- Computer - 8.

Arrows
Declares the flow of the process.
Lesson 01: Writing Algorithm, Pseudocode, and Flowchart
Programming
The art of Science of creating a program. Input/
Terminator Process
A problem-solving process. Also called a Source Code. Output
Source Code
Is a fundamental component of a computer program that is created
by a programmer.
- Problem-Solving Process in Programming - On-Page Off-Page
Decision
Connector Connector
Problem Analysis Algorithm Coding

Compiler

Arrows
Library Output Execution Linker
Problem Database
You have to identify the problem.
Analyze
Identify a possible solution.
Algorithm
Itemize the step-by-step instructions.
Coding
The process where instructions or source codes are entered
through a programming language.
Compiler
The instructions will be translated by a compiler with the help of a
library.
Library
Is a collection of resources or routines used by computer programs.
Linker
Combines one or more libraries or object files to produce an
executable file.
Execution
Carrying out or putting into effect.
Output
Produce the desired result.
Algorithm
Is a step-by-step procedure to solve problems.
A process or set of rules to be followed in calculation.
Pseudocode
Is a description of an algorithm using a natural language.
It uses structural; uses short English-like statements.
Flowchart
Is a diagram representing the logical sequence in which a
combination of steps or operations is to be performed.
- The 8 Basic Symbols Used in Flowcharting -
1. Terminator
Is used in declaring the beginning and the end of the flowchart. It is
labeled with the word “Start” or “End”.
2. Input/Output
Used if the flowchart needs input from the user or output from a
process.
3. Process
Used to process data, normally composed of mathematical symbols.
4. Decision
If the procedure leads to a comparison, which involves logical or
relational operators and questions that are answerable by “Yes” or
“No”.
5. On-Page Connector
Is a connecting flowchart within the same page.
6. Off-Page Connector
Is a connecting flowchart on another page.
7. Database
A list of information with a standard structure.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 - Edukasyon Sa Pagpapakatao - Hindi dapat kinikilingan ang ilan, maliban kung ito ay kinakailangan.
Hindi dapat nagsasarili na kumilos para sa kabutihan ng tao.
Aralin 01: Buhat (Youngster)
Katha-diwa Hindi dapat kumilos na nababatay lamang sa bugso ng damdamin,
Isinulat ni Ivan Olitoquit takot, galit o pagnanasa.
Bilang isang lalaki, inaasahan akong magbuhat ng mga bagay na
hindi kadalasang dalhin ng ibang tao, lalo na ng mga babae.
Hindi ito pagiging sexist. Sadyang payat lang talaga ang mga
kasama ko!
Pero bahagi na rin siguro ng kulturang kinagisnan ko na ang mga
lalaki, gaano man kapayat (maliban nalang kung may malubhang
sakit) ay inaasahang magbuhat ng mabibigat na bagay.
- Mga Aral Na Nakukuha Sa Pagbuhat Ng Mga Bagay -
Pasensya o Pagtitiis
Mahalaga ito sa buhay, dahil hindi natin palagi makukuha ang gusto
natin sa oras na gusto natin.
Pag-Iingat
Kapag nagbubuhat ka, isa sa mga inaasahan sa iyo ay iingatan mo
ang dala mo. Lalo na kung mabigat, ayaw mong mabasag, masira, o
mabutas ang bitbit mo.
Pagpapahalaga Sa Oras
Wala naman siguro gustong magbuhat para magbuhat lamang.
Mahirap magbuhat.
Pagpili Sa Uunahin (Prioritization)
Lalo na sa akinng payat ang katawan, mahalaga kung ano ang
uunahin sa mga bubuhatin kung marami akong dapat dalhin mula sa
isang lugar patungov sa ibang lugar.
Isang Mabuting disiplina ang pagbubuhat; inilalatag ka nito sa
realidad na hindi nilikhang maginhawa ang ating mundo.
Kailangan nating magbanat ng buto at magbuhat, magtrabaho,
maghirap, magsakripisyo para sa ating mga pangarap.
Aralin 02: Batas Moral: Gawin Ang Mabuti, Iwasan Ang Masama
Batas Moral
Pamantayan ng tao sa kaniyang pagkilos nang tama o mabuti.
Tomas Rosario
Dalubguro ng Etika sa Pamantasan ng Sto. Tomas.

Batas Eternal
(Eternal Law)

Batas Kalikasan
(Natural Law)

Batas ng Kalikasan
Likas na Batas Moral
(Law of Nature)

Batas ng Tao

Pangunahing Prinsipyo ng Batas Moral

Ang mabuti ay dapat gawin at kamtin at ang masama ay dapat
iwasan.
Douglas McManaman
Dalubguro sa Pilosopiya sa Canada.
Ang Mabubuting Likas Na Kahiligan (Inclination) ng Tao Ayon Kay
McManaman:
Buhay
Katotohanan
Kagandahan Kasanayan
Pakikipagkapwa
Relihiyon
Katapatan
Mga Pangalawang Prinsipyo ng Batas Moral
Hindi dapat sinisira ang isang mabuti upang gumawa ng mabuti.
Hindi dapat tratuhin ang tao bilang paraan para sa isang layunin. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 - Religion - Rosary
Comes from the Latin word “rosarium” which means “rose garden”
Lesson 01: God Shares Himself to Mankind
Matthew 14:15-21 or “garland of roses.”
Jesus Feeds the Five Thousand Is widely considered a gift of roses to Our Blessed Mother in
Doctrine: Heaven.
Stewardship Is a devotion in honor of the Virgin Mary. It consists of a set number
Utilizing and managing all resources God provides for the glory of of specific prayers.
God and the betterment of his creation. Is made up of two things: mental prayer and vocal prayer.
Genesis 1:27 1214
The Scriptures assert that human beings are created in the divine Mary appeared to St. Dominic and encouraged him to spread
image of God. God created man in His image; in the divine image He devotion to the rosary.
created him. She promised him that if he did so, he would be successful in
Dominion converting the Albigensian and that the religious order that he
Is a God-given authority of human beings to take good care of all founded would prosper.
creatures and everything God has made. St. Dominic
- The Life of A Christian Steward Models - The founder of the Order of Preachers (the Dominicans), instituted
- The Life of Jesus - the rosary.
Imago Dei Blessed Alan de la Roche
Created in the image/likeness of GOD. One hundred years later, he picked up where Dominic’s work had
Moral: ended. He divided the rosary into 10 “Hail Mary” decades preceded
To Fill The Earth by the “Our Father.”
An expression that refers to the means by which a human person In the 15th century, the mysteries of the rosary were assigned to
will subdue the earth. each of the decades. This gave people an opportunity to reflect on
Subdue The Earth
Scripture while offering up this meditative prayer.
Is not to take control/manipulate it but rather to promote, protect,
This gave people an opportunity to reflect on Scripture while
defend, and support the right to life.
The Primary Purpose of All Creation Is Twofold: offering up this meditative prayer.
Pope St. Pius V
To give glory to God.
Established the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary (October 7th) in 1573
To serve man’s needs in preparation for the beatific vision of
to thank God for the victory of Christians over the Turks at Lepanto,
heaven.
Worship: a victory attributed to the praying of the rosary.
Holy Eucharist Pope Clement XI
Is the total gift of our loving Savior to us. Expanded the feast to the universal Church in 1716.
The Supreme Act of Worship: Pope Pius XII in 1884
To participate in the mass. The dedication of the entire month to this devotion was officially
To receive the Eucharist. established.
What to Remember: While devotion to this prayer form waned a bit in the years
Be committed immediately after Vatican II, interest in this long-practiced devotion
Be passionate is experiencing a resurgence as the faithful rediscover the beauty
Be self-aware and spiritual benefit of this meditative practice.
Lesson 02: I Proclaim Your Love, Lord 1858
We are called to exercise responsible stewardship over all creation. Marian Apparitions at Lourdes were reported by Bernadette
We are being called to a mission, a ministry – become a Christian Soubirous, a 14-year-old miller's daughter from the town of Lourdes
stewards. in southern France.
Pananagutan She described the lady as wearing a white veil and a blue girdle;
By Fr. Eduardo Hontiveros, SJ she had a golden rose on each foot and held a rosary of pearls and
A famous liturgical song that serves as a reminder of our Christian urged the recitation of the rosary daily.
duties and responsibilities. 1917
- Different Institutions That Addresses Specific Concerns And Issues - Our Lady appeared to three young shepherd children in Fatima,
Kythe Portugal (Lucia, Jacinta, and Francisco). •She declared herself to be
A non-profit, non-stock organization aimed toward improving the “Our Lady of the Rosary” and repeatedly urged the children to recite
quality of life among hospitalized children with cancer and other the rosary daily.
chronic illnesses. Pope John XXIII
The Missionaries of Charity Home of Joy For The Sick Children Taught that the Rosary must have a threefold purpose:
Caters to special children, those with Down’s Syndrome, 1. Mystical contemplation
hydrocephalus. 2. Intimate reflection
The Philippine Animal Welfare Society (PAWS) 3. Pious intention
An animal rehabilitation center located at Aurora Blvd., Katipunan October 16, 2002
Valley,Loyola Heights, Q.C. Pope John Paul II added a new set of five mysteries to the rosary.
Trees For Life Known as the “Luminous Mysteries” or “The Mysteries of Light,”
A reforestation project intended to help communities plant they focus on Jesus’ public ministry.
indigenous trees and propagate seedlings. In “The Rosary of the Virgin Mary, " he wrote, "The rosary, though
Lesson 03: The History of Rosary clearly Marian in character, is at a heart a Christ-centered prayer.
October
The month dedicated to the Rosary. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 - The Mysteries of The Holy Rosary - Through the rosary, we “help the members of the Church Militant
The Joyful Mysteries (Monday & Saturdays): and to lessen the pains of the Church Suffering.
1. The Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin St. Dominic had from Our Lady. ‘My son,’ she said one day, ‘do not be
2. The Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary to St. Elizabeth surprised that your sermons fail to bear the results you had hoped
3. The Birth of Jesus in the stable for. You are trying to cultivate a piece of ground which has not had
4. The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple any rain.
5. The Losing and Finding of the Child Jesus in the Temple Our Lady of Fatima/Our Lady of Lourdes
The Sorrowful Mysteries (Tuesdays & Fridays): Famous title of Mary attributed to the Rosary.
1. The Agony of Jesus in the Garden
2. The Scourging at the Pillar
3. The Crowning with Thorns
4. The Carrying of the Cross to Calvary
5. The Crucifixion and Death of Jesus
The Glorious Mysteries (Wednesdays & Sundays):
1. The Resurrection of Jesus
2. The Ascension of Jesus
3. The Descent of the Holy Spirit upon Mary and the Apostles
4. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven
5. The Coronation of Mary Most Holy as Queen of Heaven and Earth
The Luminous Mysteries (Thursdays):
1. The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan
2. The self-manifestation of Jesus at the Wedding of Cana
3. The Proclamation of the Kingdom of God and the Call to Conversion
4. The Transfiguration of Jesus
5. The Last Supper, the Institution of the Holy Eucharist as the
Sacramental Expression of the Paschal Mystery.
- How To Pray The Holy Rosary -
10 Hail Mary Fatima Prayer
Glory Be The 2nd Mysteries
Fatima Prayer Our Father
The 3rd Mysteries Glory Be
Our Father

