KIERALON® SAS A traditional speciality

for innovative cleaners

 KIERALON® SAS

An environmentally compatible surfactant with optimum application properties.

The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last
few decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance ratio
expected, but high safety and environmental compatibility are
also prime considerations.
The secondary alkane sulphonate Kieralon® SAS meets these
requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been highly
successful on the market for many years. To date, over one
million metric tonnes of Kieralon® SAS have been produced in
our european facilities.
One of the reasons for this great success is the optimum
environmental properties as shown by the life cycle
assessment.
We are convinced that over the coming decades Kieralon® SAS
will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of
the leading principal surfactants.
This brochure describes the specific properties and universal
uses of Kieralon® SAS. Further information and individual
advice can be obtained.

® Registered trademark of ARCHROMA

About Archroma About Brand and Performance

Textile Specialties
CONTENTS
Archroma is a global color and specialty chemicals From fiber to finish, Archroma’s Brand and
company committed to innovation, world-class Performance Textile Specialties plays a key role
PRODUCT PROFILE 04 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL AND
quality standards, high service levels, cost-efficiency throughout the entire textile supply chain, with
PROPERTIES SURFACE ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES
and sustainability. Archroma is headquartered in special chemicals for pretreatment, dyeing, printing APPLICATIONS 06
ACTIVITY 20 Toxicological profile 28
Reinach near Basel, Switzerland, and operates with and finishing of textiles. Our product packages Dishwashing liquids 07
Foaming power 22 Ecology 30
approximately 3000 employees over 35 countries. enhance the properties of apparel and other textiles Detergents 10
Rheological properties 22 Life cycle assessment 32
Through its three businesses : Brand and Performance in applications as diverse as high fashion, home Household cleaners 13
pH stability 23
Textile Specialties, Packaging & Paper Specialties textiles and special technical textiles. Cosmetic hair and body care 14 PROCESSING
Heat stability 23
and Coatings, Adhesives & Sealants, Archroma products Transport 32
Detergent action 23
delivers specialized performance and color solutions From crease resistance to moisture management Industrial cleaners 17 Storage 33
Solubilization 23
to meet customer needs in their local markets. as well as repellency, our functional effects provide Special technical sectors 18 Conveying/mixing 34
Emulsifying action 23
added-value features to textile manufacturers. Our Dilution 36 34
Stability to hard water 24
Archroma helps people fulfill their desire for products specialist advisers provide color matching, trend Handling 35
Electrolyte stability 24
that appeal to their emotions and senses for a monitoring as well as sector specific concepts,
Chlorine-/oxidation stability 24 TECHNICAL DATA
greater life experience, by developing beauty- and including our ONE WAY sustainability service, to
Enzyme stability 25 C-chain distribution 36
performance-improving technologies applied to ensure that customers generate greater value from
Synergistic interaction with 26 Physical/chemical data 36
everyday products. Products enhanced, colors their products. Abbreviations
SAS = Secondary alkane sulphonate soil release polymers Registration status 37
enhanced, performance enhanced – “ Life enhanced ”.
LES = Lauryl ether sulphate Solubility in water 27 Ecological data 38
LAS = Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate Low-temperature properties 27 Analysis 39
AES = Alkyl ether sulphate
LS = Lauryl sulphate Summary of the properties
We touch and color people’s lives every day, everywhere. SRP = Soil release polymer of Kieralon® SAS 39

2 3
 KIERALON® SAS
GRADES

Kieralon® SAS grades environmentally friendly The Kieralon® SAS grades are noted for the following specific application properties:
anionic surfactants for the detergent, chemical-
technical and cosmetic industries, based on
secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt, starting Very good solubility Good skin compatibility
product: n-paraffins. • spontaneous dissolving, e.g. when • formulation of mild dishwashing
used as dishwashing liquids liquids
• good low-temperature properties
Possibility of combination with
High wetting action anionic, nonionic and amphoteric
• good drainage properties and rapid surfactants
Chemical structure
drying of dishes • versatility in formulation
• synergistic effects in use
CH 3 – (CH2)m – CH – (CH2)n – CH3
Pronounced foaming power • electrically neutral salts can be
• high yield of the finished products formed with cationic surfactants
SO3 Na
- +
in use
Cost reduction
m + n = 10 – 14; the sulphonate group is distributed over the
Excellent grease- and soil- • possibility of manufacturing highly
carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly the secondary
dispersing action concentrated liquid cleaners without
carbon atoms that are substituted.
• development of finished products hydrotropes
with defined and
optimum detergent, cleaning Environmentally friendly
INCI name
and degreasing action surfactant of low aquatic toxicity
• Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate
• rapid biodegradation
Viscosity-depressing action
CAS numbers
• permits the formulation of flowable, Range of grades
• 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9
highly concentrated detergents and • Kieralon® SAS is available in liquid and
cleaners with low water content and paste formulations as well as in pellet
EINECS/ELINCS numbers
without solvents and preservatives; and powder form
• 288-331-9; 288-330-3
saves transport and packaging costs • permits universal processing in all
fields of use
Outstanding enzyme compatibility
• positive influence on enzyme stability

Chemical stability over a wide

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE GRADES pH range
• formulation of alkaline cleaners with
long storage stability
ACTIVE CONTENT APPEARANCE (25°C)
• stability to oxidizing agents; intended
Kieralon® SAS 30 approx. 30% clear faintly yellowish liquid for chlorine-containing all-purpose
Kieralon® SAS 60 approx. 60% yellowish soft paste cleaners

Kieralon® SAS 93 approx. 93% yellowish waxy pellets

Increases action of modern
Kieralon® SAS 93 G approx. 93% yellowish fine granules detergent additives,
e.g. soil release polymers

Very good electrolyte

compatibility
• manufacture of heavy-duty detergents
with high builder content

4 5
 APPLICATIONS

The Kieralon® SAS grades are principal surfactants DISHWASHING LIQUIDS

Advantages of
with excellent ecological, toxicological and economic
Kieralon® SAS in
properties. Consumers expect modern Most of the commercially available
dishwashing liquids
dishwashing liquids primarily to have preservatives are suitable for this
Because of their pronounced surface activity and specific optimum cleaning action and safety purpose. A preservative loading test
Very good solubility
properties, they have a very wide range of uses. Their major in use, in other words good skin must however always be carried out.
and thus economizing
use is in dishwashing liquids, in which Kieralon® SAS has compatibility, coupled with optimum Formulations with a fairly high active
on solubilizers
proved highly successful for over thirty years. The Kieralon® environmental compatibility. detergent content, for example,
SAS grades are used as principal surfactants in combination over 40%, usually do not need to
Very good rinsing
with other surfactants for the manufacture of virtually all types Another desirable feature is high yield, be preserved.
action, rapid drainage,
of detergents and cleaners for household and industrial use. which can be achieved with
shine and rapid drying
concentrates. Adequate foaming power Microbiological studies of Kieralon® SAS
in the presence of grease and absence of as a function of the concentration of
Optimum cleaning
MOST IMPORTANT USES FOR KIERALON® SAS streaks on dishes are taken for granted. active detergent showed that an
and degreasing action
inherently bacteriostatic effect is
with a low
Kieralon® SAS as a principal surfactant displayed with concentrations as low as
Dishwashing liquids • Standard dishwashing liquids concentration of active
• Dishwashing liquid concentrates
in combination with amphoteric about 40%. Therefore the sixty-percent
detergent and thus
surfactants such as the alkyl commercial grade Kieralon® SAS 60 is
Laundry detergents • Liquid detergents high dishwashing
• Detergent powders
amidobetaines and/or alkyl ether not preserved and, like Kieralon® SAS 93,
efficiency
• Detergent pastes sulphates and/or nonionic surfactants is suitable for the manufacture
• Soaking agents
as co-surfactants enables dishwashing of preservative-free preparations.
Creamy, fine-bubble
Household cleaners • All-purpose cleaners liquids to be developed that meet the
• Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner foam, which can
• Sanitary cleaners abovementioned requirements almost The low-temperature stability of the
act as a soil- and fat-
• Toilet freshener blocks ideally. dishwashing liquids, for example, at
• Floor cleaners suspending agent
• Glass cleaners -5°C, can be further improved by small
The high solubility of Kieralon® SAS additions of OH-group-containing
Cosmetic hair and • Shampoos Compatibility with
body care products • Showergels enables highly concentrated substances such as ethanol. An
• Foam baths anionic, nonionic and
dishwashing liquids with good storage addition of 2% ethanol and 2% urea
• Liquid soaps amphoteric surfactants.
• Toothpastes stability to be formulated without the is recommended for concentrates with
As a result synergistic
addition of cost-increasing solubilizers. about 40% active detergent.
Industrial cleaners • Automotive cleaners effects are often
• Metal degreasing agents The market share of this product class
• Alkaline rust removers chieved
• Hand cleaners is rising steadily. pH adjustment is generally done with
sodium hydroxide solution or citric acid.
Special technical •A ntistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, Faint inherent colour
sectors polystyrene and polyethylene These concentrates with a low When alkyl amidobetaines are used, an
and therefore only
• Fire extinguishing foams water content offer primarily economic increase in viscosity may possibly occur
• Emulsion polymerization small amounts of
• Textile and leather auxiliaries advantages such as lower transport and in the acid pH range.
• Oilfield chemicals dye are required if
packaging costs. It is often possible to
coloration is needed
dispense with a preservative for these If necessary, moisturizing agents can
concentrates. additionally be incorporated in the
Good skin
Guide Formulations are available. formulation. Because of the good
compatibility,
dermatological properties of Kieralon®
especially in
Preservation of formulations containing SAS this is, however, not necessary
combination with
Kieralon® SAS depends foremost on the in most cases.
other surfactants
composition of the finished product
in question. Kieralon® SAS is a rapidly
biodegradable surfactant and must
therefore be preserved if the finished
formulations have a low application
concentration and a high water content.

