèntknls y f`
muek
mueknk
nkph
phik
ikfh
fhff y ih rèpkfl kmphntl, qu` mltkv` ì
trhesa`rènkh f` c`stkþe ket`rës f` ihs eu`vhs
08
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
hutl
hutlrk
rkfh
fhf`
f`ss muek
mueknk
nkph
phi`
i`ss y
ikmk th
the ì elrmhi auenklehrkls (nuyl
f`shrrliil f` ih nump
numpik
ikmk
mkè
ètl
tl f` m`th
m`thss s`
nlesuitlríh. à`n
à`ntu
tuhr
hrèè h trh
trhvë
vëss f` su
r`sp`ntkvl nrlelcrhmh)
@N, f`b` prlmlv`r y f`shrrliihr
prlcrhmhs f` nhphnkthnkþ
nhphnkthnkþee phrh
Nlmp`tènkhss ikmkthfhs
Nlmp`tènkh
mò
mòlrh
lrhrr ihs nlmp`t
nlmp`tèn
ènkhs
khs y
0 f` auenk
uenkllehrk
ehrklls y R`nursls jumhels 4.1 3 6.2 @qukpl Nlesuitlr
mltkvhr
mltkvhr h ils trhbhoh
trhbhohflr`s
flr`s f`
trhbhohflr`s
piheth phrh qu` brkefè hplyl h
ih nlesuitlríh
M`fkhet` Hnth nlm
nlmprlm`t`r
prlm`t`r h
Iètktuf è ueh tlmh f` ih s hutlrkfhf`s f` ih
f`nkskle`
f`nkskle`ss f` phrt
phrt`` f` mueknkphikfhff ì numpikmkèt
mueknkphikfh numpikmkètll
1 Hfmkekstrhnkþe 4.0 3 >.0 @qukpl Nlesuitlr
ihs hutlrk
hutlrkfhf
fhf`s
`s f` ih f` ihs nllr
nllrfk
fkeh
ehnnkle`
kle`ss y
mueknkphikfhf hnu`
hnu`rf
rfls
ls,, kenl
kenlrp
rplr
lrhhefl
efl
m`nheksmls f` s`cukmkètl.
Hpiknhr ì nknil f`
R`nursls jumhels /
3 R`
R`sk
skst
stè
ènk
nkhh hi nh
nhmb
mbkl
kl 4.0 3 >.0 @qukpl Nlesuitlr vuie`rhbkikfhf h ih r`skstènkh hi
Nikmh lrchekzhnk
lrchekzhnklehi
lehi
nhmbkl
Tr`v`r ih ò`nunkþe fì trhbho
trhbholl
@a`rv
@a`rv`sn
`snèn
ènkh
kh slnkhi
slnkhi è ltrls ilnhi`s iu`cl f` hnlpkl
: keaiuy` è ils iuchr`s f` Nleaikntl slnkhi 4.0 1 > @qukpl Nlesuitlr
f` kealrmhnkþe f` ih
trhbhol.
mueknkphikfhf
Il
Ilss nles
nlesui
uitl
tlr`
r`ss el
Nlmprlm`t`r h ils nlesuitlr`s
hskstè
hskstè lplr
lplrtuehm
tuehmèt`
èt`
; R`nursls jumhels 4.6 3 2.: @qukpl Nlesuitlr hskstènkh puetuhi h ihs ihblr`s,
plr el s`r r`skfèt`s f`
bhol r`spleshbkikfhf
r`spleshbkikfhf
ih zleh
Jhn`rr r`qu
Jhn` r`qu`rkmk
`rkmkètl
ètl lplr
lplrtuel
tuel
f` ih ilcíst
ilcístkn
knhh e`n`sh
e`n`shrkh
rkh h ih
muek
ueknkph
nkphiikfhf
fhf / Hplyl
plyl
Nleslrnkl (nlevlnhtlrkh h il
ilss
84 Nhrènkh f` ilcístknh Hplyl ilcístknl 4.6 3 2.: @qukpl Nlesuitlr
thii
thii`r
`r`s
`s,, m`sh
m`shss f` trhb
trhbho
hol,
l,
`qukpls f` hufkl y slekfl phrh
ls thii`r
thii`r`s
`s h r`hikz
r`hikzhrs
hrs`` è ih
mueknkphikfhf)
Ils
Ils nles
nlesui
uitl
tlr`
r`ss f`b`
f`bèe s`r
s`r
Ih
Ihss prlpu
rlpu`s
`sth
thss el ai`xkbi`s è sus plsknkle`s. ^`
shtksahnè h ih s trhth f` htèf`r ì r`qu`rkmkèt
r`qu`rkmkètll
88 `xp`
`xp`nt
ntht
htkv
kvhs
hs f` ils
ils R`nursls jumhels 4.> ; 2.3 @qukpl Nlesuitlr f` ih mueknk
eknkpphik
hikfhf
fhf è
auen
auenkklehr
lehrkkls f` ih p`rsp`ntkvh prla`sklehi, `s f`nkr
mueknkphikfhf jhn`r
jhn`r phrtkn
phrtknkph
kphrr h tlfls
tlfls ils
hntlr`s kevliunrhfls è ì t`mh.
Il
Ilss nles
nlesui
uittlr`s
lr`s,, f`b`
f`bèe
Il
Ilss nles
nlesui
uittlr
lr`s
`s y
ai`xkbkikzhr sus plsknkle`s, tlfh
auen
auenkklehr
lehrkkls f` ih
v`z qu` s` trhth f` htèf`r ì
82 muek
eknk
nkpphi
hikkfhf
fhf el R`nursls jumhels 4.> : 2.6 @qukpl Nlesuitlr
r`qu`rkmkètl f` ih
nlmpht
nlmphtkbk
kbkikz
ikzhe
he nle ih
mueknkphi
mueknkphikfhf
kfhf è p`rsp`ntk
p`rsp`ntkvh
vh
m`tlflilcíh f` trhbhol
prla`sklehi
Nhrènkh
Nhrènkh f` t`ne
t`nelilc
lilcíh
íh
f` ke al
alrmhnkþe y @N, f`b` pr`v` r nlml
8> nlmueknhnkþ
nlmueknhnkþee VKN, è ih V`nelilcíh 4.> : 2.6 @qukpl Nlesuitlr hit
hit`reh
`rehttkvh
kvh ils
ils `quk
`qukpl
plss
zleh f` ket`rvènkþe f` t`neliþcknls f` trhbhol
ih nlesuitlríh.
86 Ils nlesuitlr`s el R`nursls jumhels 4.2 ; 8.: @qukpl Nlesuitlr Nleslrnkl, ff``b` km
kmpi`mèthr
02
^HTHIIHECH
HIIHECH
2424 „ 242;
numpiè è pr`sèthr ils