10 Hail Mary
10 Hail Mary

The 1st Mysteries

Our Father
Glory Be
Glory Be
Fatima Prayer 3 Hail Mary
The 4th Mysteries
Our Father
Our Father
10 Hail Mary 10 Hail Mary
Glory Be
Sign of The Cross
Fatima Prayer The Apostles Creed
The 5th Mysteries
Our Father
- 7 Hidden Secrets Of The Rosary -
by: Saint Louis de Montfort
It sets us on fire with the love of our blessed Lord.
Blessed Alan de la Roche also testified that he had delivered a large
number of people who were possessed by putting the rosary around
their necks.
Group recitation is of the greatest benefit to our souls because
normally our minds are far more alert during public prayer than they
are when we pray alone.
The word rosary means “Crown of Roses,” that is to say that every
time people say the rosary devoutly they place a crown of 153 white
roses and 16 red roses upon the heads of Jesus and Mary. Being
heavenly flowers these roses will never fade or lose their exquisite
beauty.
Praying the rosary gives us “graces in abundance during our
lifetime, peace at death, and glory in eternity. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 2
 - English - - Benefits of graphic organizers -
1. Presentation
Lesson 01: Advance Organizers
Help visualize or present information in a way that is easier to
Advance Organizers
comprehend, by breaking down larger or complex concepts or
An instructional unit that is used before direct instruction, or before
ideas into smaller and simpler parts.
a new topic. 2. Opportunity
Like cognitive roadmaps that allow students to see where they have Provide students the opportunity to actively contribute and
been and where they are going. (Eggen and Kauchak) participate in the learning process through the creation of graphic
It is “the intellectual scaffolding” for subsequent learning. organizers.
Act as a subsuming bridge between new learning material and 3. Develop
existing related ideas. Help develop cognitive skills such as brainstorming, critical and
A visual, title, graph, or question that presents a structure for the creative thinking, categorizing and prioritizing content, reflection,
new material by relating it to the learner’s existing knowledge. etc.
A deductive information teaching model designed to teach 4. Skills
interrelated bodies of content and generalization. Help recall prior knowledge about a subject and quickly connect it
Advantages of Advance Organizers: to new information.
Structure the near and distance learning environment. 5. Promote
Students are always prepared for class and never behind. Promotes self-learning. By using graphic organizers for note-taking,
Students comprehend the content presented by the instructor more analyzing, studying, etc. students can familiarize themselves with a
quickly. lesson far more easily.
Engage all students equally. - Types of Graphic Organizers -
You will connect easier to new information with what you already Graphic Organizers for Writing:
know about the topic. 1. Persuasion Map
You can readily see how the concepts in a certain topic are related The persuasion map is an interactive graphic organizer that helps
to each other. students familiarize themselves with the process of persuasive
Are tools to enhance retention. writing. It assists them with outlining and preparing arguments for
Promote transfer and life-long learning. their essays, speeches, debates, etc.
- Two Main Types of Advance Organizers -
Can be an introduction to a new Can be a task planner designed
topic. to orient the learner to a task by Claim Conclusion
providing organizational cues.
- Different Types of Advance Organizers -
1. Expository Organizers
Describes the content through a rubric or definition.
Description

Coast Compare
and and
Effect Contrast
2. Sequence Chart
A sequence graphic organizer is a tool that helps visualize the order
Problem and Sequence of steps of a process or a timeline of events, etc. It can also be
Solutions used for note-taking, lesson planning, and essay writing.
Cause and Effect
Students identify the cause of events, actions or ideas presented in
a chapter or section.
Compare and Contrast
Students identify the similarities and differences between two or
more events or concepts.
Description
Students describe a topic by identifying and explaining its
characteristics, features, attributes, and by providing examples
Problem and Solution
Students identify the problem and one or more solutions to the Graphic Organizers for Reading:
problem as described in the chapter or section. 3. Story Map
Sequence A story map can be used to identify the different elements such as
Students identify and describe items or events in sequence. characters, character plots, themes, techniques, etc. in a book
2. Narrative Organizers students are reading. It’s a useful tool that teachers can integrate
Leads into the information through an article, story, or work of art. into the lesson to improve students’ comprehension.
3. Skimming Organizers
Looking into the material quickly.
4. Graphic Organizers
Provides structure of a table or chart to sort information. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 7. Analogy Graphic Organizer
Setting, Where, When: The analogy graphic organizer uses analogy to help students
identify similarities and differences between a new topic and a
topic that they are already familiar with.
Major Characters:
Minor Characters: New Concept: Familiar Concept:

Similarities Differences
Plot/Problem:

Event 1: Event 2: Event 3:

Outcome/Resoulution:
Summary of New Concept:
4. Biography Graphic Organizer
This is a tool that assists with understanding a character from a 8. Vocabulary Graphic Organizer
novel, autobiography movie, or a historical figure more in-depth. It This tool can be used to assess the vocabulary knowledge of
brings attention to various important factors about a person’s life. students. You can create graphic organizers including various
elements to help students learn new words, and learn antonyms
Why is he/she His/her and synonyms.
important? accomplishments

Write the definition Use it in a sentence

Name
Birth Personal
of
Information informaton Word
Person
Write a synonym of the
Draw a picture
word
Important
Quote
Events 9. Problem-Solving Organizer
Problem-solving graphic organizers can be used to improve the
5. KWL Chart
problem-solving skills of the students. It helps students identify
KWL chart is used for gathering information from student’s prior
and evaluate solutions to problems.
knowledge or experience. This 3-column chart captures the before
(what the reader already knows), during (what the reader wants to The Problem
learn) and after (what the reader learned) stages of reading.
Why Is This A Problem?
Topic:
K| What I Know W| What I Want to K L| What I Learned
Possible Solutions

Graphic Organizer for Teaching: Solution

6. Learning Map
Possible Consequences Of The Solutions
Learning maps visually depict the key takeaways – skills, ideas,
knowledge – students should get from a lesson. It usually provides a
Recommended Solution
high-level view of the lesson/ unit/ course that is to be studied and
the connection between its different components. Students can also Graphic Organizers for Learning:
use learning maps in the classroom for note-taking. 10. Timeline Graphic Organizer
Timeline diagrams are a type of graphic organizer that shows a
sequence of events in chronological order.

Jan Francis V. Saclayan 2

11. T-Chart 15. Lotus Diagram
Allow students to study two facets of a topic. For example, Lotus diagram is an analytical tool that can be used to breakdown
disadvantages and advantages, pros and cons, differences and broader and more complex topics into smaller components for easy
similarities, etc. understanding. It can be used for brainstorming and studying new
topics.
Topic 1 Topic 2

12. Hierarchy Chart

Hierarchy charts visualize the elements of a system, organization or
16. Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer
concept from its highest position to the lowest. Students can use
This type of graphic organizer shows the causes and effects of an
this tool to understand the superordinate and subordinate
event. The cause is the reason why something has happened, and
categories of a topic and the relationship between them.
effect is the result of what has happened. Visualization helps
clearly understand the different cause and effect relationships.

17. Mind Map

13. Star Diagram
A mind map is a tool that helps capture the free flow of thought and
Star diagrams are used to organize the characteristics of a chosen
is widely used for brainstorming around topics. Additionally, it can
topic. It can also be used to brainstorm around new topics.
also be used to organize and group information about a topic.

