For Grammarly 22222

MOLLUSK SHELL AND DRIED BANANA PEEL AS AN ORGANIC
FERTILIZER
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School
Department University of Cebu – Banilad
Cebu City, Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for SH-3Is and SH – Work
Immersion/STEM
By:
CHANNA MAE D. SAMONTE
NOAH MAE B. MOLINA
URSUS LEO D. LAURON
REN GLENN T. DANO
LORENZO HUGO BREGENTE
May 2023
ii
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
ORGANIC FERTILIZER MANUFACTURD FROM MOLLUSK SHELL AND
DRIED BANANA PEEL COMPARED TO INORGANIC FERTILIZER

NOAH MAE B. MOLINA
URSUS LEO D. LAURON
REN GLENN T. DANO
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Adviser, University of Cebu
Keywords: Mollusk shell; banana peel;okra (abelmoschus esculentus);inorganic;

organic; fertilizer; plant; ineffectiveness; effectiveness; pulverized; dried; leaves; stem,
shells
Agriculture has been a vital source of life for humankind ever since it was discovered. It
has been a reliable food source until now, but as humanity developed, so has agriculture.
It has been refined, and fertilizer has been introduced to agriculture which is supposed to
speed up the long-term process of planting. Fertilizers are substances that boost plant
growth and productivity. It provides plants with more nutrition which further enhances
their development. Industrialization produced organic and inorganic fertilizers with the
same purpose, to promote plant growth. The goal of this research is to find an eco-
friendly and affordable fertilizer for locals. This can also lessen the use of chemicals that
make up inorganic fertilizers. This research focused on two (2) subjects: banana peels and
mollusk shells. These materials were to provide nutrients to the plant and act as fertilizer,
which is essential for the growth of the plant chosen for this experiment. The plant that
was tested for this experiment is Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). We measured its
effectiveness by measuring the length of its stems and leaves, as well as its width. To
further prove its effectiveness to the plant, the experiment needed a lot of set-ups,
including a control which has a pot with just soil and okra seeds, watered regularly. The
control was compared and monitored just like other set-ups that have inorganic and
organic fertilizers.
Department : Senior High School

Program : Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics Research Started : September 14, 2022
Research Completed : April 19, 2023
iii
UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
PROGRAM RESEARCH OFFICE
APPROVAL SHEET
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for SH-3I and SH

OJT/STEM, this research paper entitled MOLLUSK SHELL AND DRIED
BANANA PEEL AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER submitted by Channa Mae D.
Samonte, Noah Mae B. Molina, Ursus Leo D. Lauron, Ren Glenn T. Dano, Lorenzo
Hugo Bregente has been duly examined, accepted and approved for ORAL DEFENSE
EXAMINATION.

Adviser
ACCEPTED AS Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the SH-3I and

OJT/STEM
RICHARD D. ARDENIO, LPT, MST(c) MALEEN GRAFILO-ORDIZ, LPT, MAT

Program Research Coordinator Principal, Senior High School Department
APPROVED by the tribunal at the ORAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION with

the grade of .
GEORGINA FE ORTEGA
Chairman
ABIGAIL OPONDA, LPT, M. A. E. d. ABIGAIL OPONDA, LPT, M. A. E. d.

Member Member

Statistician
Date of Oral Defense: 19 MAY 2023

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In research of its nature, it is almost impossible to recognize and
mention every individual who made an invaluable contribution to this work.
However, we researchers firstly wish to thank the Almighty God, who
saw us through from beginning to end with great love and the great provider
of our wisdom, passion, and strength.
We also thank our research mentor, Mr. Junrel A. Capuno, who
supervised us throughout the writing process of this research to its
completion. He made a diligent effort to support the transformation of this
study from the draft stage to completion.
To Ms. Abigail Oponda and Ms. Abigail Apura for serving as
panelists and providing feedback and suggestions on our research paper.
The researchers are also thankful and deeply indebted to all our
friends for their encouragement and moral support.
Last but not least, we are grateful to our family for their patience and
understanding throughout the long hours we spent writing and re-writing this
research. However, any shortcoming of this work remains our responsibility.
Overall, the researchers want to express their gratitude to anybody
who has assisted in carrying out the research, whether directly or indirectly.
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to our parents as a token

of appreciation for their tender and loving care and for
having been labored to raise us morally upright which
served as a fountain of inspiration in our life;
It also dedicated to the teachers who are behind in making
this research possible through guiding the researcher to
complete this study;
The researchers would also like to dedicate this study to the
students who might benefit from it as well;
And to the school, who gives opportunity to the
researchers to nurture, test their skills, and cooperation to
build this study;
Furthermore, most particularly to our Almighty Lord our
God.
The examination is devoted to you.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES PAGE
Title Page ................................................................................. i

Research Abstract .................................................................... ii
Approval Sheet ........................................................................ iii
Acknowledgement ................................................................... iv
Dedication …………………………………………………… v
List of Tables............................................................................ x
List of Graphs………………………………………………... xi
List of Figures.......................................................................... xii
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction …………………………………… 1
Rationale…............................................... 1
Conceptual Framework of
the Study........................................ 5
Related Literature .................................... 6
Related Studies ........................................ 10
The Problem ...................................................... 21
Statement of the Problem ........................ 21
Statement of the Null Hypotheses …....... 23
Scope and Delimitations

of the Study................................... 25
vii
Significance of the Study......................... 26
Research Methodology ..................................... 28
Research Design ..................................... 29
Research Locale ..................................... 29
Research Subject …………………….... 32
Research Materials and

Equipment..................................... 33
Research Procedure ................................ 37
Statistical Treatments ............................. 39
Definition of Terms .......................................... 41
2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in

terms of Number of Leaves per Plant…...…
43

terms of Width of the Leaves per Plant...….
45

terms of Height of the Stems……...………..
46
Difference between the Combination of Fertilizer

in terms of the Number of Leaves per
viii
Plant……………………………………….. 48
Difference of the Efficacy of the Different

Mixtures of Alternative Fertilizers Based
on the Width of the Leaves……….………... 50
Difference between the Combination of

Fertilizers in terms of the Height of the
Stem……………………………………….. 51
Difference between the 100% Mollusk and

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Number
of Leaves of the Plant………………………. 52

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Width
of the Leaves of each Plant ………………… 54

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Height
of the Stem of Each Plant ….………………. 55
ix
3 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary.......................................................... 57
Findings............................................................ 59
Conclusions...................................................... 61
Recommendations............................................ 62
REFERENCES............................................................................. 64
APPENDIX………………………………………………..……. 72
A Summary of Raw Data …………………........ 72
B Documentation ……...………………............. 75
CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................... 80
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Difference of the Efficacy of the Different Mixtures
of Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Number of
Leaves per Plant ………………………………………. 44
2 Difference of the Efficacy of the Different Mixtures of
Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Number of
Leaves per Plant……………………………………….. 46
Leaves per Plant……………………………………….. 47
Leaves per Plant……………………………………….. 49
5 Difference of the Efficacy of the Combination of
Fertilizers Based on the Width of the Leaves per
Plant…………………………………………………… 50
6 Difference of the Efficacy of the Combination of Fertilizers
Based on the Height of the Stem………………………..
52
Based on the Number of the Leaves…………………….
53
Based on the Width of the Leaves………………………
54
Based on the Height of the Stem………………………..
56
xi
LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH PAGE
1 Graph of the effects to the Number of leaves for each
Plant of each Alternative Fertilizer……………………... 59
2 Graph of the effects to the Width of each leaf for each
Plant of each Alternative Fertilizer…………………….. 59
3 Graph of that shows the average of the height of stems
for each Alternative Fertilizer………………………….. 59
4 Graph of the effects to the Number of leaves for each
Plant of each Combination of Organic Fertilizer………. 59
5 Graph of the effects to the Width of leaves for each
Plant of each Combination of Organic Fertilizer………. 59
6 Graph of the difference of the Efficacy of the Combination
of Fertilizer Based on the Height of the Stem………….. 59
7 Graph of the difference of efficacy of the 100%
Mollusk and Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Number
of Leaves in each Plant…………………………………. 59
8 Graph of the difference of efficacy of the 100% Mollusk
and Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Width of Leaves
in each Plant
……………………..……………………………..…….. 59
9 Graph of the difference of efficacy of the 100% Mollusk and
Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Height of the Stems in
each Plant……………………………………………….. 59
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework
of the Study………………………………………. 5
2 Cubacub, Langub, Lower 5 Billiard Place, Mandaue