6 7
 APPLICATIONS

Of the numerous possibilities for combining Kieralon® SAS
100000
with surfactants that have a different chemical structure two-,
three- and four-component combinations are described below
by way of example; these mixtures enable dishwashing liquids 10000
The cleaning action can be tested in the mini-plate test
15
on glass plates soiled with grease or in the “plate test”.
A 4 parts SAS : 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% urea
B 4 parts LAS : 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% urea
An example is given in fig. 3.

viscosity η [mPas]
with tailor-made properties to be developed. B

number of plates
10
Three-component mixtures can be formulated
The skin compatibility and the foaming power can be optimized 1000 • with Kieralon® SAS, alkyl ether sulphate and betaine
A
by combining Kieralon® SAS and alkyl ether sulphate. In (alkyl dimethyl betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for example,
5
practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts Kieralon® SAS and 100 mixed in the ratio 5:2:1 or 7:1:1, or
about one part alkyl ether sulphate, relative to 100% active concentration: 0.33 g a.s./L • with Kieralon® SAS, alkyl ether sulphate and nonionic
water hardness: 0 ppm CaCO3 (0°d)
substance (ratio 3:1 or 4:1), has proved successful. fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.
10 0 A corresponding Guide Formulation is available.
10 20 30 40 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
This combination also enables liquid concentrates with about concentration c [%] Mg++-concentration [%]
40% active detergent content to be formulated without the When betaines are used, not only the dermatological
additional use of a solubilizer. Moreover, with this concentration properties but also the rheological properties are improved.
Fig. 2: Viscosity of Kieralon® SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with the Fig. 3: M
 ini-plate test of Kieralon® SAS: alkyl ether sulphate (4:1 mixtures)
the mixture of Kieralon® SAS and alkyl ether sulphate is better addition of ethanol and urea as a function of magnesium ion addition As a result additional moisturizing agents and viscosifiers are
and more rapidly soluble in the dishwashing water than the often not required.
individual components separately.
A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether content, as a function of
The stability to hard water and the foaming power in hard the fatty alcohol radical and the degree of ethoxylation,
water are also optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate content. can produce an increase in solubilizing and emulsifying action
By adding magnesium ions or other divalent metal ions to the as well as better wetting. These influence the cleaning effect
Kieralon® SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixture the foaming power to a marked degree when the product is used. The pronounced
can be further improved, especially in the extremely low water solubilizing action of Kieralon® SAS can also obviate the
hardness range. need for special solubilizers for slightly soluble perfume oils,
and thus cut costs.
A crucial parameter for the processing and use of dishwashing
liquids is rheology. The viscosity of the commercially available Finally, there is the possibility of combining the four surfactant
products is about 400 to 700 mPas/20°C. This viscosity can classes: alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate, betaine
be achieved easily with 5 to 7% sodium chloride in Kieralon® and fatty alcohol polyglycol ether.
SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70:30, relative Guide Formulations are available.
to 100% active detergent, and a content of 12 to 15% active
detergent in the final formulation. In the aforementioned numerous possible combinations
the economical principal surfactant Kieralon® SAS is used
More highly concentrated Kieralon® SAS: alkyl ether sulphate as the main component. Depending on the mixing ratio,
mixtures with a 40% active detergent content can be adjusted the application properties of these combinations such as
easily to viscosities suitable for practical purposes by degreasing, low-temperature properties, foaming power,
incorporating viscosity-depressing additives such as ethanol feel on the skin, rheology and dermatology can be optimized.
and/or urea, as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20°C as a function of the

concentration of Kieralon® SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures
with the addition of ethanol and urea. This means that a 40%
formulation consisting of 32% Kieralon® SAS and 8% lauryl
ether sulphate contains 4% ethanol and 4% urea.
Guide Formulations are available.

8 9
 APPLICATIONS

DETERGENTS
Advantages of
Kieralon® SAS in
Liquid detergents and potassium or triethanolamine coconut soap;
heavy-duty and
Liquid detergents are a major field of application the anionic surfactant content of the total active
light-duty liquid
for Kieralon® SAS on account of its pronounced detergent is generally one-third.
detergents
detergent properties. Guide Formulations are available.

Better solubility in
The liquid detergents are divided below into If builders are also incorporated in the liquid
water than linear alkyl
light-duty liquids for delicate wash and heavy-duty detergents, it is advantageous to use freely soluble
benzene sulphonate
liquid detergents. surfactants such as Kieralon® SAS. A further
beneficial property of Kieralon® SAS is its good
High solubility,
The market for heavy-duty liquid detergents electrolyte compatibility, in other words good
enabling highly
is still fairly young in Europe. In the USA the compatibility with the builders.
concentrated
importance of these heavy-duty liquid detergents
detergents to be
is much greater. These liquid detergents contain The liquid light-duty detergents are used at
manufactured
an average between 35 and 50% surfactants. In the temperatures up to a maximum of 60°C. Kieralon®
USA the builders used are, for example, potassium SAS as a principal surfactant can be combined in
Hydrotropes can be
tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate and sodium amounts of up to 40% with alkyl ether sulphates,
reduced in quantity
citrate. In Europe, by contrast, phosphates are nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants
or omitted
largely not used. Moreover, in the USA, washing and/or soap.
machines are designed differently from those in
Good detergent action
Europe and the average washing temperatures Another possibility of formulating with Kieralon®
are lower at about 40 to 50°C. The US formulations SAS is to develop highly viscous to gel-like
Good dispersion and
also do not contain any bleaching agents because detergents with special rheological properties
solubilization of the
these are mostly used separately. in use. Kieralon® SAS permits a high surfactant
soil, oil and fat particles
concentration and rapid dissolving in use.
In Europe the liquid detergents used have a
Pronounced foaming
different structure. They generally consist of a Looking ahead, the liquid detergents will
power in the presence
mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants with undoubtedly soon achieve a larger share of the
of soil and fat
soap in approximately the same ratio. In addition detergent market in Europe. This applies
they contain solubilizers such as ethanol, propylene particularly to products that have an active
Good compatibility
glycol and/or xylene sulphonate, possibly enzymes, detergent content of 50 percent and above.
with electrolytes,
optical brighteners and chelating agents. They thus meet the requirements for low-energy
which enables the
Guide Formulations are available. manufacture, high efficiency coupled with easy
hydrotropes to be
low metering and environmental friendliness.
reduced or even
If enzymes are used in the formulations, Kieralon® Detergents with high active substance
eliminated
SAS offers better enzyme compatibility than most concentrations can be developed without difficulty
of the anionic surfactants such as linear alkyl with Kieralon® SAS.
Good calcium ion
benzene sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.
tolerance

As with the dishwashing liquids, when Kieralon®

Saving on enzymes
SAS is used as the principal surfactant, for example,
instead of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate,
Synergistic effects with
considerable savings of solubilizer such as
soil release polymers
ethanol can be achieved. Optimum liquid
detergents without builders and having very good
Good dermatological
detergent action, solubility and stability contain as
properties
principal components Kieralon® SAS, readily water-
soluble higher-ethoxylated fatty alcohols