Graphic Organizer for Compare and Contrast:

18. Double Bubble Map
The double bubble map is one of the popular thinking maps. It is
Graphic Organizer for Brainstorming: much like a Venn diagram and is used to identify similar and
14. Cluster Diagram different qualities between two things.
Cluster diagrams can be used to facilitate a brainstorming session
or structure idea generation and even to help with exploring new
topics.

Jan Francis V. Saclayan 3

19. Venn Diagram 5. Relax
Another graphic organizer that helps you visually represent a You need to practice relaxing when giving a speech. For you to
comparison of differences and similarities between two subjects, is avoid or not commit mistakes and also in order for you to give your
the Venn diagram. What makes it different from the double bubble speech perfectly and for the audience can understand it.
map is that it can include more than two topics and one common 6. Be The Authority
area. You need to have confidence when giving a speech to your
audience, and it is also important that you are well-prepared.
7. Talk To Your Audience
When you deliver your speech it is important for you to
talk/communicate with your audience. Ask them questions about
your topic for you to know if they really understand it.
Lesson 04: Features of A Persuasive Text
Persuasive Text
Used when you want to convince or influence others to do or
believe in something that you also do or believe in.
Writing a Persuasive Text:
1. Must discuss an issue.
2. Include the writer’s position on the particular issue. This serves as
3. the main argument.
4. Include supporting details to prove the writer’s position/arguments
Lesson 02: Permanent Mark & My Fractured Identity and his or her suggestions.
Permanent Mark
Reasons in favor of the arguments.
Is something that is permanent and cannot be removed.
Evidence in the form of statistics, historical background, and
- My Fractured Identity - sample scenarios.
Valsa George
5. Must call for action.
Also known as “The Accidental Poet”.
The author of the poem “My Fractured Identity”.
She writes of life, love, death, and nature.
Originated from Kerala, India.
Together with her husband and children, she lived in Nigeria and
moved to the USA.
Valsa continued to teach her children about their roots and cultural
heritage including Malayalam, their native language.
She wanted to make sure that her children never forget their
heritage despite being raised in a western society.
Vocabulary:
Casket
A decorative box used to store jewels.
Mores
Customs; behaviors accepted by society.
Inalienable
Cannot be taken away or removed.
Oscillating
Moving back and forth from one position to another.
Fractured
Broken or cracked.
Lesson 03: Techniques in Public Speaking
Glossophobia
It makes us insecure and ineffective. This is the fear of speaking in
front of the audience. They are commonly known as stage fright or
stage anxiety.
Techniques in Public Speaking:
1. Prepare Your Speech
Research your assigned topic. Check the credibility of your sources
and acknowledge them, so you will not be accused of plagiarism.
2. Practice What You Will Say
Practice reading your speech until you have memorized it by heart.
3. Know Your Audience
Know the profile of the people who will listen to your speech.
4. Be Familiar With The Venue
It is important to be familiar with the venue or area where you will
be giving your speech in order to feel at ease.