City………………………………………………. 30
3 Cubacub, Langub, Lower 5 Billiard Place, Mandaue

City………………………………………………. 31
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Agriculture has been a source of obsession for humanity since the first
person had the ingenious concept to plant something to maintain it for their
advantage many years ago. A system of permanent settlements and a reliable
food source replaced the traditional hunter-gatherer lives that humans have
lived since their emergence. Since then, agricultural production processes
have been enhanced and refined, and fertilizer has been introduced
(Farmland Information Center - Statistics).
Fertilizer is a substance applied to the soil or plants to promote growth
and productivity. It may be organic or artificial. They give the plants the
nutrition they need. It also boosts the soil's resistance because of its high
nutritional content (Uchida, 2020). Many times, plant feeds are used
interchangeably with fertilizers. Essentially, the plant is fed by the process of
"photosynthesis," which occurs when carbon dioxide from the air and water
on land is exposed to sunshine and converted to sugars and carbohydrates.
Fertilizer is comparable to vitamins. For cell division and enzymatic
processes
2
that promote photosynthesis and growth, fertilizers must contain
Phosphorus, nitrogen, Potassium, and other micronutrients (Kumar, 2021).
According to Jeetendra Prakash Aryal (2021), fertilizer is a key source
of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, which greatly contributes to
global warming despite being one of the most important inputs for
improving agricultural production. In order to enhance fertilizer efficiency
and reduce negative effects, it is essential to understand the factors that
influence farmers' usage of fertilizers. This study investigates the
characteristics influencing farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers
for the two most significant cereal crops – rice and wheat – in the Indo-
Gangetic Plains of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh using data from 2528
households. When combined, most of the calories consumed in the area
come from these crops. We also look at the elements contributing to nitrogen
(N) fertilizer misuse because it is the main cause of global warming and
other environmental problems.
Organic manuring is rapidly becoming necessary for environmentally
friendly and sustainable agriculture. Additionally, fertilizer made from
banana peels provides nutrients that support the plants' healthy, abundant
growth. Environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture is quickly
becoming dependent on organic manure. Banana peel fertilizer also has
nutrients that help the plants develop naturally and abundantly. In the
3
Philippines, a locally
4
grown banana type called Saba's peels can be used as an alternative to
fertilizer.
On the other hand, Saba is the banana plant with the highest
concentration of nutrients because it has the deepest roots among its
contemporaries, enabling it to take in more nutrients from the soil. It has a
lot of Potassium, which helps to strengthen your plants' stems and prevent
them from wilting. Potassium is also necessary for the flowering process and
is thought to enhance the quality of the fruit produced by your plants. As a
fertilizer, Potassium is the most crucial element. One great source of this is
Saba's peels. It contains around 422 milligrams of Potassium. Because it is
deficient in nitrogen, putting this organic fertilizer on plants like tomatoes
and peppers—requiring little nitrogen to survive—is a wise choice (Acevedo
S.A. et al., 2021).
Numerous researches have looked into the nutritional value of using
banana peels as fertilizer substitutes. They frequently consider the plant's
advantages and development when utilizing these materials as fertilizer.
However, they have not thoroughly investigated the variations in plant
development when using organic fertilizers like banana peels and mollusk
shells instead of inorganic fertilizers. For instance, do dried banana peels and
5
ground mollusk shells differ significantly from inorganic fertilizers in any
way?
This study aimed to ascertain and assess the effectiveness of
Pulverized Mollusks Shells and Dried Banana Peel as an inexpensive
alternative organic fertilizer that was supply and enhance the substance for
significant growth, strong root systems, and as well as solid branches of the
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant in comparison to inorganic fertilizers.

6
Conceptual Framework
Preparation and Characterization of
Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles from Banana Eco-friendly Development:
Marine Molluscan Shell Waste as Exploring the Effectiveness of using
Nutrient Source for Plant Growth, Banana Peel Fertilizer, Olid, Dakay,
Anand, Reshma, Kannan, Selvan, Canedo, Madrid, & Barontoy, 2022
Chaturvedi, Shalan, & Govindaraju,
2021
MOLLUSK SHELLS BANANA PEELS
MBP Fertilizer
 75% Mollusk; 25% Dried Banana Peel

TEST OF EFFECTIVENESS
 Number of leaves of the plants,
 Width of the leaves, and
 Height of the stem.

CONTROL SET-UP
 Negative Control
 Inorganic Fertilizer
ANALYSIS OF DATA
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the study

7
This study was based on the concept that Mollusk Shells and Dried
Banana Peel is a potential ingredient in formulating organic fertilizers as it is
scientifically proven to generally contain 6to 9percent protein, 20 to 30
percent fiber and other components such as starch, sugars, lignan, tannins
and minerals in varying amounts. Dried Banana Peel and Pulverized
Mollusk Shells helped add calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphates,
Potassium, and sodium, all of which are important to the healthy growth of
flowering and fruiting plants. Dried Banana Peel and Pulverized Mollusk
Shells also helps add healthy organic materials, which help soil retain water
and become lighter when added to our garden.
Related Literature
This section presents the literature supporting the current study to
further examine the already completed study, provide clear supporting
studies, and substantiate it.
Mollusks like scallops are types of seafood’s that humans consume;
the shells are discarded by fisheries as unwanted items, leaving a large
amount of waste for which we do not know how to dispose of the shells.
Scallop shells cannot be returned to the ocean and traditionally fishermen
had to pay to dispose of them in landfills. To date, people are unaware that
scallop shells can serve agriculture as an alternative to organic fertilizers
(Villa, 2020).
8
As mollusk shells decompose, they gradually release calcium,
nitrogen, and Phosphorus into the soil, increasing organic matter and
enhancing soil quality. Chitin, a protein-based lining of the shell also present
in insect exoskeletons, is another component of shells. Chitin encourages
microorganisms to fend off attacks by microscopic nematodes that live in the
soil and harm roots (Clausner, 2020).
Scallops, or Pectinidae as they are known scientifically, are bivalve
mollusks with two hinged shells made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This
chemical compound is frequently found in rocks as the minerals calcite and
aragonite and is the main component of pearls and the shells of marine
organisms, snails, and eggs. Because ocean acidification interferes with
these species' capacity to form robust shells, bivalves like scallops are in
danger. Seawater undergoes chemical reactions that lower the pH, carbonate
ion concentration, and saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals, which
are crucial for biological processes. These reactions are brought on by
absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) by seawater (Serb, 2016).
Bananas are one of the upscale fruits that are commercially grown and
distributed to shops and marketplaces. Although it is a delectable delicacy,
not the entire banana is consumed. The banana peel is still present and
9
typically discarded in the trash. The peelings should be saved and used again
as plant food because they are extremely high in Potassium (Kumar, 2018).
Banana peel has been historically used for the remedy of diverse
ailments. This spinoff is wealthy in phenolics with over 40 man or woman
compounds identified. However, the composition and degrees of those
compounds are prompted through diverse factors, along with varieties,
maturity, cultivation conditions, and pre-treatments. Phenolics inside banana
peels were determined to own robust antioxidant and antimicrobial
properties and are related to diverse fitness benefits (Vu, Scarlett, & Voung,
2018).
According to Acut (2019), plant evaluation confirmed that the
aggregate of mollusk shells and banana peels fertilizer changed into the
handiest fertilizer with the best stem dimension and right leaf count.
Moreover, the mollusk shells and banana peel fertilizer aggregate has a 7.09
pH level, 10.15% natural matter, 289.60ppm of Phosphorus, and 154ppm of
Potassium. Thus, the Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium (K) or NPK cost of
mollusk shells and banana peel fertilizer is certified as a well-known natural
fertilizer.
Furthermore, banana peels are good for gardens because they contain
42 percent potassium. Banana peels are good fertilizer because of what they
do not contain. They contain absolutely no nitrogen. While plants need

