EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I

André-Marie Ampère
Engraving of André-Marie Ampère
Born 20 January 1775
Lyon, Kingdom of France
Died 10 June 1836 (aged 61)
The SI unit of Marseille, Kingdom of
measurement of electric France
current, the ampere, is Nationality French
named after him. His Known for Ampère's circuital law
name is also one of Ampère's force law
the 72 names Ampère's right hand grip
inscribed on the Eiffel rule
Tower. Avogadro-Ampère
hypothesis
Monge–Ampère equation
Unit 1
Magnetic circuits and Magnetic Materials
Topic : Laws Governing Magnetic circuits
PPT NO: 5
Thursday, August 27, 2020 PRB/EEE/SCE 1
 Learning overviews
I. Symbolic representation of Current flow in Conductor
II. Determination of direction of magnetic field around a current carrying
conductor
III. Determination of magnetic polarity (North and South pole) setup in
an electromagnet Helix rule
IV. Ampere’s Circuital Law.
V. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
VI. Determination of Direction of Induced E.M.F. and Current
* Lenz’s Law
* Fleming’s right hand rule
* Fleming’s left hand rule
VII Ohm’s Law for magnetic circuits

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 I. Symbolic representation of Current flow in Conductor

No current through the conductor.

Conductor carries current away from the reader.

Conductor carries current towards the reader.

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II. Determination of direction of magnetic field around a
current carrying conductor
The direction of magnetic field (lines of force) around a straight
current carrying conductor may be determined by any of the
following rules:
1 Right handed cork screw rule.
If the right handed cork screw is held
with its axis parallel to the
conductor and the head of the screw
is rotated in such a direction that
the screw moves in the direction of
flow of current then the direction in
which the head of screw is rotated,
will be the direction of magnetic
lines of force.
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 2. Maxwell's right hand grip rule
The direction of lines of force depends upon the direction of
current and may be determined by right-hand rule. Hold the
conductor in the right-hand with the thumb pointing in the
direction of current (See Fig.). Then the fingers will point in the
direction of magnetic field around the conductor.

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III. Determination of magnetic polarity (North and South pole)
setup in an electromagnet Helix rule
The magnetic polarity of the coil can also be determined by the
right-hand rule for coil.
Grasp the whole coil with right-hand so that the fingers are
curled in the direction of current, Then thumb stretched parallel
to the axis of the coil will point towards the N-pole end of the
coil (SeeFig.)

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 IV. Laws of electromagnetism
When a conductor carries current, a magnetic field is established around it in a
perpendicular plane in the form of concentric circles. The relationship
between the current, I and the magnetic field intensity, H is obtained by
Ampere’s Circuital Law.
This Law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity, H around a
closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path. Consider a current
carrying conductor, I producing a magnetic field an a perpendicular plane as
shown in fig. The magnetic intensity at a distance, r from the current carrying
conductor is expressed as the line integral of H multiplied by dl as equal to the
total enclosed current. That is

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 If there are N turns enclosed by the path then, H is expressed as
where is the length of the flux path.

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V. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
First Law: When the magnetic flux linking a conductor or coil changes, an e.m.f. is
induced in it.
Second Law : The magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a conductor or coil is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages .

Thursday, August 27, 2020 PRB/EEE/SCE 9

VI. Determination of Direction of Induced E.M.F. and Current
The direction of induced e.m.f. and hence current (if the circuit is closed ) can be
determined by
one of the following two methods :
(i) Lenz’s Law (ii) Fleming’s right-hand rule
(i) Lenz’s law. Emil Lenz, a German scientist, gave the following simple rule
(known as Lenz’s law) to find the direction of the induced current :
The induced current will flow in such a direction so as to oppose the cause that
produces it i.e. the induced current will set up magnetic flux to oppose the
change in flux.
(The negative sign simply reminds us that the induced current opposes the
changing magnetic field that caused the induced current. The negative sign has
no other meaning.)
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 (ii) Fleming’s right-hand rule ( Generator)
This law is particularly suitable to find the direction of the induced e.m.f. and hence
current when the conductor moves at right angles to a stationary magnetic field. It may
be stated as under:
Stretch out the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of your right hand so that they are
at right angles to one another. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field,
thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will point in
the direction of induced current.

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 Consider a conductor AB moving upwards at right angles to a
uniform magnetic field as shown in Fig. 9.3. Applying Fleming’s
right-hand rule, it is clear that the direction of induced current is
from B to A. If the motion of the conductor is downward,
keeping the direction of magnetic field unchanged, then the
direction of induced current will be from A to B.

Thursday, August 27, 2020 PRB/EEE/SCE 12

 Fleming’s Left Hand rule (Motor)
This law is particularly suitable to find the direction of force and hence
current carrying conductor placed at right angles to a stationary
magnetic field. It may be stated as under:
Stretch out the forefinger, middle finger and thumb of your Left hand so
that they are at right angles to one another. If the forefinger points in
the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger points towards the
direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of
motion( i.e . Force) of the conductor,

Thursday, August 27, 2020 PRB/EEE/SCE 13

 Ohm’s law for Electric circuit
Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing
through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference applied across its
ends, provided the temperature and other
physical conditions remain unchanged.

Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit.

It states that the magneto motive force across the magnetic
element is equal to the product of the magnetic flux through the
magnetic element and the reluctance of the magnetic material. It
is given by MMF = Flux X Reluctance

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