Jan Francis V. Saclayan 4

 - MAPEH - 1. Prime
Play it from the 1st note to the 12th note.
Lesson 01: Expressionest Music
2. Retrograde
Expressionism
Use the 12th note as the 1st one, going the 1st as the last note. Play
Was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting,
it from the 12th note to the 1st note.
originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. 3. Inversion
Was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. Changing all ascending intervals to descending interval.
Was originally borrowed from visual art and literature. Artists 4. Retrograde Inversion
created vivid pictures, distorting colors, and shapes to make Is the inverted row in retrograde.
unrealistic images that suggested strong emotions. Expressionist Two Types of Music:
composers poured intense emotional expression into their music Tonal
and explored the subconscious mind. Is a style of music that follows a certain key on notes. If it starts in
Interior of Petworth House d it will end in d.
By J.M.W. Turner Atonal
Timeline They don’t follow a certain key or notes, they don’t follow the key.
The classic phase of the Expressionist movement lasted from They’re always different.
approximately 1905 to 1920 and spread throughout Europe.
- Characteristics - Lesson 02: Physical Fitness and Its Components
1. A High-Level of Dissonance Physical Fitness
Dissonant Is the ability to do everyday tasks without becoming overly tired
Chords are "active"; traditionally they have been considered harsh with enough time to experience and enjoy free time and for
and have expressed: pain, grief, and conflict. emergencies.
2. Extreme Contrasts of Dynamics Health-Related Fitness (HRF):
Crescendo 1. Cardiorespiratory Endurance (CRE)
The loudest point reached in a gradually increasing sound. Is also referred to as cardiovascular endurance. This measures
ff how well the heart, lungs, and muscles can do physical activities.
Standing for fortissimo and meaning "very loud". Examples: The Three-Minute Step Test
p Yoga, Zumba Dance, Workout, Aerobics, Hip-hop Dancing, and etc.
Or piano, meaning "soft" 2. Muscular Strength
3. Constantly Changing Textures Is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to lift and move
The texture and rhythm are Contrapuntal with complex rhythms. objects with a single maximum force like push and pull.
To emphasize the characters' casual, sometimes gleeful attitude to Examples: Pull-ups
violence while also shocking the viewer Mountain Climbing, Spider Sidekick Push-ups, Planking, and etc.
4. Distorted Melodies and Harmonies 3. Muscular Endurance
Tend to move quickly from one register to another, creating large Is defined as the ability of a given muscle or group of muscles to
leaps, creating greater interest do repetitive contractions against a fixed object for an extended
Pointillism period of time.
A musical texture promoted by Webern in which the pitches of a Examples: One-Minute Push-ups, Test and Curl-up Test
melody are presented just a few at a time (isolated "points" of Jumping rope, cycling, body weight squats, long distance running.
sound) rather than in a traditional continuous melodic line in the 4. Flexibility
same instrument. Is mostly defined as the ability of the muscles, joints, and tendons
5. Angular Melodies With Wide Leaps to observe a maximum range of motion.
Angular Melody Examples: Modified Sit and Reach
Is a melody line that is disjunct (e.g. large leaps, lots of skip wise Zumba Fitness dance, tai-chi, and etc.
motion). 5. Body Composition
6. Extremes of Pitch Is the measure of your body fats.
Arnold Schoenberg Examples: Body mass Index
Was born in Vienna in 1874. He was a Professor of Composition in Mountain climbers, plank exercises, squat jumps, and etc.
Berlin and later Los Angeles. He was a gifted composer, teacher, and Skill-Related Fitness (SRF):
painter. 1. Agility
Schoenberg, together with two of his pupils, Berg and Webern, is Is the ability to change direction quickly.
known as the Second Viennese School(‘school’ here means a group Examples: Hexagon Agility Test
of people whose work shares a common style) Side-to-toe touches, 3-Cone drill, and X drill.
Chromatic Scale 2. Balance
The chromatic scale or twelve-tone scale is a musical scale with Is the ability to control and maintain the body in an upright position
twelve pitches, each a semitone above or below its adjacent while standing still or in motion.
pitches. Examples: Stork Balance Stand Test
Semitone T-stand with hinge and side bend, rolling forearm, and side plank.
Is the smallest musical interval in modern Western music (or, the 3. Speed
smallest distance between notes in the chromatic and diatonic Ability to respond and move the body as quickly as possible.
scales*). Examples: 30-meter Sprint
Tone Face and chase
Is formed of a chromatic semitone and a diatonic semitone.
- Transpositional -
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
4. Coordination Ampalaya (Bitter melon or Bitter gourd)
Is the ability to use two or more body parts together to produce As a supplement in treating diabetes, burns, coughs, and
smooth action. hemorrhoids.
Examples: Alternate Hand Wall Toss Test Bawang (Garlic)
Basketball, softball, baseball, and Frisbee, and etc. As a supplement in reducing blood cholesterol levels; used also as
5. Reaction Time an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drug.
The time needed to quickly respond to a stimulus. Bayabas (Guava)
Example: Stick Drop Test Used as an antioxidant, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic
Tennis ball drug.
6. Power Lagundi (Five-Leaved Chaste Tree)
Is the ability to apply force in a short period of time. It is the For the treatment of cough, colds, and fever.
combination of speed and muscular strength. Niyog-niyogan (Chinese Honeysuckle)
Examples: Standing-Long Jump For the elimination of intestinal parasites.
Power kicks, lateral plyometric jumps, tuck jumps, depth jumping, Sambong (Blumea or Ngai Camphor)
and drop jumping. As a supplement in treating hypertension, kidney stones,
rheumatism, cough, and colds.
Lesson 03: Alternative Medicine Tsaang Gubat (Wild Tea)
Alternative Medicine For the treatment of skin allergies.
Includes herbal treatment, food supplements, massage therapy, and Ulasimang Bato or Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia Pellucida)
other treatment, that could complement regular medicine. For treating arthritis and gout.
Allicin Yerba Buena (Peppermit)
Reduce the sugar to lower the cholesterol. For insect bites, coughs, and colds.
Herbal Medicine
Lesson 04: Consumer Welfare and Protection
Refers to the use of plants or parts of plants like stems, roots, bark, Consumer Rights
seeds, leaves, flowers, and fruits for medical purposes. Are privileges that must be guaranteed.
Ventosa Government Agencies and Private Organizations That Help Protect
A very unique kind of healing treatment that uses glasses and Consumers:
candles creating a vacuum to draw out accumulated cold on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
back. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
A soothing warm glass massage will be given at the close of the Department of Health (DOH)
treatment. Basic Rights of Consumers:
No operation or surgery. 1. Right To Be Safe
Reflexology The products or services that your receive must not harm you.
Also known as zone therapy, is an alternative medical practice 2. Right To Choose Freely
involving the application of pressure to specific rants on the feet, You should have a variety of options to choose from.
ears, and hands. 3. Right To Be Informed
This is done using thumb, finger, and hand massage, techniques. You should be provided with the complete product and service
Without the use of oil or lotion. information.
Massage Therapy 4. Right To Be Heard
A form of manual therapy that involves moving soft tissues in the You can give feedback or make a complaint if you are not satisfied
body to reduce stress, ease muscles tension, and promote with the products/services.
relaxation and overall well-being. 5. Right To Service
It is a hands-on technique performed by trained massage therapists. You Should be treated with courtesy and respect.
6. Right To Education
Acupuncture You should access to programs and information that will help you
A technique in which practitioners insert fine needles into the skin become a better consumer.
to treat health problems.
It is most commonly used to treat pain.
Originated in China 3000 years ago.
Naturopathy
A system that uses natural remedies to help the body heal itself.
It embraces many therapies, including massage, acupuncture
exercise, and nutritional counseling.
Six Principles of Naturopathy:
1. Do no harm
2. Identify and treat the causes
3. The healing power of nature
4. Doctors as teacher
5. Treat the whole person
6. Focus on prevention
Ten Philippine Medical Plants Approved By The DOH:
Acapulko (Acapulco)
For the treatment of insect bites, itchiness, ringworms, infections,
scabies, and eczema. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 - Araling Panlipunan - Landslide/Mudflow
Maaaring magkaroon ng pagguho ng lupa o pag-agos ng putik
Aralin 01: Sa Harap ng Kalamidad
Kalamidad habang at pagkatapos ng matinding ulan.
- Mga Uri ng Bagyo -
Itinuturing na mga pangyayaring nagdudulot ng malaking pinsala sa
Tropical Depression
kapaligiran, ari-arian, kalusugan, at buhay ng mga tao sa lipunan.
Mula 35-63 kilometro bawat oras ang lakas ng hangin.
El Nino Phenomenon
Tropical Storm
Nagdudulot ng matinding tagtuyot sa bansa.
Mula 64- 117 kilometro bawat oras ang lakas ng hangin.
La Nina Phenomenon
Typhoon
Nagdudulot ng matagal na pag-ulan na nagiging sanhi ng pagbaha.
Higit sa 117 kilometro bawat oras ang lakas ng hangin.
Bagyo
Super Typhoon
Isang malaking unos, mayroon itong isang pabilog o spiral sistema
220 kilometro bawat oras o mahigit pa ang lakas ng hangin.
ng marahas at malakas na hangin na may dalang mabigat na ulan, - Mga Babala, Abiso, Klasipikasyon, at Sukat ng Ulan Mula sa PAGASA -
karaniwan daan-daang kilometro o milya sa diameter ang laki. Babala Bilang 1
Storm Surge Sa loob ng 36 na oras, inaasahan ang pagdating ng hanging may
Ang storm surge o daluyong ng bagyo ay ang hindi pangkaraniwang lakas na 30-60 kilometro bawat oras at may pasok pa sa mga
pagtaas ng tubig sa dalampasigan habang papalapit ang bagyo sa paaralan at opisina.
baybayin. Babala Bilang 2
Landslide Sa loob ng 24 na oras, inaasahang darating ang hanging may lakas
Ito ay nagaganap sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng bansa. Maaari itong na 60 hanggang 100 kilometro bawat oras at ang mga klase sa
maganap kapag may malakas o tuloy-tuloy na pag-ulan sa matataas mababa at mataas na paaralan ay suspendido.
na lugar, pagputok ng bulkan, o paglindol. Maaari ding magkaroon Babala Bilang 4
nito dahil sa quarrying o pagmimina. Nagiging sanhi nito ang Sa loob ng 12 o hindi kaya ay mas maaga pa, darating ang bagyong
pagputol ng mga puno sa kagubatan dahil nawawala na ang mga may lakas na 185-220 kilometro bawat oras.
ugat nito na pumipigil sa lupa. Babala Bilang 5
Pagputok ng Bulkan Sa loob ng 12 o hindi kaya ay mas maaga pa, darating ang bagyong
Biglaang paglabas ng magma sa bunganga ng bulkan. may lakas na 220 kilometro bawat oras o mahigit pa.
Sa halos 200 bulkan sa Pilipinas, dalawampu’t apat ang aktibo rito. - Rainfall Advisory -