10
nitrogen (remember the NPK on fertilizers), too much nitrogen creates many
green leaves but few berries or fruits. Potassium-rich banana peels are
excellent for plants like tomatoes, peppers, or flowers. Banana peels also
contain calcium, which prevents blossom end rot in tomatoes. The
manganese in banana peels aids photosynthesis, while sodium helps water
flow between cells (Barbano, 2020).
Potassium is a crucial plant nutrient that your vegetable garden plants
need to grow strong roots, produce flowers, and produce fruit. Plants heavily
rely on Potassium, and a shortage of it can lead to stunted plant growth and a
delay in plant development. Potassium is widely regarded as the "quality
nutrient" and is second only to nitrogen in terms of the minerals that plants
need. Potassium aids in root growth, promoting a healthy exchange of water
and nutrients in your plants. Additionally, it plays a role in controlling plant
enzymes that support thicker fruit cell walls and stronger plant stems. These
aspects of Potassium assist your plants in becoming more resistant to pests,
diseases, and drought (Rashwan, 2021).
Okra has a height range of three to six feet. Mulch and fertilize as
necessary because Okra will thrive in various soil types. Okra grows well in
the hot, direct sun. Watering is regularly necessary and especially important
when pods are developing and blossoming. A weekly deep bath is helpful
11
when there are protracted dry spells. Okra takes 50 to 65 days to attain
maturity. For ten to twelve weeks, the plants can produce. Until the arrival
of frost, when they quickly turn black and die, it develops and produces seed
pods (Sasmita, 2018).
Okra has a height range of three to six feet. Mulch and fertilize as
necessary because okra will thrive in a variety of soil types. Okra grows well
in the hot, direct sun. Watering is necessary on a regular basis and is
especially important when pods are developing and blossoming. A weekly
deep bath is helpful when there are protracted dry spells. Okra takes 50 to 65
days to attain maturity. For ten to twelve weeks, the plants can produce. Up
until the arrival of frost, when they quickly turn black and die, it develops
and produces seed pods (Sasmita, 2018).
Fertilizers are widely used in agricultural practices, some prefer not to
use them for personal reasons, especially synthetic fertilizers, but companies
and industries use them to make production better in quality and efficiency.
Industries use commercial synthetic fertilizers since they are cheaper than
organic fertilizer and easier to access (Pokorny, 2015). Although, this has
harmful side effects on the environment and soil structure (Malone, 2021).
With this prior knowledge, the researchers came up with the idea to
use mollusk shells as fertilizer, in fact, as an organic fertilizer. According to
Agro
12
M. et al. (2022), the application of shells to acidic soil decreases the
saturation of Al in the exchange complex. It has a positive effect on dry
matter yield and Ca-concentration in plants. Inorganic fertilizers tend to
lower soil pH, making it more acidic. All plants tolerate different soil pH
levels; some do well in acidic soil. However, if the soil gets too acidic,
plants will suffer. Fertilizing with manure, an organic option, helps to keep
soil pH in a range that is healthy for plants according to Malone M. (2021).
Applying seashells to acidic soil results in the increased pH, soil
organic matter, available P, exchangeable cations concentrations, improved
soil chemical, and biological properties and increased plant productivity
(Agro M. et al., 2022). This means that not only would mollusk shells help
with the development of the plants, but it also makes the soil healthier.
Organic fertilizers only release nutrients when the soil is warm and
moist; they react more slowly than inorganic fertilizers. Nutrient leaching, or
the loss of soil-based plant nutrients that are water soluble, is less likely with
this slow-release technique. In contrast, inorganic fertilizers instantly supply
this nourishment in a plant-ready state. However, the concentration of
nutrients raises the possibility of burning the plant, and the quick absorption
of nutrients may cause them to move deep into the soil and roots, out of
reach
13
of plants. Synthetic fertilizer, often known as inorganic fertilizer, is
produced artificially and contains minerals or artificial substances.
Plants need essential nutrients such as nitrogen, Phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium, and sulfur. Calcium is essential for plants as it prevents certain
damage to the plant, such as courgette powdery mildew and flower end rot,
which are calcium deficiency diseases. It is important because it gives the
energy to form the stem. There are many categories of organic fertilizers.
For example, the most common type is manure obtained from animal waste.
Another type is the dried, powdered blood collected from cattle
slaughterhouses, which is very rich in nitrogen and which farmers are
careful not to apply too much to burn the plant roots. The next type is
bonemeal, which consists of finely ground bones rich in calcium and 15%
phosphate. The final type is shellfish manure, or shellfish meal, made from
crushed bones and shells of crabs and other crustaceans. It is an excellent
source of calcium, along with Phosphorus and many trace elements. One of
the benefits of crustacean fertilizers is that the chitin promotes the growth of
organisms that inhabit the harmful pest nematodes.
Shells can significantly improve the soil's trace nutrient content and
even supplies a nitrogen. Mussels, oysters, and clams' hard shells are
primarily
made of chitin and calcium carbonate. Chitin, an organic polymer that made
14
up the shells of shellfish and insects, and calcium carbonate, which
somewhat is also presented in eggshells, are going to provide much-needed
calcium to the soil. As chitin deteriorates, nitrogen can be added to the soil
since chitin contains nitrogen throughout its molecular structure. However,
shellfish shells also have some protein (another nitrogen source) numerous
trace minerals, such as magnesium, manganese, iron, and boron, which are
all important for plant growth. Shell as nutrients works great for both
backyard gardens and agricultural operations. These marine materials
naturally release nutrients into the soil and help maintain a healthy pH and
nutrient balance that can greatly benefit your plants. All soil is evaluated on
two basic features: its fertility and its texture. In addition to strengthening
the soil on both these fronts, crushed shells work great for various outdoor
projects because it is both environmentally friendly and provides high
quality drainage (Bradley, 2018).
Mussels can be used as fertilizer, especially on stockless farms which
needed an extra nutrient but have limited access to fertilizer supplies. Mussel
shells are a great addition to any garden as they provide many benefits. For
starters, mussel shells are high in calcium and other minerals that are
essential for plant growth. They also help to improve drainage and aeration
in the soil,
15
which can lead to healthier plants. Additionally, mussel shells can act as a
natural mulch, helping to suppress weeds and retain moisture in the soil
(Gutiérrez ,2023).
(Spångberg, et al., 2013) cultivating mussels for fertiliser proved more
energy-efficient than reducing eutrophication in wastewater treatment plants.
Based on the study of Dinsdale (2012), Mussel shell contains calcium
carbonate (from 95 percent to 99 percent of the shell weight) and small
amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, all of
which are beneficial to the soil and plant life.
Related Studies
This section covers the related studies required to validate and
examine the current study and provide enough supporting studies. Moreover,
the selected related studies provide insight and provide the study's
theoretical background.
Fertilizer made from mollusk shells and banana peels was the most
effective, with the highest stem measurement and a high leaf count.
Furthermore, the mollusk shell and banana peel fertilizer had a pH of 7.09,
10.15% organic matter, 289.60ppm of Phosphorus, and 154 ppm of

16
Potassium. As a result, the NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) value of
mollusk shells and banana peel fertilizer, qualifies it for use as a standard
organic fertilizer (Acut et al., 2019). Banana peels have many purposes,
from just a portion of animal food to antioxidants for fighting cancer. Its
biochemical products are so packed at it can serve many purposes. It also
provides Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur which can benefit plants'
development. Banana peels are usually decomposed to release the nutrients
into the soil, then plants. This information further supports the aim of this
study. The organic wastes this experiment will use are banana peels and
mollusk shells, providing nutrients essential for plant growth. This
experiment will further tell us more about the effectiveness of these organic
wastes. This
study aims to produce an organic fertilizer out of banana skin and mollusk
shells to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. Since inorganic fertilizers are
bad for the environment and soil, it causes pollution, since it produces
nitrous oxide, which can contribute to global warming. It also causes soil to
be more acidic, which is unhealthy for plants (Zelman K., 2022).