10 11
 APPLICATIONS

Detergent powders HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS

600 Advantages of
Kieralon® SAS can also be used to manufacture the various SAS Kieralon® SAS in liquid
powder deter­gent types. The excellent solubility and the 500 LAS Liquid all-purpose cleaners
all-purpose cleaners
solubilizing properties lower the viscosity of the slurry. This Liquid all-purpose cleaners are the predominant household

rel. viscosity [scales*]

brings a number of major advantages, especially substantial
energy savings and capacity increases in the manufacture
of deter­gent powders by the hot spraying process.
Fig. 4 shows an example of typical viscosity/solids content
curves, determined on rehydrated tower powders. The
powders each contained 9% Kieralon® SAS (100%) or linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate (100%). The substantially lower
viscosity of the Kieralon® SAS-containing slurry is clearly
discernible; measured in the Brabender Plastograph, model
PI 3S.
Powder-type heavy-duty detergents can contain between
6 and 10% Kieralon® SAS, relative to 100% active detergent,
in combination with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap
as surfactant components.
Powder-type light-duty detergents contain 10 to 15%
Kieralon® SAS, relative to 100% active detergent,
in combination with small amounts of soap and fatty
alcohol polyglycol ethers.
Advantages of
Kieralon® SAS in
detergent powders
Lower slurry viscosity
Higher solid content
Energy and time saving
Increase of spraying
capacity
Reduction of hydrolysis
of sodium
tripolyphosphate due
to less water content
400 cleaners because of their ease of metering and wide range of
Excellent wetting
uses. In general they are adjusted to a fairly low concentration
300 action Rapid
of active detergent. Owing to the electrolyte content, for
distribution over the
200
example, sodium chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility
dirty, greasy surfaces
problems and thus cloudiness may occur. Kieralon® SAS,
to be cleaned
100 on the other hand, has specific advantages for the formulation
of all-purpose cleaners because of its excellent solubility and
0 Electrolyte
55 60 65
electrolyte compatibility.
compatibility
*measured with “Brabender Plastograph” solid content [%]
Reduction in or
This also applies to the incorporation of fairly large amounts
elimination of
Fig. 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a function of the solids
of water-soluble active detergents or to the formulation of
hydrotropes
content and the type of sulphonate fairly highly concentrated finished products. The latter can
be produced with Kieralon® SAS without any great problems;
Strong degreasing
an addition of solvent such as butyl diglycol is often
and cleaning action
advantageous here. Abrasives such as calcium carbonate
Largely streak-free
can also be combined in high amounts with Kieralon® SAS.
surfaces
For the effective use of liquid all-purpose cleaners, high
fat-dissolving power and soil-dispersing power are of crucial
Good solubility
importance. Kieralon® SAS brings these advantages in
Manufacture of highly
combination with other components.
concentrated all-
purpose cleaners
In addition the product has an excellent wetting action even
at low temperatures. This is particularly important for rapid
Good skin
cleaning; and equally for a largely streak-free and residue-free
compatibility
removal of dirt.
Advantages of
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Kieralon® SAS in liquid
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually contains a high abrasive
metal/ceramic cleaner
content.
The insoluble components are dispersed in the aqueous
Advantageous
surfactant phase. To prevent the solid particles from settling, Depending on its composition, the
rheological
firstly abrasives with as small a particle size as possible are liquid metal cleaner can be applied to
properties when
used and secondly a fairly high viscosity is employed. stainless steel, chromium, copper and
applied
brass surfaces. Besides a mild and gentle
By combining Kieralon® SAS with other surfactants, for cleaning action, consumers expect
Stabilization of the
example, it is often possible without adding viscosifiers to above all a shiny finish and a
abrasives
increase the viscosity to a level where settling of the abrasive waterrepellent effect. The finished
particles is prevented or reduced. products are, however, intended to
Good wetting action
be suitable as widely as possible for
increases efficiency
The usually thixotropic formulations display advantageous the cleaning of glass ceramics. Here,
properties in use: during storage the viscosity is high and when too, rapid wetting of the surface to be
Good grease-
subject to shear stress during application the metal cleaner cleaned, as made possible by Kieralon®
dissolving power
becomes less viscous, in other words it flows readily from the SAS, is important.
bottle and can be spread easily over the surface to be treated. Guide Formulations are available.

12 13
 APPLICATIONS

Sanitary cleaners COSMETIC HAIR AND BODY CARE magnesium chloride per forms
Advantages of 7000
Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly for PRODUCTS particularly well. The viscosity rises NaCl  10% a.s.
Kieralon® SAS in NaCl  15% a.s.
the easy and economical cleaning of parallel to an increasing amount of 6000
sanitary cleaners NH4OH 15% a.s.
bathrooms and toilets. They are intended In cosmetic preparations Kieralon® SAS alkyl ether sulphate. KCl  15% a.s.
5000 MgCl2  10% a.s.

viscosity η [mPas]
to remove all traces of lime, dirt and has proved successful particularly as MgCl2  15% a.s.
Chemical stability
soap rapidly. Furthermore, it is often a cosurfactant on account of its A combination of alkyl ether sulphate, 4000
to oxidizing agents
desired to remove dark mould patches productspecific properties. This applies alkyl amidobetaine and Kieralon® SAS, 3000
on joints, tiles and shower curtains. The especially to the combination with alkyl for example, in the mixing ratio 6:2:2,
Stability in the acid
current sanitary cleaners are adjusted ether sulphates in the manufacture of can bring advantages in respect of 2000
and alkaline pH
either to an acid or an alkaline pH. hair and body care products. rheology, foaming properties and 1000
ranges
In general these products are expected dermatological properties.
to have an antimicrobial or disinfectant Compared to alkyl ether sulphates, 0
Good wetting power 7:3 6:4 5:5 4:6 3:7
action as well, which can be achieved Kieralon® SAS has a stronger cleaning By adding Kieralon® SAS to liquid hair SAS : AES mixture
and thus increase in
by special additives such as active and degreasing action. The viscosity- and body care products the low- Fig. 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Kieralon® SAS mixtures as
effectiveness
chlorine (hypochlorite) hydrogen depressing property of the secondary temperature cloud point as a function a result of additions of electrolytes (5%)
peroxide or by acids. alkane sulphonate also limits the of the active detergent content and the
Excellent chlorine
concentration used in the fairly high- mixing ratio can be lowered by about
stability
Surfactants with good wetting action viscosity cosmetic hair and body care 4 to 7°C. This is a particular advantage
provide the cleaning action. Owing to products. Apart from exceptions, also for preparations containing
its chemical structure (C-S bond to the mixtures with a higher content of alkyl pearlizing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates
sulphonate group), Kieralon® SAS has ether sulphate are therefore used. the good influence of Kieralon® SAS +15
good stability to oxidizing agents and is Guide values for the mixing ratios are on the low-temperature properties cloud point
stable in both the acid and the alkaline as follows: of the surfactant mixtures. clear point
+10
pH ranges. This stability to reducing • For finished products with a content

and oxidizing agents makes Kieralon®
SAS a preferred surfactant for sanitary
cleaners.
Of special importance is the stability
of the oxidizing agents used in the
individual surfactant systems.
The allround cleaners for baths are
intended to be effective at fairly low
surfactant concentrations. As a result
of the pronounced wetting and
cleaning action of Kieralon® SAS,
this is also achieved according to
the EC recommendation at anionic
surfactant concentrations between
5 and 15% in the finished product.
The chemical stability of Kieralon® SAS
also enables it to be used in toilet
freshener blocks.
temperature [°C]
over 12% active detergent: 70 parts Special emulsifiers or solubilizers are
+5
ether sulphate to 30 parts Kieralon® needed to solubilize slightly soluble
SAS. perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced
0
• For finished products with less than solubilizing action of Kieralon® SAS,
12% active detergent the mixing ratio the use of these auxiliaries is often
-5
should be: 80 parts ether sulphate unnecessary.
to 20 parts Kieralon® SAS.
-10
The mixing ratios are calculated on The flash foam required for use, e 0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0
100% active substance. specially in the presence of dirt and SAS : AES mixture
grease, can also be increased by Fig. 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points as a function of the mixing ratio
The viscosity can be adjusted with the Kieralon® SAS content in the
sodium chloride and/or ammonium formulations.
chloride and/or magnesium chloride
very economically. Similarly, fatty acid The numerous uses of Kieralon® SAS
alkanolamides and fatty alcohol in cosmetic preparations are described
polyglycol ethers with a low degree briefly as follows:
of ethoxylation in combination with
the abovementioned electrolytes can
be used. Fatty acid polyglycol esters
or special cellulose ethers can also
be used to increase viscosity. Fig. 5
shows the viscosity curves of Kieralon®
SAS (SAS): alkyl ether sulphate (AES)
mixtures with the addition of different
electrolytes;