- Mga Bulkan Sa Pilipinas - Yellow Rainfall Advisory
- Luzon - - Visayas - - Mindanao - Ito ay itinataas kung inaasahang bubuhos ang 7.5 mm hanggang 15
Mayon (Albay) Kanlaon (Negros Oriental) Matutum (Cotabato) mm na ulan sa susunod na isang oras, at inaasahan na
Taal (Batangas) Biliran (Biliran) Ragang (Cotabato) magpapatuloy ito.
Pinatubo (Zambales) Calayo (Bukidnon) Orange Rainfall Advisory
Banahaw (Quezon) Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin) Ito naman ay itinataas sa mga lugar na inaasahang makakaranas
Bulusan (Sorsogon) ng 15 mm hanggang 30 mm na buhos ng ulan sa susunod na isang
Iriga (Camarines Sur) oras, Nagbabadya na ang baha sa pamayanang ito.
Red Rainfall Advisory
Lindol Ito naman ay itinataas ng PAGASA kung inaasahan ang pagkilos at
Ay sanhi ng isang mabilis na paglabas ng enerhiya na nang-gagaling pagtugon ng mga pamayanan.
sa ilalim ng lupa. Madalas, ang mga lindol ay sanhi ng pag-galaw ng Geohazard Mapping
fault sa ibabaw na bahagi ng mundo (crust). Ang Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) ay
May lakas na 1 hanggang 7 sa Richter Scale at nakapagdudulot ng nagpagawa ng geohazard map upang matukoy ang mga lugar na
malaking pinsala tulad ng naganap sa Bohol noong 2013. madaling tamaan ng mga sakuna o kalamidad.
Richter Scale Nagbibigay ng impormasyon tungkol sa mga lugar na may mataas
Isang de-numerong scale para sa pagpapahayag na ang magnitude na antas ng peligro upang ang mga tao ay maging handa kung
ng isang lindol sa batayan ng "seismograph oscillations". sakaling ang lokasyon ng kanilang tirahan ay matatagpuan sa mga
Mga Babala ng Bagyo
lugar na tinutukoy nito.
May mga babala o Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) na
Mula sa Mines and Geosciences Bureaung DENR na ginagamit ng
ipinalalabas ng Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
Astronomical Services Administration-Department of Science and
(NDRRMC).
Technology (PAGASA-DOST) upang malaman ng mga tao kung gaano 20 Lalawigan Na Madalas Makaranas ng Panganib sa Bagyo:
kalakas ang paparating na tropical cyclone o bagyo at mga dapat Cagayan Ilocos Sur Nothern Samar Nueva Ecija
gawin. Albay Ilocos Norte Catanduanes Pangasinan
- Mga Panganib ng Bagyo -
Ifugao Camarines Norte Apayao Masbate
Malakas Na Hangin
Sorsogon Camarines Sur Pampanga Tarlac
Posibleng umabot sa 250 kilometro bawat oras ang pinakamalakas
Kalinga Mountain Province La Union Western Samar
na hanging kayang makasira ng kabahayan at makabuwal ng mga Mga Lalawigan Na Madaling Tamaan ng Pagbaha:
puno, poste, at ibang estruktura. Pampanga Bulacan
Malakas Na Ulan Nueva Ecija Metro Manila
Lumilikha ng matinding pagbaha na pumipinsala sa pananim at Pangasinan North Cotabato
impraestruktura ang malakas na tuloy-tuloy na ulan. Tarlac Oriental Mindoro
Storm Surge O Daluyong
Maguindanao Ilocos Norte
Nagdudulot ng mataas na alon at baha sa mga lugar na malapit sa
baybaying-dagat, at sumisira sa estrukturang natural o gawa ng tao.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
Mga Lugar Na Mapanganib Sa Pagguho Ng Lupa Dahil Sa Lindol: Pagputok ng Bulkang Pinatubo
Ifugao Bukidnon Ang Bulkang Pinatubo ay nasa interseksiyon ng lalawigan ng Tarlac,
Lanao del Sur Aurora Zambales, at Pampanga. Mula sa pagkakahimbing ng mahigit sa 600
Saranggani Davao del Sur taon, ito ay pumutok noong Hunyo 15, 1991 na tinaguriang may
Benguet Davao Oriental pinakamalakas na pagputok para sa ika-20 siglo.
Mountain Province Rizal
- Pagpigil sa Panganib na Dulot ng Kalamidad -
Mga Lugar Na Mapanganib Sa Pagputok Ng Bulkan:
Camiguin Sorsogon Disaster Risk Mitigation
Sulo South Cotabato Naglalayong mapigil ang nakapipinsalang epekto ng mga
Biliran Laguna kalamidad.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
Albay Camarines Sur
Ay itinatag bilang ahensiyang mamumuno sa paghahanda at
Bataan Batanes
Camiguin at Sulu pagtugon sa mga kalamidad na mararanasan ng bansa.
Mga Ahensiya ng Pamahalaan na Nagtutulungan para sa Kaligtasan ng
Ang pinakananganganib na lugar sa pagkakaroon ng volcanic
Mamamayan:
eruption. Ang Camiguin ang isa sa pinakananganganib dahil maliit
Kagawaran ng Kagalingang Panlipunan at Pagapapaunlad (KKPP)
ang pulong ito, samantalang ang Sulu ay makikita ang
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
pinakamaraming aktibong bulkan.
Ito ang namamahala sa mga programa ng pamahalaan para sa
Mga Lugar Na Mapanganib Sa Tsunami:
Sulu Romblon paglilingkod sa lipunan lalo na sa mahihirap.
Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal (KIPL)
Tawi-tawi Siquijor
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Basilan Surigao del Norte
Ito ang namamahala sa mga yunit ng lokal ng pamahalaan tulad ng
Batanes Camiguin
mga barangay, bayan, lungsod o lalawigan at ang siyang
Guimaras Masbate
Sulu at Tawi-tawi nagbibigay ng budget sa mga ito.
Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila (PPKM)
Maaaring makaranas ng tsunami dahil malapit ang mga lugar na ito
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
sa Sulu Trench at Cotabato Trench. Maaaring makaranas ng
Ito ang namamahala sa pagbibigay serbisyo sa mga mamamayan
matinding kalamidad ang mga lugar na ito dahil marami rin ang mga
ng National Capital Region.
naninirahan dito.
Basilan Kagawaran ng Edukasyon (KEd)
Mataas din ang posibilidad na magkaroon ng tsunami dito dahil Department of Education (DepEd)
malapit ang lalawigang ito sa anyong tubig. Ito ang namamahala sa mga bagay na may kinalaman sa
Romblon pagpapaunlad ng batayang edukasyon sa ating bansa at nagbibigay
Ay nakaranas na ng tsunami. ng kaalaman tungkol sa kalamidad.
- Mga Epekto ng mga Kalamidad sa Ating Bansa - Kagawaran ng Kalusugan (KNKL)
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) Department of Health (DOH)
Mga datos na pinagsususri ng UNDRR tungkol sa pinsalang dulot ng Ito ang nangangalaga sa kalusugan ng mga mamamayan ng bansa
mga kalamidad sa buong mundo mula 2000-2017 kompara sa taong tulad ng pagsugpo sa pagkalat ng kolera, tigdas, at iba pang
2018. nakahahawang sakit, lalong-lalo na kapag may kalamidad.
Top 10 Countries By Number of People Affected (2018): Kagawaran ng Pagawaing Bayan at Lansangan (KPBL)
1. India = 23,900,348 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
2. Philippines = 6,490,216 Ito ang nagsasaayos ng mga lansangan, daan, tulay, dike, kalsada
3. China = 6,415,024 atbp.
4. Nigeria = 3,938,204 Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa (KTP)
5. Guatemala = 3,291,359 Department of National Defense (DND)
6. Kenya = 3,211,188 -Pinapangalagaan nito ang kapayapaan at kaayusan sa ating bansa.
7. Afghanistan = 2,206,750 Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Kayamanan (KKLK)
8. USA = 1,762,103 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
9. Japan = 1,599,497 Pinapangalagaan nito ang kapaligiran at likas na yaman ng bansa.
10. Madagascar = 1,472,190 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
- Mga Epekto ng Ilang Pangunahing Kalamidad - Administration (PAGASA)
Super Typhoon Yolanda (Typhoon Haiyan) Ipinaparating nito ang lagay ng panahon.
Isa sa pinakamalakas na bagyong naitala sa buong daigdig na may Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
PSWS #1 at nagdulot ng malaking pinsala sa lalawigan ng Eastern Nagbibigay ng babala sa pagputok ng bulkan upang mapaliit ang
Samar at Leyte noong November 8, 2013. epekto ng sakuna.
Bagyong Ondoy (Typhoon Ketsana) Mga Patakarang Estruktural para sa Pagbabawas sa Pinsala ng
Isa sa pinakamatinding bagyo na rumagasa sa ating bansa. Nanalasa Kalamidad:
ito sa Rehiyon I hanggang VI at NCR. Naganap ang bagyong ito noong Paggamit ng mahusay at maayos na gawaing pang-inhenyero
ika-26 ng Setyembre, 2009. (proper engineering practices).
Bagyong Uring (Tropical Storm Thelma) Pagdesinyo ng mga sistemang pantransportasyon at pang-
Ormoc Flash Flood. elektrisidad na kakayanin ang mga lindol at bagyo.
Pagbabaon sa mga transmission line bilang proteksiyon sa mga
Isa sa bagyong kumitil ng halos 5,100 katao sa Ormoc, Leyte.
Hulyo 16, 1990 (Lindol sa Luzon) buhawi.
Pagtatayo ng mga dam at dike para maiwasan ang pagbaha.
Ang lindol na naitala na may pinakamalakas na paglindol sa Pilipinas
Pagtatayo ng mga floodway at spillway.
na umabot ng 7.7 sa Richter Scale.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 2
 Aralin 02: Pagbabago ng Klima at mga Suliraning Pangkapaligiran
Climate Change
Ang pagbabago ng klima o panahon na nagdudulot ng pagbabago sa
lakas at haba ng tag-ulan, at dalang ng pag ulan.
Nag dudulot ito ng kalamidad tulad ng heatwave, tagtuyot,
matitinding bagyo, at baha na nagiging sanhi ng pagkakasakit o
pagkakawala ng buhay at pagkasira ng ating kapaligiran.
Halimbawa:
Pagkatunaw ng mga yelo, icebergs at glaciers sa Artic at Antarctica.
Pagtuyo ng lupa.
Pagguho ng lupa.
Climatologists
Ayon sa climatologists o mga siyentipiko na nag aaral ng klima,
dalawa ang sanhi ng climate change:
Ang natural na pagbabago ng klima dala ng epekto ng araw sa
mundo.
Ang init mula sa ilalim ng lupa o epekto ng mga gawain ng mga tao.
Greenhouse Gases
Ito ang tawag sa mga gas na nakapagpapainit sa daigdig tulad ng
carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, at iba pa.
mga hanging-singaw na ibinubuga ng mga makinirya at mga
pagawaan na napupunta sa ating kapiligiran at atmospera.
Ito ang nagsimula ng global warming noong pagkatapos ng ika 18-
na siglo.
Industrial Revolution
Nagsimula ang pagrami ng greenhouse gases ay dahil sa
pagkakaroon ng bagong makinarya at mga pagawaan.
Noong 1712, nag-umpisa ang paggamit ng coal at steam engine.
Pollution
Dahil sa overpopulation, lumalala ang polusyon at patuloy na
tumataas ang kontresasyon ng mga natural at sintetikong gas sa
ating atmospera. Sa pagtugon sa mga pangagailangan ng tao at pag-
unlad ng agham at teknolohiya, nagiging matindi ang pagsunog ng
mga fossil fuel tulad ng coal, langis, at natural gas.
- Mga Greenhouse Gases -
Water Vapor
Pinakamarami ito sa ating atmospera na dahilan ng pagkaroon ng
mga ulap, presipitasyon na nagdadala ng ulan at nagkokontrol ng
lubhang pag-init.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) at Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Mula ito sa mga natural na proses tulad ng paghinga ng mga tao at
hayop at pagsabog ng mga bulkan.
Nabubuo rin ito tuwing sinusunog ang mga fossil fuel tulad ng langis,
coal, at natural gas para mapaandar ang mga sasakyan,pagawaan at
mga planta ng kuryente.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Kemikal ito na nakasisira ng ozone layer ng ating mundo. Ginagamit
ito bilang refrigerants o pampalamig at aerosol propellants at iba pa.
Maraming bansa ang nakiisa na itigil ang paggawa nito mula noong
1992.
Methane
Mula ito sa natural na proseso tulad ng mga nabubulok na bagay
tulad ng mga basura, dumi ng mga hayop, at dayami ng palay.
Nakapagpapalala rin ang mga gawain ng mga tao sa pagdami nito sa
atmospera
Nitrous Oxide
Nabubuo ito sa paggamit ng mga komersiyal at organikong pataba,
pagsunog ng biomass, kumbustiyon ng fossil fuel, at paggawa ng
nitric acid.
Mga Epekto ng Climate Change sa Lipunan:
Heat Exhaustion Allergy
Heat Stroke Malaria at Dengue
Pagkakasakit Leptospirosis
Pagababaha Diarrhea at Cholera
Mga Epekto sa Agrikultura at Kapaligiran:
Tagtuyot
Pagkawala/pagkasira ng tirahan ng mga hayop
Pagkasira ng mga coral reef
Kamatayan ng mga hayop at halaman
- Programa, Polisiya, at Patakaran ng Ating Pamahalaan Hinggil sa
Climate Change -