ils m`nh
m`nheksm
eksmls
ls e`n`
e`n`shrk
shrkls
ls f`
prlfuntls è su
nletrli
lplrtuekfhf
F`
F`ml
mlrhrh f` phrt
phrt`` ih
Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi Nleslrnkl f`b` nllrfkehr nle ih
f` ^hph
^hphiihe
iihech
ch slbr` ih @qukpl Nlesuitlr / Muek
Mueknk
nkph
phik
ikfh
fhff Fk
Fkst
strk
rkth
thii f`
80 r`vkskþe y hprlbhnkþe f` Hfmkekstrhnkþe 4.> 1 8.: MQN^ ^hphii
^hphiihec
hechh phrh
phrh numpik
numpikrr ils
ils prlfuntls pihzls
ètr`chbi`s
Ils nles
nlesuitlr
uitlr`s
`s f`b`
f`bèe nlethr
nlethr
nle s`curl f` rk`scl /
81 H
Hnnnkfèt`s 4.2 1 8.2 Kmpr`vkstl Nl
Nles
eslr
lrnk
nkll f`b`
f`b` nlet
nlethr
hr nle
nle
p`rslehi fksplekbi` phrh ì
r`mpihzl
Ils nles
nlesuitlr
uitlr`s
`s f`b`
f`bèe nlethr
nlethr
nle s`curl f` rk`scl /
83 @ea`rm`fhf`s 4.2 1 8.2 Kmpr`vkstl Nl
Nles
eslr
lrnk
nkll f`b`
f`b` nlet
nlethr
hr nle
nle
p`rslehi fksplekbi` phrh ì
r`mpihzl
@N, f`b` chehrs` ih nleakhezh
f` ils trhb
trhbhoh
hohflr
flr`s
`s h ake qu`
Nlesuitlr`s f` vhilr`
vhilrèe ih km
kmplr
plrthe
thenkh
nkh f` ih
8: Bhoh mltkvhnkþe R`nursls jumhels 4.> 6 8.2 Nleslrnkl nlesuitlr
nlesuitlríh
íh y nlmp
nlmprlm`
rlm`t`ri
t`rils
ls
è ih alrm
alrmui
uihn
hnkþ
kþee f` ils
ils
ètr`chbi`s.
Të
Tërf
rfkf
kfhh f` p`rs
p`rsle
lehi
hi Nleslrnkl / Nleslr
Nleslrnkl
nkl,, f`b`
f`b` nlethr
nlethr nle
8; nihv` f` ih nlesuitlríh y R`nursls jumhels 4.2 > 4.1 Mueknkphikfhf p`rslehi fksplekbi` phrh ì
f` ih mueknkphikfhf
mueknkphikfhf Trlvkenkhi r`mpihzl
Tr`v`r ih ò`nunkþe fì trhbhol
Ihs nlefknkle`s
è ltrls ilnhi`s iu`cl f` hnlpkl
24 nikmètknhs kmpr`vksths y Vk`mpl 4.2 2 4.6 El nletrlihbi`
f` kealrmhnkþe f` ih
f`shstr`s ehturhi`s
mueknkphikfhf.
A`njhs
A`njhs f` A`stkvkf
A`stkvkfhf`s
hf`s
Auenklehrkl Mueknkphikfhf`s f`bè ètr`chr
phrh ih Trlvkenkh qu`
28 Kestktunklehi 4.2 ; 8.: Mueknkphi/@qukpl nhièfhrkl laknkhi f`
kevliunrh h ihs
Vëneknl a`stkvkfhf`s.
hutlrkfhf`s y plbihnkþe
Auèt`? @qukpl tëneknl T
TFP
FP ^hphiihech
0>
MPEKNKTHIKFHF
MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH
@IHBLRHNKÞE F@I TIHE F@ M@OLRHMK@EV
M@OLRHMK@EVL L F@ IL^
I L^ ^@RQKNKL^ F@ TIHE@HMK@EVL [ F@^HRRLIIL
PRBHEL F@ IH MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH, TRLQKENKH F@ JPHENH[L, F@THRVHM@EVL
F@ OPEÍE
2424 „ 242;
82. Kealrm`s
Thrh ih alrmuihnkþe f` `st` pihe s` nlet`mpihe ils skcukèt`s ètr`chbi`s?