14 15
 APPLICATIONS

Hair shampoos Liquid soaps INDUSTRIAL CLEANERS

Advantages of Advantages
The addition of Kieralon® SAS enables hair shampoos with Liquid soaps have become established
Kieralon® SAS of Kieralon® SAS
special effects to be developed. The stronger degreasing as an alternative to conventional bar High-pressure cleaners
in cosmetic in cosmetic
action of Kieralon® SAS makes it possible to increase the soaps in the body care product sector, These cleaners are in many cases adjusted to an alkaline pH
preparations preparations
cleaning action, for example, in mixtures with alkyl ether above all because of their ease of use. with sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate. Kieralon®
sulphates. This is an advantage in formulating low-cost Since the hands are, generally speaking, SAS has optimum foaming and cleaning action in this pH range
Lowering of the raw Lowering of the raw
effective shampoos for greasy hair. fairly dirty, a strong cleaning action as well.
material costs by material costs by
is required. By using Kieralon® SAS,
partial replacement partial replacement
The possibility is also afforded of manufacturing single- this effect can be achieved easily. Automotive cleaners
of other principal of other principal
application shampoos, which can obviate the need for Guide Formulations are available. Kieralon® SAS is used as a principal surfactant in car
surfactants surfactants
washing a second time. shampoos for private use and for commercial car washes.
Soaps Equally, acid, alkaline or neutral cleaners can be formulated
Improvement in Improvement in
Shampoo concentrates with a high active detergent content By adding, for example, 1 to 3% with Kieralon® SAS for buses, railway trucks and lorries. The
low-temperature low-temperature
can also be formulated with Kieralon® SAS in combination Kieralon® SAS to the soap formulation, high cleaning action of the secondary alkane sulphonate in
stability stability
with other surfactants. Here, the viscosity-depressing processing can be facilitated and particular is of great importance here. Furthermore, the
property of Kieralon® SAS is an advantage in formulation; dispersion of the dyes used can be foaming properties and the associated soil-and oil-suspending
Manufacture of Manufacture of
in other words, viscosity-depressing additives such as ethanol improved. To a certain extent the power play a major role in effective use. The concentration of
highly concentrated highly concentrated
and glycols can largely be omitted. amount of the expensive C12 fatty Kieralon® SAS used, calculated on 100%, is generally between
formulations formulations
acid can be reduced. 2 and 5%. Kieralon® SAS can however also be used with fatty
Last but not least, Kieralon® is suitable for the manufacture alcohol polyglycol ethers in an approximate mixing ratio of 3:1.
Improvement in Improvement in
of special “clean shampoos”, which enable hair setting Emulsions
spontaneous spontaneous
products or highly substantive cationic polymers to be By adding small amounts of Kieralon® Alkaline rust removers
solubility in water solubility in water
washed out of hair. SAS to emulsions, especially oil-in-water The pH stability in the presence of potassium hydroxide
Guide Formulations are available. emulsions, the spontaneity of emulsion solution makes Kieralon® SAS in amounts of 1 to 2% ideal
Reduction in Reduction
formation can be improved during for use in these products.
solubilizers, in solubilizers,
Shower gels manufacture. Moreover, finer distribution
especially with especially with
The universally usable shower gels are generally used for of the emulsified droplets is achieved. Hand cleaners
concentrates concentrates
cleaning the skin and hair at the same time. Flash foam Hand cleaners are used in industrial plants and workshops
formation is particularly important in this application. Toothpastes for cleaning very dirty hands. To increase the cleaning action,
Foam stabilization Foam stabilization
With the proportionate use of Kieralon® SAS a fine-bubble Kieralon® SAS can also be used in mechanically effective sub stances such as wood flour, soda,
foam and rapid spread of the shower gel over the skin and toothpastes as an alternative to the sodium sulphate or polymer powder are used. Kieralon® SAS
By varying the By varying the
hair can be achieved as a function of the concentration used. lauryl sulphate sodium salt often in amounts of 10 to 50% can be used as the active detergent.
Kieralon® SAS: alkyl Kieralon® SAS:
employed as a foamer in dental care The dispersion action and degreasing power of this surfactant
ether sulphate mixing alkyl ether sulphate
Foam baths products. Advantages are the good is an advantage for this application.
ratio the cleaning mixing ratio the
Foam baths are used in extremely diluted concentrations in cleaning action as well as the good Guide Formulations are available.
action can be cleaning action
the bath water; the active detergent content in the bath water electrolyte compatibility and
increased can be increased
is 0.002%. The finished products are therefore often adjusted dispersing action. Cleaners for dairies and butchers’ shops
to an active detergent content of, for example, 50%. Kieralon® SAS can be used for manufacture of cleaners for
When the usual surfactants such as alkyl ether sulphates and butchers’ shops and milking machines because of its excellent
alkyl amidobetaines are used, a gel that is slightly soluble in cleaning and degreasing power.
the bath water is usually produced in this concentration range.
By adding Kieralon® SAS, the solubility in water is improved
dramatically. At the same time beneficial rheological
properties such as flowability at room temperature are
achieved. Moreover, it is not necessary to add the commonly
used solubilizers.

16 17
 APPLICATIONS

SPECIAL TECHNICAL SECTORS In the manufacture of butadiene copolymers, butadiene-

Advantages
styrene and butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps (fatty soaps,
of Kieralon® SAS
Kieralon® SAS has many uses in the technical sector. resin soaps) are generally used. The soaps have the advantage
for special technical
over the synthetic anionic emulsifiers that the polymer can
sectors
Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and be precipitated by acidification or addition of salt and the fatty
polyethylene or resin acid remaining in the product serves as a plasticizer
Excellent antistatic
Plastics mostly have the undesirable property of accumulating at the same time. One evident disadvantage of the soaps is the
effect for
a static charge. Surfactants such as Kieralon® SAS form on instability of the latex (coagulation on slight change in pH and
polyethylene,
the surface of the polymers a mono- or multimolecular film, contamination, low resistance to fillers) and poorer chemical
polystyrene and
which increases the conductivity with atmospheric moisture. and heat stability. For these reasons the synthetic emulsifiers
polyvinyl chloride
It is often possible to incorporate Kieralon® SAS in the are increasingly gaining ground, particularly for special
polymer compound, for example, in the case of polyvinyl products, for example, the carboxylated butadiene copolymers
In combination
chloride. This also applies to polystyrene and styrene (for carpet backcoating, for papermaking, adhesives etc).
with co-surfactants
copolymers and to polyethylene. Because of its constant quality and low salt content, Kieralon®
increasing of the
SAS is highly suitable for this application.
foam stability and
Fire extinguishing foams
flash foaming power
The pronounced flash foaming power of Kieralon® SAS can Textile and leather auxiliaries
be used in combination with other surfactants very effectively Owing to its chemical stability and very good wetting action,
Good emulsifier
to formulate fire extinguishing agents. Kieralon® SAS can be used in the manufacture of synthetic
for the emulsion
fibres and in the finishing of textile fibres, for example,
polymerization
Emulsion polymerization as an antistatic agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary
in continuous and
Secondary alkane sulphonates have been used successfully alkane sulphonate are cotton scouring, mercerizing and
discontinuous
for decades in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride. carbonization and the preparation of leather fatliquors.
processes
Kieralon® SAS has proved successful both as an emulsifier
in continuous and discontinuous processes and for the Oilfield chemicals
High wetting action
stabilization of the latex following polymerization by the Kieralon® SAS is also used successfully in the tertiary recovery
in textile and
nucleation process; in the latter process polymerization is of oil.
leather auxiliaries
carried out with only a low emulsifier concentration and
for manufacture
the dispersion is stabilized subsequently by adding suitable
and finishing of
emulsifiers. Kieralon® SAS is noted for its good dispersibility,
textile fibres
which is evidenced by good stability of the latex to
mechanical stress and good process control (little tendency
Special additive
for deposits to form in the reaction vessel). Owing to the
with high heat and
absence of double bonds, the emulsifier does not act as
electrolyte stability
a radical interceptor. This ensures a readily reproducible
for the tertiary
reaction course and results in end products with good heat
recovery of oil
stability because of the lower demand for persulphate
(radical forming agent) and the lower tendency to block
polymerization (no reaction between the emulsifier and
the reaction partners). The low salt content of Kieralon® SAS
also has a positive influence on the heat stability of the
end product.