RA 9729/Local Climate Change Action Plan
Ipinasa ng ating Kongreso noong Oktubre 23, 2009.
Dating kilala bilang SB 2583 o ang Climate Change Bill.
Nagbigay daan sa pagtatag ng Climate Change Commission na
nakatuon sa pagsasakatuparan ng ilang mga programa tungkol sa
Climate Change.
Binuorin ang National Framework Strategy on Climate Change
(NFSCC) (2010-2022) at National Climate Change Action Plan noong
2012 upang amyendahan ang RA 9729 ng RA 10174.
Climate Change Act of 2009
Naglalaman ng mga programa ng lokal na pamahalaan para
mapigilan at mabawasan ang masasamang epekto ng climate
change at panatilihing ligtas ang kanilang nasasakupan at mga
mamamayan.
Ito ay naaayon sa National Climate Change Action Plan na
inaprubahan ni dating Pangulong Benigno Simeon “Noynoy” Aquino
III noong 2011.
Local Climate Change Action Plan:
l. Food Security
ll. Water Sufficiency
lll. Ecological and Environmental Stability
lV. Human Security
V. Climate-Smart Industries and Services
Vl. Sustainable Energy
Vll. Knowledge and Capacity Development
- Mga Pandaigdigang Polisiya Hinggil sa Climate Change -
United Nations Conference on Environmental and Development
Unang internasyonal na pagpupulong ukol sa Climate Change.
Tinatawag din na Earth Summit.
Ginanap sa Rio de Janeiro, Brazil noong 1992.
Nilagdaan ng 150 na bansa ang United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.
United Nations
Namumuno sa mga programa at patakarang may kinalaman sa isyu
ng climate change.
Tinitiyak ng United Nation ang pagkakaron ng kolaborasyon at
kasunduan ng iba’t ibang mga bansa upang sama-samang
matugunan ang isyu ng climate change.
Kyoto Protocol
Pinagkasunduan ng 160 na bansa sa Japan noong Disyembre, 1997.
Nagtatakda ng mga mandatory target para sa pagbabawas ng
greenhouse gas emission.
Noong 2006, 166 na bansa ang nakalagda at nagpatibay sa Kyoto
Protocol
1988
Itinatag ng World Meteorological Organization (WMO) at United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC).
Ito ay isang grupo na binubuo ng mga eksperto na nagtatasa ng
mga pag-aaral tungkol sa climate change.
Paris Agreement
Nagtatakda ng tiyak na porsiyento ng dapat ibaba sa greenhouse
gas emission ng bawat bansang kasapi sa kasunduan.
Nabuo sa 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC sa Paris,
France noong Disyembre 12, 2015. Nilagdaan ng 185 na bansa.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 3
 - Mga Suliraning Pangkapaligiran sa Sariling Pamayanan - Wave Power
1. Polusyon ng Hangin Enerhiya mula sa mga alon sa ibabaw ng karagatan gamit ang
Malala na ang polusyon sa hangin sa ating kapaligiran tulad ng espesyal na uri ng buoy o pampalutang.
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, sulfur Tidal Power
dioxide, at iba pa. Enerhiya mula sa alon sa pamamagitan ng turbina habang lumalapit
Nakadaragdag din sa polusyon ng hangin ang mga plantang at lumalayo ang mga alon sa mga baybay ng dagat.
kemikal, at mga pabrikang gumagawa ng PVC, metal, at mga plastik. Mga Uri ng Alternatibong Enerhiya (Mula sa Hangin):
2. Polusyon ng Tubig Wind Mills
Ang mga basura, maruming tubig, at nakalalasong kemikal na galing Ang malaking turbino na itinayo ay maaaring makagawa ng sapat
sa mga tahanan, pabrika, ospital at minahan ay napupunta sa mga na alter natibong enerhiya na kapag ikinabit sa isang generator ay
daluyan ng mga tubig tulad ng sapa, kanal, at karagatan. Nalalason makapagbibigay ng koryente sa mga tao.
at namamatay ang iba’t ibang uri ng isda at iba pang nabubuhay rito. 4. Pag-iwan o Pagbawas ng Pagsusunog ng mga Basura
3. Polusyon ng Lupa Ang pagsusunog ng mga basura, lalo na ng mga plastik at
Nagkakaroon din ng polusyon sa kalupaan. Ito ay dulot ng polystyrene ay nakadaragdag sa kontresasyon ng nakalalasong
nakalalasong kemikal ng mga basura, mine tailings at mga gas sa kapaligiran at atmospera.
karaniwang landfill. Ang mga polusyon sa lupa ay karaniwang 5. Pagpapanatiling Malinis ang Kapaligiran
nakikita sa sumusunod: problema sa basura/waste management at Maglinis ng kapaligiran upang mabawasan ang polusyon. Ang
pagmimina at quarrying. polusyon ay nakapagpapadagdag ng mga greenhouse gas sa
4. Panganib na Mawala ang iba’t-ibang Uri ng Hayop at Halaman kapaligiran.
Maraming uri ng hayop at halaman ang nanganganib na dahil sa 6. Pagresiklo ng mga Patapon na Bagay
pagkakaroon ng climate change. Hindi sila makaangkop sa Ang pagresiklo ng mga patapon na bagay ay nakatutulong sa
pagbabago ng klima. pagtitipid ng enerhiya. Nakababawas din ito sa pagkasira ng ating
5. Pagkalbo ng Kagubatan/Deforestation likas na yaman at pagdami ng mga basura.
Nakakalbo ang kagubatan dahil sa pagtotroso at pagkakaingin. 7. Pag-iwas sa Paggamit ng mga Plastik at Nakalalasong Kemikal
Matagal nang pinapatigil ng pamahalaan ang ilegal na gawaing ito, Iwasan ang paggamit ng mga plastik, hindi nare-recycle, o hindi
ngunit patuloy pa rin ang mga tao sa gawaing ito. nabubulok (non-biodegradable) na mga gamit dahil hindi ito
6. Paglaki ng Populasyon natutunaw at nakababara ito sa mga daluyan ng tubig.
Tumataas din ang pangangailangan sa mga likas na yaman. Ang
sobrang pagkuha ng likas na yaman ay nagdudulot ng pagkasira ng
ecosystem sa ating kapaligiran.
Mga Hakbang na Makatutulong sa Paglutas sa Suliranin ng Climate
Change:
1. Pagtatanim ng mga Puno at Halaman
Ang mga puno ay nakakabawas ng carbon dioxide sa ating
kapaligiran.
Magtanim ng mga puno at halaman upang magkaroon ng natural na
nakapagpapalamig sa lugar.
2. Pagbawas ng Paggamit ng Enerhiya
Tuloy-tuloy ang paggamt ng enerhiya sa ating mga tahanan,
paaralan, at opisina. Malaking bahagi sa enerhiyang ating ginagait
sa araw-araw ay nagmumula sa mga fossil fuel at nakadaragdag sa
greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Paggamit ng Alternatibong Enerhiya
Ito ay enerhiya mula sa init ng araw. May mga uri ng enerhiya na
hindi lumilikha ng greenhouse gases. Narito ang ilan sa iba’t-ibang
paraan upang magamit ang enerhiya mula sa araw tulad ng:
Mga Uri ng Alternatibong Enerhiya (Mula sa Araw):
Photovoltaic Cells
Sinag ng araw na ginagawang koryente tukal ng sa solar calculator
or solar na relo.
Solar Thermal Power
Pagkolekta ng init ng araw san mga solar panel o solar thermal
plant; ang init mula sa araw ay nagiging steam na ginagamit naman
para magkaroon ng koryente.
Solar Heating
Ginagamit ang init ng araw sa pagpapatuyo ng damit, paggawa ng
asin, pagdadaing, at iba pa.
Mga Uri ng Alternatibong Enerhiya (Mula sa Lupa):
Geothermal Energy
Ang enerhiyang geothermal ay mula sa init ng mga bukal o ilalim ng
mundo. Ito ay ginagawang koryente ng geothermal power plant.
Mga Uri ng Alternatibong Enerhiya (Mula sa Tubig):
Hydroelectric Dam
Enerhiya mula sa ilog. Jan Francis V. Saclayan 4
 - Technology and Livelihood Education - Demonstration (Appliances, gadgets, cars, machines)
Packaging (Safe packaging and cushion)
Lesson 01: Environment & Market
Marketing Environment Warranty
Are the internal/external factors that can be directly or indirectly Card (Coins)
affect the operation of the business. Online Selling (Before and after evidence, testimonials/reviews)
- Two Types of Marketing Environment - 4. Pricing Strategy
Internal (Microenvironment)/In The Business The amount/value of the product.
Human Resources Bases of the Pricing:
Raw Materials Cost of raw materials
Financial Resources Supply & Demand
Improvements of the product Affordability of the customers to pay
External (Macroenvironment)/Outside The Business Cost of labor
Political Competitor’s pricing (Coldwater, wifi, clean environment/area,
Economics/Economy aircon, freebies)
Social 5. Realistic
Cultural A good business plan is realistic, has goals, and also smart.
Environment The plan cannot be implemented as useless.
Technology Guide:
Competitors Start small, if you start big you might end up in failure.
- Requirements of a Successful Business Plan - Once you/customers are satisfied expand/level up, and improve all
Business Plan the materials.
A written document which describes in detail on how a new 6. Financial Forecast
business will achieve its goals; Future plans; Roadmap (Direction) Estimated future outcomes/predict the income of the business (are
Convincing a potential investor - investor return what investor’s seek). Compare and review your income.
Needed for bank loan 7. Funding Requirements
1. Target Market The capital. Is the money to spend to cover the daily expenses of
Also known as a customer or the group of people where the the business.
company aims its product/services. Examples of Business Expenses:
Types of Target Market: Raw materials/supplier
A. Customer Market Salaries
An individual/household that buys products for personal Rent/Rental
consumption. Utilities (Water, electricity, internet, cable)
B. Industrial Market Equipment/Machinery
An organization who buys items from other company to produce Advertisements
other products. Permit/License
C. Reseller Market - Steps in Formulating a Business Idea -
An individual buying goods with a view to sell the products for a Conduct a survey - collecting or obtaining data to asses the trending
profit. business.
D. Government/Non-Profit Organization Examples:
Those buying goods and services in order to produce public Online survey
services. Questionnaire
Examples are those politician who is buying relief goods with Interview
cheap/lower prices and not branded/not famous product. Telephone
E. International Market Mail/Email
Buying or selling goods outside the country. Business Ideas
2. Communication Strategy
A. Own interests (Hobbies, talents, skills)
Pertains to the promotion/introduction of the product/services to
B. Look for business opportunities (Unique/Advance)
the customers.
Make a research (Target market)
Examples:
Age of the customers (Infant, toddlers, teenagers, Adults, Elderly)
Commercial (TV and billboard)
Gender: Male or Female
Collab with influencers
Family composition (Number of members in a family)
Social media
Family income (Affordability of the customers)
Flyers
Lifestyle of the customers: Simple or Lavish
Public demo
SWOT Analysis
Live selling/introduction
A Structured planning method to evaluate the strengths,
Direct mail/email
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the plan.
Magazines
Strengths - Advantages
3. Sales Strategy
Weaknesses - Challenges/problems (solution)
This means how to sell the product/attract the customer to buy the
Opportunities - Improvements
product.
Threats - Competitors, policies, and obstacles.
Examples:
Free Trial/free taste/free sample/free tester
Discount (Voucher, payday sale, free shipping, freebies)
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 Lesson 02: Food Safety and Sanitation
Food Safety
Refers to the set of practices performed to prevent the occurrence
of foodborne illnesses.
Food Sanitation
The cleanliness and maintenance of the good and safe conditions of
equipment and food service facilities.
Ex. Restaurants, fast food chains, and etc.
Foodborne Illness
Is the result of eating food that has been contaminated.
Food Hazards
And substances that can be found in your food that can cause
illness or injury.
3 Types of Food Hazards:
1. Biological Hazards
Include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
2. Chemical Hazards
These are toxic substances that may occur naturally or may added
during the processing of food.
3. Physical Hazards
Are hard or soft foreign objects in food that can cause illness and
injury.