Nuhfrl E´ 1? Kealrm`s fì TFP

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MPEKNKTHIKFHF FK^VRKVHI

FK^ VRKVHI F@ ^HTHIIHECH

’TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH”

R`ihnkþe f` prla`sklehi`s r`spleshbi`s f`i `stufkl?

ELMBR@^ [ HT@IIKFL^ NHT / NKT NHRCL NHRR@RH

@E@RL F@I 2424

F` phrt` f`i Nlesuitlr

Hprlbhfl plr? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

F`phrthm`etl Oueíe `e ih R`pÿbiknh T`ruheh.

’TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL F@ IH NKPFHF F@ ^HTHIIHECH

R`ihnkþe f` hutlrkfhf`s f` ih Mueknkphikfhf Fkstrkthi f` ^hphiihech

RPB@E R. R@MP_CL THKVHE

CLFLAR@FL FHMH^ QKIH

IKN. HIAR@FL N@EVLE XPK^T@

3.8 Ahs` f` Fkhceþstknl?.........................

Crhaknl E´ 8? Nlen`ptl f` ih slst`ekbkikfhf urbheh

Nuhfrl E´ 8? Kefknhflr`s f` Fkhceþstknl phrh `i TFP

Nuhfrl E´ 0? Mhtrkz f` C`stkþe f` Rk`scls f`i @stufkl

Nuhfrl E´ 1? Kealrm`s f`i TFP

Mhph E´ 8? Èmbktl f` `stufkl

Mhrnl nlen`ptuhi y f`akeknkle`s

2.8 Lbo`tl f` ih nlesuitlríh

 F`t`rmkehr ihs Nhrhnt`rístknhs tëneknhs míekmhs phrh `i Fkhceþstknl, @vhiuhnkþe,

 F`t`rmkehr `i nrlelcrhmh y ihs nhrhnt`rístknhs míekmhs phrh `i f`shrrliil f` ih `thph

Trlvkenkh f` Juhenhyl, F`phrthm`etl f` Oueíe 2424-242;.