18 19
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The secondary alkane sulphonates have a number Wetting action

100
of specific physical and chemical properties because 20°C Kieralon® SAS is a rapidly wetting surfactant. This gives rise
70 50°C
of their structure.31-51 These properties are 70°C to advantages in practical use in all cleaners. This applies
80
depend­ent on the chain length of the paraffin used.

surface tension σ [mN/m]

particularly to use in dishwashing liquids and all-purpose
60
Kieralon® SAS with paraffin radicals between 14 cleaners. The excellent wetting action extends over a wide

wetting time [s]

60
and 17 carbon atoms has optimum surface-active temperature range, not only in a neutral medium but also in
50
and chemical properties, which are described below. the alkaline and acid pH ranges. The excellent wetting power
40
in low concentrations at low temperatures is a noteworthy
40
feature.
20
SURFACE ACTIVITY
30
Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of Kieralon® SAS as a function
0
Micelle formation 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.25 0.50 0.75 10
of the concentration and temperature.
There are extensive studies of the surface-active properties concentration [g/L] concentration c [g/L]
of secondary alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting t Fig. 7: Surface tension of Kieralon® SAS (25ºC) Fig. 8: Wetting power of Kieralon® SAS in accordance with DIN 53901 The superior wetting power of Kieralon® SAS compared with
o note that surfactants with a central functional group f linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl ether sulphate
orm micelles from comparatively few surfactant molecules. (LES) and lauryl sulphate (LS) is shown in fig. 9.
For Kieralon® SAS the critical micelle concentration CM
is about 2x10-3 mol·L-1 or 0.6 g·L-1 at 20°C. The structure
of the micelles is spherical.
90
Interfacial tension C
surfactant 0.1% a.s.
80 water hardness 268 ppm CaCO3 (15°d)
The interfacial tension with decane as the other phase is temperature 37°C
70
about 4.6 mN·m-1, measured on a 1% aqueous Kieralon® SAS pH 7
60

wetting time [s]

solution.
50

Surface tension 40
The surface tension of Kieralon® SAS (100% active substance), 30
measured by the “du Noüy method” at 25°C, as a function 20
of the concentration, is shown in fig. 7. 10
0
SAS LAS AES LS

Fig. 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance with DIN 53901

20 21
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

FOAMING POWER PH STABILITY

300 5
AES 15% a.s.
Kieralon® SAS has good foaming power, which is very 250
ASA 10% a.s. The Kieralon® SAS grades are stable in the acid and in the
AES:SAS ˆ
= l 7.3 4 5% a.s.
pronounced, especially in soft water. Flash foam is a alkaline pH range.

solubility [g IPM / 100g]

SAS:AES ˆ
= l 4.3

foam height [mm]

characteristic property of the secondary alkane sulphonates. 200
3
An increase in foaming properties, especially in hard water,
150
can be achieved, for example, by a combination of Kieralon® HEAT STABILITY
2
SAS with an alkyl ether sulphate in the ratio 4:1. Figs. 10 and 100
11 below demonstrate the foaming power of Kieralon® SAS Aqueous solutions of Kieralon® SAS are stable up to
1
in soft and hard water. 50 temperatures of about 100°C. The Kieralon® SAS 93 pellets
water hardness 0 ppmCaCO3 (0°d)
temperature 37°C have a softening point of about 40°C and become liquid when
The good foaming properties of the Kieralon® SAS/alkyl ether 0 0 the temperature rises to about 140°C. At temperatures above
0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0 0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10.0
sulphate mixtures are clearly discernible. concentration c [%] SAS : LES mixture 140°C, the surface of the Kieralon® SAS 93 melt should
Fig. 10: Foaming power of Kieralon® SAS in distilled water by the ROSS-MILES Fig. 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Kieralon® SAS: alkyl ether be covered with an inert gas blanket such as nitrogen.
method sulphate (LES) as a function of the mixing ratio
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
DETERGENT ACTION
The viscosity of the aqueous Kieralon® SAS solutions rises
only slightly up to about 30% active detergent. Above 30%, The good soil removal power of Kieralon® SAS is not
however, a rapid rise in the inhomogeneous paste region can 300 appreciably reduced by water hardness salts. The builders
AES
be observed. The low-concentration aqueous Kieralon® SAS ASA used in practice increase the cleaning effect.
250
solutions exhibit Newtonian flow. AES:SAS ˆ
= l 7.3
SAS:AES ˆ
= l 4.3
foam height [mm]

200
The flow properties of Kieralon® SAS 30 and paste-grade SOLUBILIZATION
Kieralon® SAS 60 are of importance particularly for transport 150
and conveying. The flow diagrams are given in section The good solubilizing power of Kieralon® SAS towards
Conveying/mixing. 100 hydrophobic oils and fats is characteristic of this type of
surfactant. In practical use in cleaners, this means increased
50
water hardness 357 ppmCaCO3 (0°d) degreasing and often a saving of solubilizers, for example,
temperature 37°C
0 for perfumes. The solubilizing effect rises with the surfactant
0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0 concentration, the temperature and often also with the
concentration c [%]
electrolyte content of the solution. Solubilization in the
Fig. 11: Foaming properties of Kieralon® SAS in hard water by the ROSS-MILES
method Kieralon® SAS solution can also be increased and speeded
up by mechanical means and lengthy stirring.

Using the solubilization of isopropyl myristate as an example,

fig. 12 illustrates that Kieralon® SAS has greater solubilizing
power than alkyl ether sulphate.

EMULSIFYING ACTION

Secondary alkane sulphonates also display good emulsifying

action. As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for the manufacture
of liquid and cream oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations
as low as under 1% bring spontaneous emulsion formation
in manufacture and an improvement in emulsion stability.
Moreover, finer distribution of the emulsified droplets is
possible. The emulsifying action as a dishwashing liquid test
is described by D. MILLER. 55
22 23
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

STABILITY TO HARD WATER ENZYME STABILITY

80 100

Kieralon® SAS has a stability number of 3 in accordance with The stability of enzymes such as protease (e.g. ®Savinase,
80
the DIN 53905 test. Accordingly, Kieralon® SAS is a surfactant 60 SAS 30 manufactured by Novo Norsk) in the presence of Kieralon® SAS

residual activity [%]

hard water stability

foam height [mm]

with moderate stability to hard water. SAS 60 is shown in fig. 15 as a function of the storage time. It is clearly
60
evident that after 7 days only a slight fall in enzyme activity
40
The stability to hard water of Kieralon® SAS can be improved C
savinase 0.3%
(80%) can be observed in the case of Kieralon® SAS. Kieralon®
40
markedly by combining it with alkyl ether sulphates. As fig. 13 C
surfactant 3.0 g/L SAS has the best enzyme compatibility of all the common
water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d)
shows, a mixture of 4 parts Kieralon® SAS (SAS) and 1 part 20 temperature 25°C anionic surfactants.
20
lauryl ether sulphate (LES) reaches an optimum value of 75.
The residual activities after 7 days’ storage at 25°C are shown
0 0
SAS LES SAS : LES ˆ
= 4:1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
in fig. 16. Here too the good effect of Kieralon® SAS on the
ELECTROLYTE STABILITY time [days] stability of the enzymes is confirmed both in the case of
Fig. 13: Stability to hard water of Kieralon® SAS and of mixtures with lauryl Fig. 15: Compatibility of Kieralon® SAS with protease proteases and of lipases.
Kieralon® SAS has only slight sensitivity to electrolytes. The ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905
viscosity of the aqueous solutions is increased only slightly
by additions of electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sodium
sulphate.

after 6 weeks, after 12 weeks, after 20 weeks

100 starting value: 6.5% active chlorine 100 C
surfactant 3.0 g/L
CHLORINE-/OXIDATION STABILITY water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d)

residual activity after 7 days [%]

temperature 25°C
80 80
Kieralon® SAS has excellent chlorine stability compared with
residual activity [%]

many other surfactants. In combination with amine oxides, 60 60

a synergistic effect is observed; in other words, the mixture Savinase® 16L, c = 0.3%
Lipolase® 100L, c = 1.0%
has a higher stability than the individual surfactants alone. 40 40
Kieralon® SAS is therefore the ideal surfactant for formulating
hypo-chlorite-containing cleaners, whether used alone or 20 20
in combination with amine oxides.
0 0
As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine content falls fairly little 2.5% SAS 2.5% amine oxide 1.5% SAS SAS LAS
+ 1.0% amine oxide
in the presence of Kieralon® SAS as a function of the storage
Fig. 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Kieralon® SAS, amine oxide and Fig. 16: C
 ompatibility of Kieralon® SAS with protease and lipase
time. The stability was determined on a solution with 2.5% a mixture of Kieralon® SAS/amine oxide
active detergent in each case.