Jan Francis V. Saclayan 2

 - Science - Earthquake
Refers to the shaking of earth as a result of the breaking or shifting
Lesson 01: Tracing The Ring of Fire
of the rocks of the tectonic plates.
Pacific Ring of Fire
Faults
Is Frequented by geologic activities and other associated
Are cracks on Earth’s crust.
phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, faulting, and
Sources of earthquakes.
tsunamis.
Fault Plane
Mount Paricutin (Michoacan, Mexico)
The surface where the blocks slip part each other.
A cinder cone volcano, It is the only volcano that was studied from
- Parts of Fault -
its birth in 1943 to its extinction in 1995.
Became active about 9 years ago.
Footwall Hanging Wall
50-m tall volcano within 24 hours.
Tohoku, Japan
On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake. - Three Types of Fault -
The quake generated a devastating tsunami. 1. Dip-Slips
Mount Pinatubo (Luzon, Philippines) Refers to the movement of faults along the angle of the fault plane.
For more than 500 years, this stratovolcano was thought to be The angle of movement is called the Dip, while the movement is the
inactive. Slip.
March and April 1991, small local quakes. Tensional Stress.
On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo erupted, which was notes as the - Two Types of Dip-Slip -
second most powerful eruption of the twentieth century. 1. Normal Faults
Christchurch, New Zealand Where a block that sits on a fault plane slips downward .
On February 22, 2011, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake was cause by the
movement of a 15-km.
Chile Footwall Hanging Wall
A country that lies along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and
the South American Plate. 2. Reverse Faults
Had the largest earthquakes in history. Where the block of earth’s crust pushes upward.
8.8 and 8.2 magnitude quakes on February 27, 2010, and April 1,
2014. Footwall Hanging Wall
On May 22, 1960, locking at a 9.5 magnitude generating an 11.5-m
high tsunami.
Thrust Fault
The 6.7 magnitude earthquake which occurred on March 16, 2014
Is a types of reverse fault where the angle of the dip is 45 degress
was notable for its numerous successive aftershocks.
or less.
Lesson 02: Plate Boundaries and Interactions
Convergent Boundary 2. Strike-Slip Faults
Area on earth where two or more lithosphere plates collide. Nearly vertical fault planes or surfaces slide in parallel but opposite
Boundary or Gaps directions.
Spaces for location between interacting space. Sheer Stress
1.
Footwall Hanging Wall

3. Oblique-Slip Faults
2. Is a combination of a Strike-Slip and a Dip-Slip. Blocks of earth’s
crust slide horizontally.

3. Footwall Hanging Wall

Strength of An Earthquake:
Magnitude - Energy output.
Convergent Plate Boundary
Intensity - Degree of shaking.
When two plates slide toward each other and form either a
subduction zone or an orogenic belt.
Epicenter
Collision of plates.
Orogenic Belt
Is a region of deformed rocks.
Divergent Plate Boundary Hypocenter(Focus)
When two plates move away from each other, a gap or rift between
Fa