17
Cultivation of bananas, one of the biggest fruit crops in the world with
various uses in the foodservice industry, is common in tropical cultures. Its
enormous outputs, recycled biomass, serve as a wonderful source of
extremely valuable raw materials for those other sectors. By doing this,
current concerns and the subsequent loss of vast undeveloped resources are
avoided. "This review extensively discusses the breakthrough in the
utilization of banana by-products such as peels, leaves, pseudo stem, stalk,
and inflorescence in various food and non-food applications such as
thickening agent, coloring and flavor, an alternative source of macro and
micronutrients, nutraceuticals, livestock feed, natural fibers, and sources of
natural bioactive compounds and bio-fertilizers" (Padam et al., 2014).
Furthermore, according to Hussein et al. (2019) banana contains
important nutrients, which could be recycled into useful materials to be
reused in different purposes. Extraction of mixed nano-biostimulant fertilizer
from banana peels is the main purpose of this investigation.
The fundamental of this study is that the phenolic compounds
observed withinside the banana peel are grouped as flavonols,
hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, and catecholamines. Incorporating
banana peel into meals merchandise was more desirable than the dietary
18
content material, specifically the nutritional fiber and phenolic content
material. It has been tested that banana peel reduces lipid oxidation,
specifically in meat-primarily based totally merchandise. Despite the
vitamins provided through banana peels, this
paper discusses the ability and anti-nutrient content material that should be
addressed (Zaini et al., 2022).
In the present study, culinary banana peel was explored as a source of
raw material for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). To isolate CNFs,
the peel flour was first subjected to different chemical treatments to
eliminate non-cellulosic compounds. Thermal analyses evinced the
developed CNFs enhanced thermal properties which serve the purpose as an
effective reinforcing material to be used as bio-nanocomposites. Hence,
producing CNFs from this underutilized agro-waste has potential application
in commercial field that can add high value to culinary banana (Khawas &
Deka, 2016).
Low soil fertility, high fertilizer application rates, and low yields and
quality are major problems in intensive banana production. The experiment
consisted of an unamended control (C.K.) and lime (Lime), calcium
magnesium phosphate fertilizer (CMP), organic fertilizer (OF), and organic

19
fertilizer combined with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (OFC)
treatments (Zhang et al., 2020).
Numerous studies have shown that soil amendments improve plant
development and output while reducing the effects of diseases and toxins.
To
the best of our knowledge, there is no thorough evaluation focusing on the
synergistic effects of microorganisms and soil amendments with biochar or
compost to improve the current fertilizers toward more sustainable
agriculture. The primary goal of the current effort is to explain the most
recent information required for creating sophisticated soil supplements
employing microorganisms and low-cost, environmentally friendly waste
sources. The choice of a microorganism from several bacterial and fungal
strains that have been recognized in the literature as plant growth promoting
(PGP) is the first step in creating the bio-fertilizer. The efficient types are
categorized in this study (Bamdad et al., 2021).
The behavior of nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in the soil is the
main focus of The Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and Organic Manure on
Soil Fertility because these two nutrients are the main nutrients that limit
crop yields. They are also the nutrients of particular concern for
environmental
20
quality, along with salts, sodium, Potassium (K), sulfur (S), macronutrients
(primary and secondary), micronutrients, and other elements. Organic matter
and CEC are discussed. Organic fertilizer enhances the physical and
biological functions of the soil, but because they are relatively poor in
nutrients, a greater amount is needed for plant growth. However, inorganic
fertilizer is frequently available quickly and contains all the nutrients that
plants require. However, regular use of inorganic fertilizers damages soil
over time (Bhatt et al., 2019).
Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) like mollusk shells is
regarded as one of the most important fertilizers for improving soil health
and productivity. An experiment employing solitary MSWC and a
combination of inorganic fertilizer was carried out to assess the impact of
MSWC on plant growth. The application rate for the single MSWC was 0,
5, 10, and 15 t ha-
1. MSWC was applied equally (5 t ha-1) with inorganic fertilizer, and
phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied at 100 and 50 kg ha-1,
respectively. The only variable nutrient was nitrogen. Along with the
control, three different dosages of nitrogen (25, 50, and 100 kg ha-1) were
sprayed.
The experimental plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) produced a

21
maximum yield (72.76.3 t ha-1) of tomatoes (Salam et al., 2021).
Banana peels are a low-cost agriculture waste that could be used to
absorb heavy metals in wastewater. Although banana is one of the world's
most important commercial crops, most edible parts are consumed for their
nutrient purpose only rather than using adsorption properties (Kok Seng L. et
al., 2018). Hence, this information strengthens the study's goal.
According to Mohammad S. G. et al., (2015) they conducted to
investigate the removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by using low
cost, natural, and eco-friendly bio-sorbent of Banana peels Activated Carbon
(BPAC) through batch experiments. The removal of Cadmium ions from
wastewater is mainly influenced by pH of the synthetic wastewater and the
amount of bio-sorbent dose. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the model parameters were
evaluated. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic
model is better described. Furthermore, the results showed that activated
carbon of kepok banana peels with a concentration of 20% H3PO4 could
reduce iron (Fe) levels from an initial value of 0.52 mg/L to 0.00 mg/L, TSS
levels decreased from an initial value of 180.3 to 0.46 mg. /L., and the pH of
the acid solution from the initial value of 5.4 to neutral with a value of 7.2.
22
The conclusion is that the activated carbon of banana peel is better than rice
husk activated carbon to reduce the content of heavy metal iron (Fe) and
TSS and neutralize pH (Ahmad Roni K.et al., 2021).
The researchers would like to focus on utilizing dried banana peel and
pulverized mollusk shells as an alternative organic fertilizer compared to the
inorganic fertilizer, which will help the experimental plant okra
(Abelmoschus
esculentus L.) to grow. Banana peel fibers exhibit good renewable material
for substituting biobased composite (Abdul Razab M. K. et al., 2018).
Furthermore, this statement aims to support the goal of this study.
In conclusion, organic fertilizers release nutrients more gradually than
inorganic fertilizers but only when the soil is warm and moist, whenever it
reacts. Nutrient runoff, or the reduced soil of surface micro-nutrients, is
much less likely using this gradual technique. In comparison, inorganic
fertilizers instantly deliver this nourishment in a form appropriate for plants.
Nevertheless, the reaction speed of nutrients can leak them deep into the
ground and stems wherever plants cannot reach them, raising the likelihood
of burning the plant. Banana peels can be utilized as an alternative organic
fertilizer for biomass conversion, which could lower the costs and harm the
23
environment. While mollusk shells add strength to the soil, crushed shells
are ideal for various outdoor tasks because they are both environmentally
benign and provide excellent permeability. Furthermore, the naturally
occurring
absorption of fertilizers into the soil can aid in maintaining a balanced pH
and nutrient balance, which can substantially benefit your plants.
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to ascertain and assess the effectiveness of Mollusks
and Dried Banana Peel as an inexpensive alternative organic fertilizer that
will supply and enhance the substance for significant growth, strong root
systems, and as well as solid branches of the Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
plant in comparison to inorganic fertilizers. The experimentation would take
place at the Municipality of Mandaue, Province of Cebu, in a residence of
Purok 5, Langub of Barangay Cubacub, and 2nd Semester of S.Y. 2022-

24
2023.
The study's particular objective is to answer the following questions:
1. Is there a significant difference among the different alternative
fertilizer in terms of:
1.1 Number of leaves of the plants,
a. 100% Mollusk
b. 100% Dried Banana Peel
c. 75% Mollusk and 25% Dried Banana peel
d. 75% Dried Banana peel and 25% Mollusk
e. 50% Dried Banana peels
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
h. Inorganic Fertilizer
1.2 Width of the leaves,
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
25
g. Negative Control
1.3 Length of the leaves, and
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
1.4 Height of the stem.
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
26
2. Is there a substantial difference in the efficiency of sustainable
fertilizer instead of artificial fertilizers in various forms of:
a. 75% Mollusk; 25% Dried Banana Peel
b. 50% Mollusk; 50% Dried Banana Peel
c. 25% Mollusk; 75% Dried Banana Peel
2.2 Width of leaves,
3. Is there a significant difference between (the most effective

27
alternative fertilizer) and Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of:
Statement of the Null Hypothesis
H01: There is no significant difference among the different alternative
fertilizers in terms of:
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
a. 100% Mollusk
28
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
a. 100% Mollusk

29
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
H02: There is no substantial difference in the efficiency of sustainable

fertilizer instead of artificial fertilizer in various forma of:

30
H03: There is a significant difference between the 100% Mollusk and
Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of:
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focused on utilizing dried banana peel and pulverized
mollusk shells as an alternative organic fertilizer compared to the inorganic
fertilizer conducted by the Grade 12 STEM Senior High School Students of
the University of Cebu-Banilad Campus, S.Y. 2022-2023, with the focus on
arriving at a better comparison.
In this study, the researchers are using a ruler to measure if there was
a significant increase in growth after planting okra plants. By using organic
and inorganic fertilizers, we are bound to compare if there was a significant
growth in terms of length and width of the plant and which fertilizer was
more efficient in terms of growth.