24 25
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONWITH SOIL RELEASE The soil release polymer reaches its greatest effectiveness
40 80
POLYMERS 0.06 g/L SRP with the combination of Kieralon® SAS plus the zeolite/soda
z1.0 g/L surfactant without SRP SAS 30
70 SAS 60 system.
1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP
SAS 93
In modern detergent formulations the use of soil release

concentration c [g/100 g]
30 60
polymers (SRP) is gaining increasing importance. Soil release The combination of the polymer with Kieralon® SAS plus

remission R [%]
50
polymers improve the detachment of oily and fatty soil from sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is more effective than the
20 40
fabrics containing synthetic fibres, especially polyester and combination with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate plus STPP.
polyester blended fabrics. They are now included in the top 30
brands of most detergent manufacturers. 10 20
SOLUBILITY IN WATER
10
However, it is known that the effectiveness of these polymers
0 0
is dependent substantially on the type of surfactants in the SRP LAS AS SAS -10 0 10 20 30 40
The very good solubility of the Kieralon® SAS grades in water
detergent. temperature [°C] is illustrated in fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate
Fig. 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Kieralon® SAS Fig. 19: Solubility of the Kieralon® SAS grades in distilled water increases sharply as the temperature of the water rises.
The literature describes, how the soil release effect is generally
reduced in combination with anionic surfactants. However, Kieralon® SAS shows less tendency than other surfactants
these studies are restricted to the major anionic surfactants to form liquid crystalline phases or gels. Kieralon® SAS is
in detergents, e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate. therefore very suitable for concentrates and liquid
formulations.
The soil release effect of a commercial soil release polymer 35 +35 SAS
0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRP
LAS
in combination with Kieralon® SAS was therefore investigated 1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP +30
30
in comparison with combinations with linear alkyl benzene +25 LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
sulphonate (LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-known 25

temperature [°C]
+20
remission R [%]

dirty motor oil test. 20 +15

Kieralon® SAS has good low-temperature properties,
especially in high application concentrations. This applies
15 +10
Fig. 17 shows that in combination with Kieralon® SAS, unlike particularly in comparison with linear alkyl benzene
5
combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl 10 sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows in graph form the low-temperature
sulphate, a significant improvement in the soil release effect 0 clear and cloud points of the individual Kieralon® SAS (SAS)/
5
is achieved. -5 alkyl ether sulphate (LES) mixtures.
0 -10
LAS LAS SAS SAS 10 15 20 25 30
As is evident from fig. 18, the builder system as well as the The low-temperature cloud points of Kieralon® SAS
+ 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite + 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite concentration c [%]
surfactant influences the performance of soil release polymers. + 0.7 g soda + 0.7 g soda as a function of the concentration are shown in fig. 21.
Fig. 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30% Kieralon® SAS/alkyl
Fig. 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance of soil release ether sulphate mixtures
polymers

10
SAS : AES ˆ
= 4:1
LAS : AES ˆ
= 4:1
5
temperature [°C]

-5

-10
10 15 20 25 30
concentration c [%]
Fig. 21: Low-temperature properties of Kieralon® SAS as a function of the
concentration

26 27
 TOXICOLOGICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROPERTIES
A modern surfactant must not present any risk
to humans, animals, plants and the environment
during manufacture, storage, transport, processing,
use and in the waste water.

As the following data show, Kieralon® SAS is an Reproduction toxicity

Conclusion:
environmentally friendly surfactant with very good Kieralon® SAS (60%) was tested in a two-generation trial
Kieralon® SAS
biodegradability, good ecotoxicological values and good for possible reproduction toxicity properties. Up to a dose
dermatological and toxicological compatibility that of 10,000 ppm in the feed, no maternotoxic, embryotoxic
• is not sensitizing
has been successful for decades. It is safe to use and and/or teratogenic effects of any kind were observed.
to skin.
poses no risk to the environment.
Chronic toxicity
• is not mutagenic
Detailed reports on the toxicology and environmental Kieralon® SAS (60%) was tested for chronic toxicity and/or
and/orgenotoxic.
properties of secondary alkane sulphonate are available carcinogenicity in two longterm studies on rats and mice.
in the literature. No toxicologically significant effects were observed after
• presents no risk
oral administration to rats of up to 2% in the feed over a
in respect of
period of two years. In addition, no signs of toxicity, either
reproduction toxicity.
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE macroscopic or microscopic, were observed after dermal
application (three times per week for 80 weeks) to mice.
• exhibited no
To confirm the safety of Kieralon® SAS, extensive toxicological
systemic toxicity
and dermatological investigations were carried out over Toxicokinetics
in two longterm
many years. The most important test results are given below: The toxicokinetic properties of radioactively labelled
studies and was not
Kieralon® SAS were investigated on rats. After oral
carcinogenic.
Acute oral toxicity administration, a dose-independent two-phase elimination
LD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60%) with halflives of 11 and 65 hours was observed. Over 90%
• shows no signs of
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60%) of the dose administered was excreted within 24 hours.
bioaccumulative
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 1900 mg/kg (93%)
potential and is
Comparable toxicokinetic properties were also observed
eliminated very rapidly.
after dermal application to rats.
Skin and mucous membrane irritation
In accordance with the
Animal studies conducted in accordance with OECD guideline
CESIO classification
405 lead to the assumption that Kieralon® SAS as well as
Kieralon® SAS with
other basic surfactants, e.g. LAS, irritates both the skin and
an active detergent
the eyes. Below a threshold concentration (of 15% active
content of over 15%
detergent), however, no significant irritant effects are observed.
must be labelled as
Furthermore, well-documented human studies showed no
irritant (Xi) whereas
indications of skin irritation caused by diluted Kieralon® SAS
up to an active
solutions.
detergent content of
15%, Kieralon® SAS
Sensitization
does not require a
Kieralon® SAS (60%) was tested in the Magnusson
hazard warning label.
and Kligman maximization test and proved not to be
For detailed
skin-sensitizing.
information see Safety
data sheet.
Mutagenicity
Kieralon® SAS was tested in the Ames Test (± S9) with
Kieralon® SAS does
Salmonella typhimurium and for chromosome mutations in
not present a health
the micronucleus test in vivo. In both test systems Kieralon®
risk under conditions
SAS was not mutagenic.
of use.