 Nletrkbukr hi alrthi`nkmk`etl mueknkphi m`fkhet` ih nhpkthnkþe y ih hskst`enkh tëneknh

2.2 Èmbktl f` @stufkl

Au`et`? Cllci` @hrtj

@i èmbktl t`rrktlrkhi f` `stufkl f`i Fkstrktl f` ^hphiihech, hbhrnh ils skcuk`et`s?

prly`nnkle`s phrh su ubknhnkþe

2.> Hinhen` f` ih nlesuitlríh

TIHE F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL

NHTÍVPIL K7 NLE^KF@RHNKLE@^ C@E@RHI@^ F@I @^VPFKL

NHTÍVPIL KK? MHRNL R@CKLEHI

>.>. NHRHNV@RK_HNKÞE AÍ^KNL @^THNKHI

NHTKVPL KQ? TRLTP@^VH C@E@RHI F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL

NHTKVPIL Q? TRLTP@^VH @^T@NÍAKNH F@ F@^HRRLIIL PRBHEL

NHTKVPIL QK? KE^VRPM@EVL^ F@ C@^VKÞE PRBHEH

^` f`b`rè nleskf`rhr e`n`shrkhm`et` il skcuk`et`?

1.8. R`cihm`etl f` zlekaknhnkþe Prbheh.

NHTÍVPIL QKK? ^K^V@MH F@ KEQ@R^KLE@^ PRBHEH^

Auèt`? Mkekst`rkl f` Qkvkèfh Nlestrunnkle y ^he`hmkètl

@e ì T`rÿ, ì nlet`xtl fì nr`nkmkètl urbhel f`slrfèhfl jh fhfl iuchr h ih nr`hnkþe f`

Vèkèfl è nuèth qu` ì lbo`tl f` `sth nlesuitlríh `s ih ìhblrhnkþe f` uel f` ils

fàkekfhs plr ì Hrtínuil 6´ fì R`cihmètl f` Hnlefknklehmkètl V`rrktlrkhi y F`shrrliil

F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lst`ekbi`? Trln`sl f` trhesalrmhnkþe pliítknh y tëneknh f` ils n`etrls

Lnuphnkþe f`i t`rrktlrkl? Trln`s

h) Ih lnuphnkþe f`i t`rrktlrkl plr ih plbihnkþe, h trhvës f` sus lrchekzhnkle`s

b) @i sètkfl `nleþmknl y r`skfènkhi f` ih lnuphnkþe fì t`rrktlrkl, ì nuhi s`

V`rrktlrkl? @s ì `sphnkl qu` nlmprèf` ì suìl, ì subsuìl, ì flmkekl mhrítkml, y ì

Psl f`i su`il? F`stkel fhfl plr ih plbih

Mlvkikfhf àknkèt`? ^kst`mhs f` Mlvkikfhf, Qkhi`s y f` Vrhesplrt` qu` p`rmktè hinhezhr

Hm`ehzh x Quie`rhbkikfhf? Rk`scl

> F.^. 422-2481

hutlrkfhf`s ehnklehi`s, r`cklehi`s y prlvkenkhi`s nlmp`tèt`s. Ih skcukèt` akcurh pr`sèth

Au`et`? @strht`ckh f` F`shrrliil Prbhel ^lst`ekbi` ` Ket`crhfl f` Ckoþe

^` nleskf`rhe ils skcuk`et`s jlrkzlet`s f` pihekaknhnkþe phrh ih alrmuihnkþe f`i Tihe? 0

Nlrtl Tihzl? 42 høls

Ihrcl Tihzl? 84 høls

0.8 @ihblrhnkþe f`i fkhceþstknl

h.- H^T@NVL F@MLCRHAKNL?

 E`n`skfhf`s bèsknhs Keshtksa`njhs.