31
The experimentation took place at the researcher's residence. This
study was conducted within five months. Period. The okra was tested in 4
trials:
Plant A was okra with 100% banana organic fertilizers; Plant B with 100%
mollusk organic fertilizers; Plant C with 75% banana; 25% mollusk; Plant D
with 75% mollusk; 25% banana; Plant E with 50% banana; 50% mollusk;
Plant F with inorganic fertilizer; and Plant G with inorganic fertilizer. The
okra was measured in terms of weekly growth rate using a ruler, visually
counting the number of leaves, and measuring the width of the leaves. The
researchers also measured the length of the stem.
The researchers aimed to determine if there was significant growth in
terms of the width of the leaves and the length of the stem by comparing
organic and inorganic fertilizers to see which was more efficient in terms of
effectiveness.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will benefit mostly agricultural students and
farmers. It is very helpful to provide efficiency of mollusk shells and dried
banana peels to produce a cost-efficient organic fertilizer. The findings of
this study will significantly assist the following:
Agricultural students. Would benefit from this study because it is

32
significant for those who are willing to study and add more knowledge about
this field.
Farmers. This study would be a life saver to farmers considering the
benefits of using organic fertilizer from dried banana peel and mollusk
shells. It aims to assist those in preventing harmful and cost-effective
practices. As a result of this study, farmers will recognize that utilizing Dried
Banana Peel and Mollusk Shells are indeed very beneficial as an
alternative Organic
Fertilizer and, therefore, will consider adding it as an additional source of
livelihood to their own everyday lives.
Parents. Becoming a parent is indeed both astounding and mentally
exhausting, with parents finding solace in their family's actions while
somehow feeling bad about what they are doing. These findings of the study
would be particularly useful because habitually caring for a plant and having
to watch it grow brings parents (Plantita) joy and motivation because they
are made aware that change and development take more time, and it also
assists each other to unwind their minds and experience some a sense of
calmness.
Scientists. The discoveries of this ponder May would give scientists
strides in the productivity of mollusk and dried banana peel to deliver cost
efficient natural fertilizer.
Students. The researchers are encouraged to demonstrate to students

33
the therapeutic potential of dried banana peel and mollusk shells as organic
fertilizers.
Teachers. The findings of this study also assist teachers in
introducing to their students ecologically responsible plant food and a
budget-friendly and exceptional way to assist and educate their school
children regarding how to create an effective Organic Fertilizer. As an
outcome of this study, the
researchers will be encouraged that the Dried Banana Peel and Mollusk
Shells are far superior and potentially beneficial to the plant.
Future Researchers. The findings of this study would provide future
researchers with a broader viewpoint, and this study can serve as a
foundation for a useful research project from a local perspective.
Researchers improve services not just for you but also for future
Researchers. Future researchers can benefit from this study about knowledge
and combination of organic fertilizer.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study utilized the quantitative research design to investigate the
effectiveness of pulverized mollusk shell and dried banana peel as organic
fertilizer compared to ammonium phosphate which is inorganic fertilizer to
an okra plant. A quantitative method allowed the researcher to compare

34
inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer and to examine if there is a
significant growth in okra plant in terms of growth, width and its length.
Research Locale
The study site illustrates the location of the experimentation, materials
were gathered after observation. In this investigation, the researchers
collected the plants at one of the researchers' residences at Purok 5 Barangay
Langub, Mandaue City. A result of a high altitude, plants like okra are not
new to the area and thus can withstand the cold and weather fluctuations
there. The site was selected by the researchers considering it was the most
beneficial for collecting the research's relevant things.

34
Figure 2. Satellite Image of House No. 5 Lower Cubacub Langub.

Coordination of Research Locale
Cubacub Langub, Lower 5, 6014 Mandaue Cebu

Latitude: 10.374610
Longitude: 123.939346
The residence is located in an accessible place. The primary resources
needed for the research are an area which suited to the materials of the
researchers and abundant resources. The house is situated in an easily
accessible area. This is suitable location for the researchers' materials and an
abundance of resources are the main resources required for the
investigation. All those needs can be found in the residence. The research
environment
35
included a wide range of spaces. The researchers utilize the residence
balcony, which is the largest and most open space in their house. The
environment was spacious and covered, which allowed the researchers to
concentrate more on their experimental studies.
Figure 3. Satellite Image of Cubacub, Langub, Lower 5 Billiard

Place Mandaue City
Coordination of Research Locale
Cubacub, Langub, Lower 5 Billiard Place, 6014 Mandaue City

Latitude: 10.374610
Longitude: 123.939346
36
Research Subjects
The banana peel and pulverized mollusk shell are the study's subjects;
each of these items are used to make the alternative organic fertilizer and
inorganic fertilizer. Banana Peel is the outer covering of the banana fruit,
known as banana skin in British English. Banana peels are used as animal
food, as an ingredient in cooking and in water purification. A lot of people
use banana peel as an alternative organic fertilizer, especially in the
Philippines.
According to Hussein et al. (2019), banana peel contains important
nutrients, which could be recycled into useful materials to be reused in
different purposes. It also helps your plants move nutrients and water
between cells, it is because of the sodium present in it. They contain not only
potassium and sodium but they also contain calcium, which allows plants to
take up more nitrogen, which are needed for some potassium-loving plants;
sulfur and magnesium, for the formulation of chlorophyll; and manganese,
which helps with photosynthesis. Mollusk shell, it is also spelled mollusk,
any soft-bodied usually enclosed in a calcium carbonate. Typically, a
calcareous exoskeleton which enclose, supports and protect the animal
inside of it. In nature, mollusk shells play a role in protecting the soft body
of the mollusk from predators and the external environment. Not all mollusk
shell lived in the sea sometimes it can be found at freshwater or land.

37
Research Materials and Equipment

The following are the materials and equipment that will be used
for this study.
Quantity Materials Image Description /Usage
Banana
Peel as an
alternative
7 kg Banana Peels Organic
Fertilizer to
Okra
As an
alternative
Organic
7 kg Mollusk Fertilizer
Shells
Ammonium
Phosphate
asInorganic
500 g Ammonium fertilizer
Phosphate
38
We use this
as
something
1 Winnowing where we
Tray can place
our banana
peels as we
We'll
utilize this
when
1 Blender pulverizing
or crushing
dry banana
peels as
well as
mollusk
shells
This would
be utilized
as we plant
5 kg Soil our okra
(Abelmosc
h us
esculentus)
39
Use for the Okra this is also to give

a prover home for the plant
28 Pot
40
Okra
(Abelmosch
us
esculents),
56 Okra Seeds
the fastest
plant to
grow. As a
result of our
experiment,
okra will be
used.
Brush to
clean up
the
Mollusk
1 Brush
Shells.
A hammer
to
pulverized
1 Hammer the
Mollusk
Shells and
41
Banana Peel before
Utilize to
transport or
place soil
1 Shovel and
fertilizer on
pots
Used in
measuring
the amount
1 Measuring of fertilizer
Cup to be mixed
with, its
either 25%,
50%, 75%
or 100%.
42
Research Procedure
Preparation of the
Materials
In this study the researchers created a stand for the plant and the
researchers started the experiment by gathering all the materials required,
such as mollusk shells and banana peels, which served as the focus of the
investigation. Winnowing is used as a tool, as well as a hammer, brush, and
blender. All were already present at the experimentation's area after being
newly gathered in one of the researchers' locations. The organic components
were all cleansed under flowing water until debris and undesired items, no
longer distinguishable. In addition, the researchers disregarded the
inappropriate materials for experiments.
Preparation for Okra Seed
The seeds were placed in tepid water overnight by the researchers to
hasten germination. The seeds were subsequently placed in a wet tissue with
water and left for two days. The okra seed can be transferred into the pot
after two days of waiting.
Preparation for Organic Fertilizer
The researchers gathered all the shells and washed then with a clean
water and the researchers let the shells to dry up from direct sunlight within
3 days, after drying up all the shells, the researchers then start their
experimentation. The researchers utilized a hammer to pulverized the shells.