28 29
 TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROPERTIES
ECOLOGY
Biodegradability
Secondary alkane sulphonates are readily and rapidly
biodegradable. The primary degradability is considerably in
excess of 90%. In the OECD Confirmatory Test (sewage sludge
simulation test) the rate of degradation is 99% (decrease
in MBAS). In the modified OECD Screening Test (OECD 301 E),
a test for total degradability, SAS has a DOC removal of 95%.
The “Ten-days-window” criterion is thus met, i.e. SAS is
“readily biodegradable”.
Compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS),
secondary alkane sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly bio-
degradable. This applies especially at low temperatures.
The degradation properties of secondary alkane sulphonates
are shown on page 40.
In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A, sewage treatment plant
simulation test), the biodegradation/elimination is 96% +/-3%.
In a modified Coupled Units Test, in which the sewage
treatment plant simulation was better matched to the
conditions in a modern municipal sewage treatment plant,
99% +/-1% secondary alkane sulphonates were degraded/
eliminated (DOC decrease).
Aquatic toxicity
Current data on the acute and chronic ecotoxicity and water
biocenosis toxicity are given in tabular form in Technical data:
Possible toxic effects of surfactant as well as decomposition
and cleavage products of the secondary alkane sulphonate
were investigated in five pilot plants, in which the route taken
by the anionic surfactant from the consumer via the sewage
treatment plant to the surface water is simulated. Flora and
fauna of the β-mesosaprobic zone were used as indicators of
the effect on living organisms. In addition, the embryolarval
test was used to determine the toxic substances in the water.
The results can be summarized as follows: High COD,
BOD and MBAS degradation rates of 90% were measured.
A slightly toxic effect (“toxic” is defined as an adverse effect on
health, growth and reproduction) on the green algae species
Spirogyra as a typical representative of the β-mesosaprobic
zone was observed at 40 ppm secondary alkane sulphonate
in the water.
30
Conclusion LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The surfactant has no significant
Based on data risk Kieralon® SAS has a
effect on golden orfes and zebra fish. A balance sheet on the production of the most important
assessment favourable energy
Surfactant residues and cleavage surfactants at present used in detergents in Europe was drawn
Kieralon® SAS balance sheet,
products have no significant toxic effect up by the European “LCI-Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/
presents no risk especially when
on the development of Cichlasome ECOSOL)” and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside Surfactants
to the environment. compared with alkyl
nigrofasciatum larvae into the fully Detergents 32 (1995) 2, 84 ff.).
Similarly, the only ether sulphates based
grown organism.
slight anaerobic on natural products.
In particular the surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
degradability of Furthermore it has
Secondary alkane sulphonate has (LAS), alkyl sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES), soap,
secondary alkane good values in respect
no significant toxic effect on Planorbis secondary alkane sulphonate (SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate
sulphonates, like of the solid waste
corneus. (AE) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied. These are
surfactants with a occurring in production.
obtained from petrochemical and oleochemical intermediates.
C-S bond, has no
Secondary alkane sulphonate has The balance sheet is extremely comprehensive and includes
adverse effect on
no significant toxic effect on Daphnia the energy and material requirements as well as the emissions
the enviromental
magna. into the environment and the production of waste, which
properties on the basis
are associated with all stages of surfactant manufacture.
of the available data.
On the basis of the EU labelling criteria In accordance with the principles recommended by the SETAC,
in accordance with the 12th a “Peer Review Panel” has assessed the study.
harmonization of Directive 91/325/EEC
no environmental labelling is required The study shows that each system has effects on the
for alkane sulphonates. environment through the consumption of many different
raw material sources such as oil, natural gas, oleochemical/
Simplified “risk assessment” agricultural products and of minerals as starting materials
A simplified qualitative risk assessment as well as through energy production and transport.
for Kieralon® SAS shows that there On the basis of the results, there is no clear scientific
is a sufficiently large safety margin justification for singling out one of the systems as having
between exposure concentration and a fundamental environmental advantage, either for the
effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-ratio production of individual surfactants or for the various raw
is far below 1. material sources, which range from petrochemical and
oleochemical/agricultural raw materials to minerals.
The data used for the qualitative risk
assessment are given in the table in The raw material consumption and the emissions into
Technical data. the environment in the manufacture of secondary alkane
sulphonate (SAS) by sulphoxidation of n-paraffin can be
summarized as follows: 734 kg oil, 105 kg sulphur (for SO2)
138 kg salt (for NaOH), 36 kg oxygen (for sulphoxidation)
are required for the production of 1000 kg SAS.
The total raw material consumption including the required
energy is 797 kg oil, 154 kg natural gas, 180 kg coal
Of the total energy consumption of 51.9 GJ, process energy
acocunts for 36%; of the process energy 48% is apportioned
to the SAS stage. 68% of the total energy requirement
is covered by oil. The production of 1000 kg SAS gives rise
to 64.2 kg solid waste, of which 84% comes from the oil;
the emissions into the environment amount to 38 kg. They
stem mainly from the production and incineration of the oil.
31
 PROCESSING
Kieralon® SAS can be supplied in the following
forms
liquid = Kieralon® SAS 30
paste = Kieralon® SAS 60
pellets = Kieralon® SAS 93
fine granules = Kieralon® SAS 93-G
The homogenous Kieralon® SAS 30, which is a clear liquid
at room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store.
Kieralon® SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20°C
but that separates out into two phases of different
composition if left to stand for a lengthy period of time.
For this reason Kieralon® SAS 60 must be homogenized before
use by stirring and, if necessary, by heating. This measure
is not necessary if full drums are completely processed.
TRANSPORT
The loading temperature ex works for delivery by road
tanker is for Kieralon® SAS 30 → 50–60°C and for
Kieralon® SAS 60 → 70–90°C.
Although Kieralon® SAS 60 is still pumpable at room
temperature with the pumps mentioned in section Conveying/
mixing, the temperature during transport should not fall
below 65°C so as to facilitate handling and conveying. The
road tankers intended for transporting Kieralon® SAS 60 have
standard R 3” connections or conventional hose couplings.
32
STORAGE
Containers made from the following materials have proved
successful for storing the Kieralon® SAS grades:
• fibre-glass-reinforced polyester resin, especially for storage
tanks with a capacity of 30–70 m3,
• steel containers with suitable hard rubber lining or with
tried and tested internal coatings, for example, epoxy resin
or phenolformaldehyde resin,
• stainless steel, for example, material no. 1.4541 (V2A)
or 1.4571 (V4A).
The last-mentioned materials are also recommended
for pipelines.
An example of the installation of a storage tank is shown
diagrammatically in fig. 22.
Before storage tanks are installed, a guarantee of
compatibility with Kieralon® SAS at the intended storage
temperatures should be obtained from the manufacturer
in question.
Kieralon® SAS 30 should be stored at temperatures above
20°C, because cloudiness may occur at lower temperatures.
This cloudiness has no effect on the quality of the product.
Before use, however, the product must be homogenized.
As already mentioned, Kieralon® SAS 60 separates out in
storage into two phases, one containing more surfactant
than the other. In addition, sodium sulphate can separate out
at fairly low temperatures. It is therefore necessary to stir
or pump round the tank contents constantly and at the same
time to maintain a storage temperature of 65–90°C. If a
circulating pump is used, entrainment of air must be
prevented by suitable design of the return pipe. Our experts
will gladly provide technical advice on planning and installing
storage tanks for Kieralon® SAS grades.
Kieralon® SAS 93 presents no problems in transport and
processing. When processing Kieralon® SAS 93 G, fine dust
formation caused by abrasion can be expected. Kieralon® SAS 93
and 93 G can be kept almost indefinitely under normal
conditions but, since they are hygroscopic, must be kept
away from contact with water and atmospheric moisture.
33
 PROCESSING

CONVEYING/MIXING Dissolving of Kieralon® SAS 93

300 8000
The solid Kieralon® SAS 93 can be dissolved in water in any
The rheological properties of Kieralon® SAS 30 and Kieralon® vessel made of suitable material and equipped with a low 7000
SAS 60 that are important for conveying are shown in figs. 23–25. speed stirrer.
6000

viscosity η [mPas]

viscosity η [mPas]
200
Kieralon® SAS 30 and 60 can be conveyed by displacement The solution is produced by running soft water or condensate 5000
pumps such as (50–60°C) into the vessel and slowly stirring in Kieralon® SAS 93. 4000
• gear pumps, supplied by e.g. Lederle, 79194 Gundelfingen, 100
Stirring is continued until the Kieralon® SAS 93 has completely
Germany dissolved. Experience shows that this takes about 3000

• Mohno pumps, supplied by e.g. Netsch, 84478 Waldkraiburg, 15–30 minutes. 2000
Germany
• helical blade pumps or twin-screw displacement pumps 0 If a preservative has not already been added to the water used 1000
20 30 40 50 60 70 20 30 40 50 60 70
made of stainless steel, supplied by e.g. Bornemann, temperature [°C] for dissolving the solid matter, the resulting diluted Kieralon® temperature [°C]
31683 Obernkirchen, Germany. Fig. 23: Viscosity of Kieralon® SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield SAS solution must be protected against bacterial attack by Fig. 25: Viscosity of Kieralon® SAS 60 as a function of the temperature
viscometer RVT, spindle 1, speed 20 min-1 the addition of suitable preservatives. at D=10 s-1, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
For homogenization, current models of low-speed stirrers can
be used. It is important to eliminate eddying so as to prevent Water, which is used for dissolving, is one of the most likely
entrainment of air = foam formation. The stirrer blade should sources of contamination. Hygienic conditions are an
there-fore rotate below the surface of the liquid. Good results indispensable prerequisite for achieving a good commercial
have been obtained with low-speed interference-multistage- 10000 product. This applies to the ion exchange resins, storage tanks,
impulse-counterflow stirrers (INTER-MIG), supplied by Ekato, 5000
valves and ventilation ducts as well as to the pipelines.
79650 Schopfheim, Germany. A high standard in plant hygiene is always crucial to the
manufacture of finished products containing a low and
viscosity η [nPas]