them is created.
ult

Separation of plates. Epicenter

Transform Plate Boundary The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an
The plates slide past each other in opposite directions. earthquake.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
Hypocenter (Focus)
Where the earth’s rocks break and energy is radiating out.
Volcanism
Eruption of the volcano.
Hawaii
A place where many islands and volcanoes.
Hotspot
Concentration of molter materials.
Lesson 03: Getting Ready for Earthquakes
Before:
Know the earthquake hazards in your area.
Follow structural design and engineering practices when
constructing a house or building.
Familiarize yourself with the exit routes.
Know where the fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms, and
communication facilities are located. Learn how to use them
beforehand.
Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills.
Prepare your homes, workplaces, or schools.
During:
Stay calm, when you are inside a structurally sound building or
home just stay there.
If possible, quickly open the door for exit.
Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and other heavy
objects.
Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open.
If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get out. Do not attempt to
cross bridges, overpasses, or flyovers, which may have been
damaged.
If you are outside move to an open area. Stay away from big trees,
powerlines, posts, and concrete structures.
After:
Once the shaking stops, take the fastest and safest way out of the
building.
Lesson 04: Is It Goodbye, Pacific Ocean?
Earth
Also known as Blue Planet. It is called because about 70% of its
surface is covered by water, which appears blue from space.
Pacific Ocean
The largest body of water on Earth. It occupies about 1/3 of the
planet’s surface.
An area of approximately 162 million square kilometers.
It holds about half of the world’s seawater, enough to fill over 500
trillion Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Scientists say the Pacific Ocean was remarkably larger millions of
years ago.
The predicted end of the Pacific Ocean will be 300 million years from
now, and it will most likely due to subduction.
Panthalassa
Superocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea.
Because of the movement of tectonic plates, Panthalassa got
smaller and smaller over the years until it turned into the Pacific
Ocean that we know today.
Subduction Zones
These are areas where two tectonic plates collide, causing the
denser plate to sink toward the mantle underneath the other plate.
Are also form what is called the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Pacific Ring of Fire
Known as the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the
world.
Curtin University in Australia
A team of researchers from this university, tried to predict how to
the Pacific Ocean will evolve.
Chuan Huang
The lead researcher, from Curtin University in Austrilia.
Amasia
Future super continent.
Lesson 05: In Depth A Brief History of the Plate Tectonics Theory
Earth
Made up of plates that move.
Abraham Ortelius (1596)
A Dutch mapmaker, noticed the similarities between the coastlines
of North and South America and those Europe and Africa.
He suggested that these continents were once connected into one
huge landmass until it was torn apart by earthquakes and floods.
Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (1858)
A Geographer, used fossil evidence to support the supercontinent
hypothesis.
Henri Becquerel (1896)
Discovered radioactivity in uranium. This paved the way for
discovery of the different layers of Earth between 1897-1911.
Alfred Wegener (1912)
A Meteorologist, proposed the pivotal continental drift theory. He
used pieces of evidence such as fossils, rocks, and geologic
structures found along opposite coasts of the Atlantic to support
his hypothesis.
Wegener could not explain why the continents move, that why the
Scientific community rejected his ideas.
1926
Scientists discovered that the outer core of Earth is liquid. This
confirmed that the decay of radioactive elements is heating up the
planet’s interior.
Arthur Holmes (1927)
Suggested that mantle convection drives the continents to move.
Some scientists have argued that Earth is too rigid for convection
currents to move continental landmasses.
Marie Tharp (1953)
A geologist, proposed that mid-ocean ridges are extensional rift
valleys formed by plate motion.
This helped the scientific community to accept Wegener’s
continental drift theory.
Harry Hess (1962)
Discovered that trenches are zones where the ocean floor is
destroyed and recycled in the mantle.
Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews (1963)
Discovered the alternating, zebralike patterns formed by the
magnetic signatures of the rocks on opposite sides of the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.
This supported Tharp’s Theory.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 - Filipino -
Aralin 01: Pagbabahagi ng Sariling Reaksiyon
Reaksyon
Tumutukoy sa pagtugon ng isang indibidwal sa kaniyang ginamit na
batis ng impormasyon katulad ng binasang akda, pinakinggang
balita, pinanood na pelikula, at mga kaugnay.
Ang pagbibigay ng reaksiyon ay nangangailangan ng masusing pag-
aanalisa sa nilalaman ng teksto.
- Proseso Bago Magbigay ng Reaksiyon -
Pagbasa
Paglalagay ng highlight o kulay sa mahahalagang detalye ng
babasahin.
Palalagay ng salungguhit sa mahahalagang detalye sa binasa.
Paglalagay ng ibang uring marka.
Muling Pagbabasa.
Panonood
Pagtukoy sa mahahalagang detalye ng pinanood sa pamamagitan ng
pagtatala ng impormasyon.
Muling panonood kung kakayanin.
Pakikinig
Pagtanggal sa mga balakid sa pakikinig tulad ng mga ingay
nananggagaling sa kapaligiran.
Pagtukoy sa mahahalagang detalye ng napakinggan sa
pamamagitan ng pagtatala.
Muling pakikinig.
Panayam
Pagbibigay ng paanyaya sa kapapanayamin.
Patanggal sa balakid ng komunikasyon(ingay na panloon at
panlabas).
Paggamit ng kagamitan pang-recording katulad ng video at camera.
Paglilinaw sa mga kasaguran ng kinapapanayam.
Pagbibigay ng Reaksiyon
Tumutukoy hindi lamang sa kung ano ang nararamdaman mo sa
iyong binasa, pinanood, pinakinggan, kinapanayam, at iba pang batis
ng impormasyon.
Tumutukoy rin ito sa kung paano ang detalye o impormasyon na
nakuha mo sa batis ng impormasyon ay matatalakay at maiuugnay
sa iba pang mahahalagang kaalaman.
Lesson 02: Ang Apat Na Buwan Ko Sa Espanya
Rebecca de Dios
Labing anim na taong gulang, anak ng mag asawang OFW na
nagtatrabaho sa Barcelona at Espanya.
Nagkataon na nagbago ang school calendar na sa halip na Hulyo ay
ginawa ng Agosto, kaya sinamantala ang mahabang bakasyon mula
Abril hanggang sa huling linggo ng Hulyo.
Pinapunta sa Barcelona, isang kilalang lungsok sa Espanya.
Nagta-trabaho sa malaking hotel Barcelona ang magulang ni
Rebecca. Kaya bago dumating ay inayos na nila ang kanilang oras
upang makasama ang isa sakanila.
Napasyalan nila ang magagandang lugar sa lungsok ng Madrid,
Seville, Toledo, at Valencia
Sa apat na buwan ay natutunan ni Rebecca ang kanilang kaugalian,
kultura, at tradisyon.
Klima at Panahon
Sa buwan ng Abril-Hunyo ay nakaranas ako ng katamtamang
panahon.
Huylo-Agosto ay sadyang napakainit na kung ihahambing ay
nangyayari sa buwan ng Marso at Abril sa Pilipinas.
Sa panahong ito ay madaming dumarayo sa Espanya lalo na sa
lungsod ng Barcelona, upang pasyalan ang kanilang magagandang
dalampasigan sa baybayin ng dagat Mediterranean.
Kultura at Tradisiyon
Napakarami ring mga museo at teatro na nasasalamin sa kanilang
kasaysayan.
Reina Sofia sa Madrid, libreng nakakapasok sa araw ng Miyerkules,
Huwebes, at Biyernes mula 7-9 ng gabi. Libre ring pumasok sa araw
ng Sabado at Linggo mula umaga hanggang 2:30 ng hapon.
National Art Museum of Catalonia, kung saan ay gusali palang
kahanga-hanga na.
Nagsasagawa rin sila bullfight kung saan ang mga kalalakihan ay
nakikipagtagisan ng lakas sa toro.
Pagsayaw ng Flamenco na labis na nagustuhan dahi sa kahanga-
hanga na bilis ng pa ng mananayaw.
Tahanan at Gusali
Madaming gusali ang naitayo pa noong gitnang panahon tulad ng
Palacio Real sa Madrid, ang Toledo’s Ancient Rooftops sa Toledo,
Basilica de Sagrada Familia, Casa Vicens, Casa Batllo, Guell Pavilion,
at iba pa.
Wika
Ang kanilang wika ay Spanish o Castillian na tinatawag nating
Espanyol. Mayroon ding diyalektong ginagamit ang mga tao tulad
ng Galician, Catalan, at Basque. Ang Ingle ay nauunawan subalit ang
paggamit nito ay hindi laganap. Kaya kung titira ka ng matagalan ay
kailangan mong matuto ng wika ng Espanyol, dahil halos lahat ng
mga produkto, dukomento, babala sa daan ay nasusulat sa
kanilang salita.
Mga natutunan kong salita katulad ng bano, calle ventana, coche at
iba pa. Nasakop tayo ng mahigit na tatlongdaang taon kaya naging
malaki ang impluwensya nila sa atin.
Relihiyon at Pananampalataya
Kapansin-pansin ang malalaking simbahang Katoliko sa Espanya.
Nakararami pa rin sa mga Espanyol ang Katoliko na nasa humigit
kumulang 80%-90& subalit marami pa rin ibang relihiyon tulad ng
Islam at ibang pananampalataya tulad ng Jehova's Witnesses,
mormons at iba pa.
Pagkain at Iba Pang Kaugalian
Ang kanilang almusal ay tinatawag na El Desayuno na karaniwang
kapeng may gatas at tinapay lang. Sa ika 10-11 ng umaga ay muli
silang kakain tapas ang tawag dito nakalagay sa maliliit na platito
na pwedeng damputin lang (fingerfood). Ang La Comida ang
pinakamalaki nilang kain sa hapon, maraming putahe ang
inihahanda. Naglalaan sila ng 2-3 oras sa pagkain ng tanghalian at
nalalaan ng siesta pagtapos kumain. Tuwing 5-5:30 ng hapon ay
kumakain sila ng La Merienda. Ang pinakahuling parte ng pagkain
ay tinatawag na La Cena tuwing ikaw 9 ng gabi. Pagtapos ng
hapunan ay lumalabas sila upang maglakad-lakad at dumaraan sa
mga restaurant at bar.
Isports
Sa Espanya ay soccer of football ang tanyag na laro na nilalaro
saanmang bahagi ng bansa. Hindi makokompleto ang kanilang
linggo kung hindi sila makakapanood ng paborito nolang koponan
ang Real Madrid na mag mahigit 228 milyong tagasuporta.
Kasuotan
Pormal ang pananamit, tanging mga kabataan ang nakita kong
nakasuot ng pantalong maong t-shirt lalo na sa lungsok ng Madrid.
Ang mga nakakatandang babae ay nakasuot ng blusa at palda o
bestida. Ang mga kalalakihan ay nakasuot ng may kwelyong pang-
itaas, slacks at sapatos na balat. Sa loob ng simbahan mayroon
dresscode ipinagbabawal ang mga damit na hindi angkop sa
simbahan.
Jan Francis V. Saclayan 1
 Lesson 03: Mga Pahayag sa Pagbibigay ng Sariling Pananaw
Sariling Pananaw
Mahalagang bahagi ng ating pang-araw-arawnapakikipagtalastasan
ang pagpapahayag ng sarilingpananaw o opinyon.
Pahayag:
Ang masasabi ko ay...
Ang pagkakaalam ko ay...
Ang paniniwala ko ay...
Ayon sa nabasa kong datos/impormasyon/balita…
Hindi ako sumasang-ayon sa sinabi mo dahil..
Kung ako ang tatanungin...
Maari po bang magdagdag ng aking mungkahi?
Maari po bang magdagdag sa sinabi ninyo?
Mahusay ang sinabimo at ako man ay…
Para sa akin…
Sa aking palagay…
Sa tingin ko ay…
Tutol ako sa sinabi mo dahil...
Lesson 04: Ang Pagbibinyag sa Savica
Awtor
France Preseren.
Crtomir
Ang makisig at matapang na mandirigman Pagano na labis na
nagmamahal sa kanyang kasintahan.
Bogomila
Isang dalagang maganda, inosente, at mahinhin subalit may
matatag na paninindigan.
Lesson 05: Mga Salitang Hudyat sa Pagsusunod-sunod ng Pangyayari
Pagkakasunod-sunod
Isa, dalawa, tatlo, apat, lima, anim, pito, walo, siyam, sampo at iba
pa.
1. Panunuran o Ordinal
Ginagamit pang lista. Hal. Tao, kasangkapan, at iba pa.
2. Tekstong Prosidyural
Hakbang (steps). Hal. Unang hakbang, pangalawang hakbang.
3. Paggamit ng Simula, Huli, Wakas
Hal. Samantala, maya-maya, araw-araw, at iba.

Jan Francis V. Saclayan 2