43
The researchers will chop the dried banana peel into pieces that is
about an inch square. The pieces will the dry through direct sunlight for 3
days. Furthermore, the researchers then used a blender as a tool to
pulverized the dried banana peel. The pulverized banana peel is buried in the
ground close to the okra plant by placing them beneath the mulch but on
the top of the soil; this method also works with potted plants. The
pulverized banana peel releases nutrients as they decompose and
subsequently absorb by the plants.
Preparation for Inorganic Fertilizer
The researchers will get water, Bottle Spray, and 1 Tablespoon ready.
The researchers will now follow the instructions and add one tablespoon of
ammonium phosphate as an inorganic fertilizer to the bedding plants and
potted plants. After thoroughly combining all the ingredients, the researcher
will apply them to the plant in the cultivated soil three inches from the
plant's base. The researchers will then check on the product and water it
three times every day.
Preparation for Planting the Plant
The researchers prepared the necessary supplies, and then they will
show how to plate the okra using organic fertilizer in a different pot in the
first phase. The researchers will next obtain a second container for the
inorganic fertilizer in order to compare the two types, and they will then
44
place it in the designated location for the experiment. The researchers will
monitor and care for the plant throughout time.

45
Statistical Treatment of Data
In this regard, analyzing is the best and appropriate statistical
treatment that can be used to be able to gather the necessary results in this
study.
In this study, the following statistical treatments were utilized.
1. For problems 1, 2, 3, and 4, the t-test for two independent samples
was utilized.
𝑥1−𝑥2
𝑡 = ,
𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
where:
t = computed t-test,
𝑥1 = mean of the first group,
𝑥2 = mean of the second group,
s1 = standard deviation of the first group,
s2 = standard deviation of the second group,
n1 = number of samples for the first group, and
n2 = number of samples for the second group.

The researchers managed to use these statistical treatments by the use of manual counting, use of reliable
software, and the use of electronic
46
Statistical Treatment of Data
In this regard, analyzing is the best and appropriate statistical
treatment that can be used to be able to gather the necessary results in this
study.
In this study, the following statistical treatments were utilized.
1. For problems 1, 2, 3, and 4, the t-test for two independent samples
was utilized.
𝑥1−𝑥2
𝑡 = ,
𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 1+ 2
𝑛1 𝑛2
where:
t = computed t-test,
𝑥1 = mean of the first group,
𝑥2 = mean of the second group,
s1 = standard deviation of the first group,
s2 = standard deviation of the second group,
n1 = number of samples for the first group, and
n2 = number of samples for the second group.
The researchers managed to use these statistical treatments by the use
of manual counting, use of reliable software, and the use of electronic

47
applications, to be able to achieve accurate and precise data analysis and
results. In addition, the use of an alpha () which is equal to 0.05 was utilized
as a statistical basis of error. Furthermore, if the F-critical value and T-
critical value are greater than the alpha, then the null hypothesis was rejected
which indicates that the study is significant. Otherwise, the researchers were
required to accept the null hypothesis.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For a more complete understanding of the study, the researchers have
defined several aspects that were employed in the study theoretically and
practically.
Mollusk shell. One of the key benefits of using our alternative
fertilizer is that it works best, has the highest stem measurement and healthy
leaf count.
Banana Peel. It is one of the primary subjects; it is also the most
successful in encouraging root development and creating strong roots in the
plant.
Okra. One of the main subjects, together with Banana Peel and
Mollusk Shells.
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data through
statistical treatment of the raw data collected after the experimentation
process conducted by the researchers.
Difference among the Alternative Fertilizer in terms of Number of

Leaves per Plant
Graph 1 displays the significant difference between the effects of the
different alternative organic fertilizers to the number of leaves of each plant.
Graph 1. Graph of the Effects to the Number of Leaves for Each Plant
of each Alternative Fertilizer
5
4.5
4 3.75
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.25
No. of leaves
3 2.75
2.5
2
1.5 1.25
1
0.5
0
Negative 100% Mollusk 100% Banana 50% B; 50%% 75% B; 25% M 75% M; 25% B
Control M
Alternative Fertilizers
STEM 1 STEM 2 STEM 3 STEM 4 AVERAGE

46
Graph 1 shows the following averages: (1) 75%B; 25%M has the
highest average with 3.75 leaf growth rate; (2) 100% Mollusk with an
average of 3.5; (3) 100% Banana with an average of 2.75 and (4) Negative
Control
with 1.25.
Table 1 significant difference of the efficacy of each alternative
fertilizer based on the number of leaves on each plant, respectively.
Table 1. Difference of the Efficacy of the Different Mixtures of

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Number of Leaves per
Plant
Fertilizers Mean SD N
Negative Control 1.25 2.25
100% Mollusk 3.5 0.33
100% Dried Banana Peel 2.75 4.25
4
50% M; 50% B 3.5 0.33
75% B; 25% M 3.75 0.92
75% M; 25% B 3.25 0.92
Table 2 tabulates the variance of the efficacy of each alternative
fertilizer based on the number of leaves on each plant.
Table 2. Variance of the Efficacy of the Different Mixtures of

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Number of Leaves per
Plant
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Computed p–

Variation Freedom Squares Squares F value
Between
5 17 3.4
Groups 2.27ns 0.09
Within Groups 18 27 1.5
ns = significant at alpha level of 0.05
47
A one-way anova test was done to determine which of the
Combinations of Mollusk and Dried Banana Peel was the best and was
compared to the alternative fertilizers: 100% Mollusk; 100% Dried Banana
Peel and Negative Control. Since the 75% B; 25%M was the best mixture in
terms of number of leaves and the consistency of each plant compared to the
other fertilizers. This data shows that the best fertilizer for producing the
most leaves is the 75% B; 25% M mixture with an average of 3.75 leaves
per plant. In the graph, it was observed that the application of dried banana
peel resulted in greater number of leaves compared to the other fertilizers.
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizers in terms of the Width of

the Leaves per Plant
different alternative organic fertilizers to the width of the leaves of each plant.
Graph 2. Graph of the Effects to the Width of each Leaf for each Plant
of each Alternative Fertilizers
48
6
4.83
5 4.29
3.89
Width (cm)
4 3.45
3 2.38 2.2
2
0
Negative 100% 100% Banana 50% B; 50%% 75% B; 25% 75% M; 25%
Control Mollusk M M B
The above graph displays the average leaf widths for the negative
control and the alternative fertilizers tested and is as follows, in order of
largest width and descending; The 100% Mollusk (4.8cm) fertilizer grew the
widest leaves, followed by 75% Mollusk; 25% Banana (4.3cm), 50%
Banana; 50% Mollusk (3.9cm), 75% Banana; 25% Mollusk (3.4cm),
Negative Control (2.4 cm), and 100% Banana (2.2cm), which displayed the
least growth in width.
Table 3 the significant difference of the efficacy of each alternative
fertilizer based on the width of the leaves on each plant.

49

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Width of Leaves per
Plant
100% Mollusk 4.83 0.62
50% M; 50% B 3.89 1.1 4
75% B; 25% M 3.45 5.21
75% M; 25% B 4.29 2.94
fertilizer based on the width of the leaves on each plant.

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Width of Leaves per
Plant
Between
5 22.04 4.41
Groups 1.29 0.31 ns
Within Groups 18 61.27 3.4

ns
= significant at alpha level of 0.05
A one-way anova test was done to determine which of the alternative
fertilizers was the best and with the data found, it indicated that the greater
the concentration of mollusk the better the leaf growth. It was observed that
the fertilizer with the highest concentration of mollusk (100% Mollusk)
produced the thickest leaf and the most consistent among all the alternative
fertilizer with an average of 4.83cm, followed by 75%M; 25B with an

50
average thickness of 4.29cm.
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in terms of the Height of

the Stems
different alternative organic fertilizers to the height of stem.
Graph 3. Graph that Shows the Average of the Height of Stems for
Each Alternative Fertilizer
35
30 25.98 25.7
24.13
25 22.48
Height (cm)
18.48
20
13.28
15
10
5
0
Negative 100% 100% 50% B; 75% B; 25% 75% M; 25%
Control Mollusk Banana 50%% M M B
The heights for each stem were measured and the average stem height
of each alternative fertilizer was found; the highest average was found in the
stems of the 100% Mollusk fertilizer (26cm), followed closely by 75%
Mollusk; 25% Banana (25.7cm), then 50% Banana; 50% Mollusk (24.1cm),
75% Banana; 25% Mollusk (22.5cm), 100% Banana (18.5cm), and lastly by
Negative Control (13.3cm) with the lowest average stem height.
Table 5 tabulates the significant difference of the efficacy of each

51
alternative fertilizer based on the height of stem on each plant, respectively.