DILUTION
Dilution of Kieralon® SAS 60 to 30% or less than 30% active
detergent The storage of Kieralon® SAS 60 can be simplified
by adjusting the product on delivery to 30% or less active
detergent by diluting it with water.
Any stirred vessel made of suitable material, see section
Fig. 24: Viscosity of Kieralon® SAS 60 as a function of the shear rate,
Storage, with low-speed stirrers can be used. The soft and
preserved water intended for dilution (hot water accelerates
the dilution operation) is run into the vessel and the Kieralon®
SAS 60 is added and dissolved with slow stirring (eddying
should be avoided because of foam development). The
product can also be homogenized by being pumped round.
Another possibility consists of running Kieralon® SAS 60 into
the storage tank and at the same time slowly adding hot
water. The amount of water is governed by the efficiency
of the pumps and should be no more than one-fifth of the
amount pumped round per hour.
An example will illustrate this: Delivery of 20 t Kieralon® SAS
60; tank size 50 m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5 of 5
m3 = 1 m3/h. In this case it takes about 20 hours to produce 40 t
Kieralon® SAS 30 from 20 t Kieralon® SAS 60.
2000
harmless level of bacteria. Additional preservation ensures that
1000 the end product reaches the consumer in a perfect condition.
500
20°C The choice of the most effective preservative or frequently
50°C
also of combinations of several preservatives is dependent
200
on the composition of the formulations and often also on
100 national legislation. Consequently, no universally effective
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
type of preservative can be recommended here. Kieralon® SAS
shear rate D [s-1]
is however fully compatible with most of the preservatives
measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20 used in detergents and cosmetic cleaners. Experience shows
that the bacteriostatic effect improves with increasing content
of Kieralon® SAS and the corresponding cosurfactants.
This means that the amount of preservative can usually be
reduced. In extreme cases it is even possible to dispense with
preservatives altogether. Adjustment of the pH to a weakly HANDLING
acid value can also bring an improvement in preservative
action. Whereas Kieralon® SAS is stable in the acid pH range, Because of the strong wetting and degreasing action,
the susceptibility of surfactants with ester groups to hydrolysis appropriate protective measures should be taken,
must be borne in mind. Generally speaking, it is advisable to particularly where lengthy exposure is involved. Therefore
conduct storage tests with compatibility studies and to test protective gloves and safety goggles should be worn when
compatibility with the packaging. handling these raw materials.

34 35
 TECHNICAL DATA

C-CHAIN DISTRIBUTION CALORIFIC DATA

< C13 n-Paraffin max. 1% Kieralon® SAS 30 Kieralon® SAS 60

C13 - C15-n-Paraffin about 58%
C16 -C17-n-Paraffin about 39% Specific heat
> C17-n-Paraffin max. 2%
kJ·kg-1·K-1 3.56 2.76
Monosulphonate* about 90%
Disulphonate* about 10%
(kcal·kg-1·°C-1) (0.85) (0.66)

* calculated on 100% active detergent

Thermal conductivity

W m-1·K-1 0.47 0.28

PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL DATA (kcal·m-1·h-1·°C-1) (0.40) (0.25)

Guide product data

Feature Kieralon® SAS 30 Kieralon® SAS 60 Kieralon® SAS 93 Kieralon® SAS 93 G

Appearance at 20°C clear faintly yellowish yellowish soft paste yellowish waxy pellets yellowish fine granules
liquid

Average molecular weight 328 g·mol-1 328 g·mol-1 328 g·mol-1 328 g·mol-1

Active detergent content approx. 30% approx. 60% approx. 93% approx. 93%
REGISTRATION STATUS
Sodium sulphate content max. 2.1% max. 4.2% max. 6.5% max. 7.0%

Paraffin content max. 0.4% max. 0.7% max. 1.0% max. 1.0% • Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC
pH 5% as is in water 7.0 – 8.5 7.0 – 8.5 about 7.0 – 8.5 about 7.0 – 8.5 • INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate
• Registered in Japan (MITI)
Bulk density – – about 600 g·L-1 about 570 g·L-1
• Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia
Particle size – – – < 1 mm (75%) • Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive
(average fineness)
91/325/EWG: no “environmental hazard labelling” required

DENSITY (G·CM-3)

Temperature Kieralon® SAS 30 Kieralon® SAS 60

20°C 1.048 1.087

30°C 1.042 1.081

40°C 1.036 1.075

50°C 1.031 1.068

60°C 1.025 1.062

70°C 1.017 1.055

80°C – 1.049

36 37
 TECHNICAL DATA

Summary of the properties of

ECOLOGICAL DATA RISK ASSESSMENT OF KIERALON® SAS
Kieralon® SAS:
• good solubility
Biodegradability 1. Effects (NOEC)1) – the low viscosity of more highly
concentrated solutions thus permits:
Biodegradability % biodegradation Fish 1.2 mg·L-1
– easy manufacture of liquid
OECD Confirmatory Test 99 Daphnia 0.6 mg·L-1 detergents and cleaners
– saving of packaging costs
Mineralization (DOC) 87 Algae 6.1 mg·L-1
SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E) – reduction in the use of hydrotropes
• excellent electrolyte compatibility
Radiolabelled experiments 45
SAS (U-14C) after 6 days 2. Exposure (D,NL) • chemical stability over the entire pH
range
Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plant 85 STP intake2) 0.5 mg·L-1
SAS degradation at +1°C air temperature (+8°C in trickling filter) • excellent stability in the presence
STP discharge 2 µg·L-1 of oxidizing agents, for example,
Biodegradation in the OECD Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A) > 90
hypochlorite
STP removal 99.6%
• saving of enzymes
River water < 1 µg·L-1 • good cleaning and degreasing
AQUATIC TOXICITY properties
• good foaming power
3. Safety factors
• pale inherent colour
Acute toxicity Fish/river water > 1200 • good detergent action
Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203) LC0 7.1 mg·L -1
Daphnia/river water > 600
• good skin compatibility
• rapid biodegradability
LC50 8.4 mg·L-1
Algae/river water > 6100

LC100 9.9 mg·L-1

Fish toxicity 4. PEC /PNEC3)4) 0.03

Guppy LC50 3.6 mg·L-1

1)
NOEC: no observed effect concentration
Trout LC50 2.8 mg·10L-1
2)
STP: sewage treatment plant
3)
PEC: predicted environment concentration
Carp LC50 2.8 mg·L-1
4)
PNEC: predicted no effect concentration
Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data
Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202) LC50 12.5 mg·L-1

Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge) EC50 > 1000 mg·L-1

Chronic toxicity

Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Kühn) EC10 58 mg·L-1

Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201) EC50 95.5 mg·L-1

Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202) LOEC 3.0 mg·L-1

NOEC 0.37 mg·L-1

Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the no toxic effect
modified OECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia)
FURTHER INFORMATION

• Safety Data Sheet

Water biocenosis toxicity LOEC 3.5 (MBAS)
• Guide Formulations
NOEC 1.4 (MBAS) • Detergent Raw Materials
– Product Range

38 39
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ARCHROMA MANAGEMENT LLC

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4153 Reinach
Switzerland

TEXTILE SPECIALTIES BUSINESS

Archroma Singapore, Pte. Ltd.
1 International Business Park
#06-01 The Synergy
609917 Singapore

This information corresponds to the present state of our knowledge and is intended as a general description of our products and their
possible applications. Archroma makes no warranties, express or implied, as to the information’s accuracy, adequacy, sufficiency or freedom
from defect and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Any user of this product is responsible for determining
the suitability of Archroma’s products for its particular application. *Nothing included in this information waives any of Archroma’s General
Terms and Conditions of Sale, which control unless it agrees otherwise in writing. Any existing intellectual / industrial property rights must be
observed. Due to possible changes in our products and applicable national and international regulations and laws, the status of our products
could change. Material Safety Data Sheets providing safety precautions, that should be observed when handling or storing Archroma products,
are available upon request and are provided in compliance with applicable law. You should obtain and review the applicable Material Safety
Data Sheet information before handling any of these products. For additional information, please contact Archroma.
10061EB, EN, 2017

*For sales to customers located within the United States and Canada the following applies in addition :
NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY IS MADE OF THE MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE OF ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE.

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