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Height of Stem
100% Mollusk 25.98 2.61
50% M; 50% B 24.13 20.76 4
75% B; 25% M 22.48 66.39
75% M; 25% B 25.7 6.73
fertilizer based on the height of stem on each plant.

Alternative Fertilizers Based on the Height of Stem
Between
5 488.53 97.71
Groups 1.54 ns 0.23
Within Groups 18 1139.1 63.28
ns
A one-way anova test was done to determine which of the alternative
fertilizers was the best. From the data shown, it is observed that the
concentration of mollusk shell and the highest impact in promoting stem
growth. With this, compared to the other alternative fertilizers, the Pure
Mollusk had the tallest stem average with 25.98cm and the 75%M; 25%B
came after with an average of 25.7cm.
Difference between the 100% Mollusk and Inorganic Fertilizer in terms

52
of Number of Leaves of each plant.
different alternative organic fertilizers to the width of the leaves of each
plant.
Graph 4. Graph of the difference of efficacy of the 100% Mollusk and

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Number of Leaves in each
Plant
Table 7 tabulates the significant difference of the efficacy of the 100%
Mollusk fertilizer or the Inorganic Fertilizer based on the number of leaves
on each plant.
Table 7. Difference of the Efficacy of the 100% Mollusk and Inorganic

Fertilizer Based on the Number of Leaves
Mean
Specifics N Mean SD Computed t p-value
Difference
100% Mollusk 4 3.5 0.5
53
Inorganic 0.296 4.22 s
0.0029
4 2.25 0.43
Fertilizer
s
Table 7 shows the T-test of the two fertilizers to determine its efficacy on
growing a greater number of leaves. The results have showed that 100%
Mollusk is more effective in producing more leaves than the inorganic
fertilizer with an average of 3.5 while the inorganic fertilizer has an average
of 2.25 only. Since the values of the p- values are very far apart we can say
there is a significant difference between the 100% Mollusk and Inorganic
Fertilizer when it comes to producing more leaves per plant.

of Width of the Leaves of Each Plant.
Graph 5 displays the significant difference between the effects
of the different alternative organic fertilizers to the width of the leaves of
each plant.

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Width of the Leaves in each
Plant
54
Table 8 tabulates the significant difference of the efficacy of the 100%
Mollusk fertilizer or the Inorganic Fertilizer based on the width of the leaves
on each plant.
Table 8. Difference of the Efficacy of the 100% Mollusk and Inorganic

Fertilizer Based on the Width of the Leaves
Mean
Difference
100% Mollusk 4 5.53 0.06
Inorganic 0.53 5.43s 0.0016
4 2.65 1.06
Fertilizer
s
promoting leaf growth. The results have showed that 100% Mollusk is more
effective in producing healthier leaves than the inorganic fertilizer with an
average of 5.52cm while the inorganic fertilizer has an average of 2.65cm
only. Since the value of the p-value is lower than the alpha level it can be
55
inferred that there is a significant difference between the two fertilizers with
the 100% mollusk being more effective than the inorganic fertilizer.

of Height of the Stem of each plant.
Graph 6 displays the significant difference between the effects
of the different alternative organic fertilizers to the height of the stems of
each plant.

Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of Height of the Stems in each
Plant
Table 9 tabulates the significant difference of the efficacy between the 100%
Mollusk fertilizer or the Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of the height of the stem on
each plant.
Table 9. Difference of the Efficacy of the Combination of Fertilizers

56
Based on the Hight of the Stem
Mean
Difference
100% Mollusk 4 25.98 1.62
Inorganic 0.53 4.33s 0.0049
4 18.78 2.91
Fertilizer
s
producing the tallest stems. The results have shown that the stems with
100%
Mollusks have taller stems than that of the inorganic fertilizer. And with the
p-value lesser than the alpha level, therefore we reject the null hypotheses
and there is a significant difference between the 100% Mollusk Organic
Fertilizer and the Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of producing the tallest stem.
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Pulverized
Mollusk Shells and Dried Banana Peel as an inexpensive alternative organic
fertilizer that can improve the overall growth of the Okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus) plant in comparison to ammonium phosphate as an inorganic
fertilizer. This study aims to compare the significant growth in terms of
length and the width of the plant.
Specifically, this answers the following questions:
1. Is there a significant difference among the different alternative
fertilizer in terms of:
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
58
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control

59
a. 100% Mollusk
f. 50% Mollusk
g. Negative Control
2. Is there a substantial difference in the efficiency of sustainable
fertilizer instead of artificial fertilizers in various forms of:

60
3. Is there a significant difference between (the most effective
alternative fertilizer) and Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of:

61
Findings of the study
After repetitive analyses, the researchers have comprehended the
following:
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in Terms of Number
of leaves per plant
1. There is no significant difference in the various fertilizers in
terms of the number of leaves per plant.
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in terms of the Width of
the Leaves per Plant
terms of the width of the leaves per plant.
Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in terms of the Height of the
Stems
terms of the height of stem.
Difference between the Combinations of Fertilizers in terms of the
number of leaves per plant
terms of the number of leaves per plant
width of the leaves per plant

62
terms of the width of the leaves per plant.
Height of the Stem
terms of the height of the stem.
of Number of leaves of the plants.
7. There is a significant difference in terms of the number of plants
per plant. The 100% Mollusk has a greater number of plants.
of Width of the leaves of each plant.
8. There is a significant difference between the 100% Mollusk and
Inorganic Fertilizer in terms of the width of the leaves per plant
of Height of the Stem of each plant.
9. There is a significant difference between the two fertilizers in
terms of the height of the stem per plant.
Conclusion
A study state that mollusk shells decompose, they gradually release

63
calcium, nitrogen, and Phosphorus into the soil, increasing organic matter
and enhancing soil quality (Clausner, 2020). Banana peel fibers exhibit good
renewable material for substituting biobased composite (Abdul Razab M. K.
et al., 2018). Furthermore, after examining the trial outcomes, the
aforementioned research has been substantiated.
The effectiveness of pulverized mollusk shell and dried banana peel
as organic fertilizers, as well as ammonium phosphate as inorganic
fertilizers, provided plants with the required nutrients needed for growth
healthy and sturdy.
Nevertheless, as they consist of multiple components and substances,
each one result in distinct impact on the plant, resulting in can either help or
deteriorate the plant.
Based on the findings, pulverized mollusk shell and banana peel as an
organic fertilizer showed the results compared to ammonium phosphate as
an inorganic fertilizer that there is no significant difference between the
negative control and the alternative organic fertilizers. Moreover, the
researchers
concluded that there is significant effect in using organic fertilizers to an
okra plant.
64
Furthermore, in comparison with inorganic fertilizer and organic
fertilizer. The pulverized mollusk shells and dried banana peel (Organic
fertilizer) have significant effect in the overall growth of an okra plant
compared to ammonium phosphate as an inorganic fertilizer in terms of
effectiveness.
Recommendations
To thoroughly implement a conclusive study of Organic fertilizer
manufactured from mollusk shells and banana peel, with the findings of the
study, the following are recommended:
1. This type of experiment needs a researcher's collaboration and time
management that helps future researchers understand the study.
2. This research requires much preparation, and the experiment will need
even more from future researchers, like consistency, perseverance,
and patience.
3. Starting early shall allow you to run the experiment for a longer time,
allowing you to gather more data and fully appreciate its value as a
nutrient.
4. The use of different kinds of mollusk shells shall give you different
results that can help future researchers to gain more information that
this study had failed to seek.

65
5. Future researcher can use other alterative fertilizers similar to mollusk
shells as it will help them to widen their knowledge and use this
research as a reference.
6. Basing in our experimentation doing this research, Future researchers
shall nurse the seeds of their plants for up to 7 days old before putting
them in their individual pots.

66
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71
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF RAW DATA
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Negative Control 4 5 1.25 2.25
100% Mollusk Shells 4 14 3.5 0.33333
100% Banana Peels 4 11 2.75 4.25
50% BP; 50% MS 4 14 3.5 0.33333
75% BP; 25% MS 4 15 3.75 0.19667
75% MS; 25% BP 4 13 3.25 0.19667
Negative Control 4 9.53333 2.383333 7.60037
100% Mollusk Shells 4 19.325 4.83125 0.60037
100% Banana Peels 4 8.78 2.195 2.9545
50% BP; 50% MS 4 15.575 3.89375 1.097656
75% BP; 25% MS 4 13.78 3.445 5.207567
75% MS; 25% BP 4 17.175 4.29375 2.943073

72
Negative Control 4 53.1 13.275 235.849
100% Mollusk Shells 4 103.9 25.975 2.60917
100% Banana Peels 4 73.9 18.475 47.3692
50% BP; 50% MS 4 96.5 24.125 20.7558
75% BP; 25% MS 4 89.9 22.475 66.3892
75% MS; 25% BP 4 102.8 25.7 6.72667
50% BP; 50% MS 5 14 3.5 0.333333
75% BP; 25% MS 5 15 3.75 0.916667
75% MS; 25% BP 5 13 3.25 0.916667
50% BP; 50% MS 5 19.4688 3.89375 0.82324
75% BP; 25% MS 5 17.599 3.51979 2.450637
75% MS; 25% BP 5 21.4688 4.29375 2.207305

73
50% BP; 50% MS 5 96.5 24.125 20.7558
75% BP; 25% MS 5 89.9 22.475 66.3892
75% MS; 25% BP 5 102.8 25.7 6.72667

74
APPENDIX B
DOCUMENTATION
Undertaken Method/Processes PICTURES
Preparation of Plant Rack

75
Crushing of Mollusk Shells
Pulverizing Mollusk Shells

76
Drying of Banana Peels

77
Pulverizing Banana Peels
Planting of Okra
78
Distribution of Fertilizers
79
CURRICULUM VITAE

Talamban, Baugo Budla-an
2x2 picture
Cebu City
samontechanna@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Budla-an Integrated School
Budla-an, Cebu City, 6000
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Budla-an Integrated School
Budla-an, Cebu City, 6000
2010 – 2017
● Primary Education: Labangon Elementary School
Katipunan Street, Labangon Cebu City, 6000
2008 – 2010
PERSONAL DATA
● Age: 18 years old

● Sex: Female
● Degree: Senior High School Student
80
● Civil Status: Single

● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: September 9, 2004
● Place of Birth: Cebu City
● Desired Job: Architecture
ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS
● Salutatorian S.Y. 2020-2021 (Elementary)
● Valedictorian S.Y. 2016-2017 (Junior High)
● With High Honor S.Y. 2021-2022 (Senior High)
● North District 8 Science Quiz Representative 2nd Placer
● North District 8 Declamation Representative 3rd Placer
● Champion in Balagtasan as Lakandiwa Division Level
● Spoken Poetry 3rd Placer Division Level
● Scrabble Champion, Budla-an Cebu City (2019)
● Ms. United Nation, Budla-an Cebu City (2015)
● Bb. Agham, Budla-an Cebu City (2016)
● Most Performing SSG Leader S.Y. 2020-2021
● Vice Chairperson of UC-B Central Student Organization (CSO)
SKILLS
● Public Speaking
81
● Dancing
● Singing
● Drawing
● Sketching
82

Julio B. Alinsug St.
2x2 picture
Mandaue City
lorenzohugobregente9@gmail.com

2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Jagobiao National High School
Upper Jagobiao Rd, Consolacion,
Cebu 2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Basak Elementary School
Basak, Mandaue City
2010 – 2017
PERSONAL DATA

● Sex: Male
83
● Date of Birth: November 11, 2004

● Place of Birth: Mandaue City
● Desired Job: Civil Engineering
● With Honor
● Most Trustworthy
SKILLS
● Dancing
84
NOAH MAE B. MOLINA

Langub Billiard Place, Cubacub St.
2x2 picture
Mandaue City
nmb.molina@gmail.com

2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Maternelle Academy French – Filipino
Abellana Street, Mandaue City, 6014 Cebu
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute
of Technology (SCSIT)
Bantayan Madridejos Rd, Madridejos, 6053 Cebu
2010 – 2017
PERSONAL DATA

● Sex: Female
85
● Date of Birth: November 1, 2003
● Place of Birth: Mandaue City
● Desired Job: Civil Engineering
● With Honor
● Best in French
● Best in Arts
SKILLS
● Drawing
● Sketching
86
URSUS LEO D. LAURON

Pulpogan, Tolotolo, Consolacion
2x2 picture
Cebu City
lauronu.1.03@gmail.com

2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Sotero B. Cabahug Forum for Literacy
Consolacion, Cebu City, 6000
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Sotero B. Cabahug Forum for Literacy
Consolacion, Cebu City, 6000
2010 – 2017
PERSONAL DATA

● Sex: Male
87
● Date of Birth: December 14, 2004

● Desired Job: Industrial Engineering
● Best in Math
● Most Punctual
● Best in Spanish
SKILLS
● Computer Proficient
● Cooking
● Athletic
88
GLENN REN T. DANO

Nasipit Talamban, Rosillo Road
2x2 picture
Cebu City
ohmyrentezzyliveph@gmail.com

2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Saint Louis College (SLCC)
Mandaue City, 6000
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Banilad Elementary School
2010 – 2017
● Primary Education: SOS Children’s Village
Highway 11, Talamban, Cebu City, 6000
2008 – 2010
PERSONAL DATA

● Sex: Male
89

● Date of Birth: January 6, 2002
● Desired Job: Pilot
● With Honor
● Blue Card Awardee
SKILLS
● Athletic
● Cooking
● Computer Proficient

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MOLLUSK SHELL AND DRIED BANANA PEEL AS AN ORGANIC

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

CHANNA MAE D. SAMONTE

NOAH MAE B. MOLINA

URSUS LEO D. LAURON

REN GLENN T. DANO

LORENZO HUGO BREGENTE

CHANNA MAE D. SAMONTE

University of Cebu – Banilad Campus

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Keywords: Mollusk shell; banana peel;okra (abelmoschus esculentus);inorganic;

Department : Senior High School

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for SH-3I and SH

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

ACCEPTED AS Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the SH-3I and

RICHARD D. ARDENIO, LPT, MST(c) MALEEN GRAFILO-ORDIZ, LPT, MAT

APPROVED by the tribunal at the ORAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION with

ABIGAIL OPONDA, LPT, M. A. E. d. ABIGAIL OPONDA, LPT, M. A. E. d.

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Date of Oral Defense: 19 MAY 2023

In research of its nature, it is almost impossible to recognize and

mention every individual who made an invaluable contribution to this work.

However, we researchers firstly wish to thank the Almighty God, who

of our wisdom, passion, and strength.

We also thank our research mentor, Mr. Junrel A. Capuno, who

supervised us throughout the writing process of this research to its

completion. He made a diligent effort to support the transformation of this

study from the draft stage to completion.

To Ms. Abigail Oponda and Ms. Abigail Apura for serving as

panelists and providing feedback and suggestions on our research paper.

friends for their encouragement and moral support.

research. However, any shortcoming of this work remains our responsibility.

Overall, the researchers want to express their gratitude to anybody

This research paper is dedicated to our parents as a token

Title Page ................................................................................. i

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Related Literature .................................... 6

Related Studies ........................................ 10

The Problem ...................................................... 21

Statement of the Problem ........................ 21

Statement of the Null Hypotheses …....... 23

Scope and Delimitations

Significance of the Study......................... 26

Research Methodology ..................................... 28

Research Design ..................................... 29

Research Locale ..................................... 29

Research Subject …………………….... 32

Research Materials and

Research Procedure ................................ 37

Statistical Treatments ............................. 39

Definition of Terms .......................................... 41

2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND

Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in

Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in

Difference between the Alternative Fertilizer in

Difference between the Combination of Fertilizer

Difference of the Efficacy of the Different

Difference between the Combination of

Difference between the 100% Mollusk and

Difference between the 100% Mollusk and

Difference between the 100% Mollusk and

3 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

A Summary of Raw Data …………………........ 72

2 Cubacub, Langub, Lower 5 Billiard Place, Mandaue